Anatomy of the flexor retinaculum of the wrist and the flexor carpi radialis tunnel.

The flexor retinaculum forms a retinacular bridge over the carpal tunnel extending from ulnar to radial direction. Its main function is to protect the contained without a significant mechanical action in supporting the transverse carpal arch. The osteofibrous tunnel of flexor carpi radialis is independent and presents four sections. The palmaris longus tendon presents a distal insertion forming the superficial layer of the aponeurosis palmaris. The flexor carpi ulnaris tendon has four distal insertions.

Singlet oxygen induced mutation spectrum in mammalian cells.

In order to characterize the molecular nature of singlet oxygen (1O2) induced mutations in mammalian cells, a SV40-based shuttle vector (pi SVPC13) was treated with singlet oxygen arising from the thermal decomposition of the water-soluble endoperoxide of 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene) dipropionate (NDPO2). After the passage of damaged plasmid through monkey COS7 cells, the vector was shuffled into E. coli cells, allowing the screening of supF mutants. The mutation spectrum analysis shows that single and multiple base substitutions arose in 82.5% of the mutants, the others being rearrangements. The distribution of mutations within the supF gene is not random and some hotspots are evident. Most of the point mutations (98.4%) involve G:C base pairs and G:C to T:A transversion was the most frequent mutation (50.8%), followed by G:C to C:G transversion (32.8%). These results indicate that mutagenesis in mammalian cells, mediated by 1O2-induced DNA damage, is targeted selectively at guanine residues.

In vitro action of some disinfectants on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast forms

Descreveu-se a acao fungicida do hipoclorito de sodio (0,3; 1; 2,5; 5 e 10 por cento); do formaldeido (em solucao aquosa a 2,5 e 10 por cento); e alcool etilico a 70,0 por cento sobre formas leveduriformes de 2 cepas de Paraccoccidioides brasiliensis: Pb 18 e cepa Goiana, recentemente isolada. A incubacao do fungo e desinfetantes foi realizada a temperatura ambiente por periodos de 1, 2, 24, 48 e 72 horas. A viabilidade foi avaliada pelo tratamento com diacetato de fluoresceina-brometo de etideo; pela cultura em meios solidos e liquidos a 36 graus Celsius e 26 graus Celsius; transformacao de levedura em micelio a temperatura ambiente; e estudo radiometrico da atividade metabolica. Todas as concentracoes de todos os desinfetantes estudados foram capazes de inativar ambas as cepas, exceto na incubacao com formaldeido a 2 por cento por 1 hora, em que o tratamento por diacetato de fluoresceina-brometo de etideo revelou 40 por cento e 27 por cento de celulas viaveis, respectivamente, para a cepa Pb 18 e Goiana. A transformacao de levedura em micelio foi considerada um metodo rapido, com resultados semelhantes ao cultivo em meios solidos e liquidos.

In vitro action of some disinfectants on Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast forms.

The fungicidal action of sodium hypochlorite (0.3, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10%); formaldehyde (2, 5, and 10%); and ethyl alcohol (70%) on yeast forms of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Pb 18 and a newly-isolated Goiana strain was described. Contact between the fungus and the disinfectants was maintained for 1, 2, 24, 48 and 72 hours at room temperature. Viability was evaluated by the fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide treatment, culture in solid and liquid media (36 degrees C and 26 degrees C); yeast to mycelial germination at room temperature; and radiometric study of metabolic activity. All concentrations of disinfectants were found to be effective in inactivating Pb 18 and Goiana strains, except for the 1-hour contact with 2% formaldehyde, in which fluorescein diacetate-ethidium bromide treatment was found to reveal 40 and 27% of viable cells, respectively. The yeast to mycelial germination method was considered to reveal faster and similar results as compared to culture in solid and liquid media.