Infodemics and health misinformation: a systematic review of reviews.

Objective: To compare and summarize the literature regarding infodemics and health misinformation, and to identify challenges and opportunities for addressing the issues of infodemics. Methods: We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Scopus and Epistemonikos on 6 May 2022 for systematic reviews analysing infodemics, misinformation, disinformation and fake news related to health. We grouped studies based on similarity and retrieved evidence on challenges and opportunities. We used the AMSTAR 2 approach to assess the reviews' methodological quality. To evaluate the quality of the evidence, we used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation guidelines. Findings: Our search identified 31 systematic reviews, of which 17 were published. The proportion of health-related misinformation on social media ranged from 0.2% to 28.8%. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and Instagram are critical in disseminating the rapid and far-reaching information. The most negative consequences of health misinformation are the increase of misleading or incorrect interpretations of available evidence, impact on mental health, misallocation of health resources and an increase in vaccination hesitancy. The increase of unreliable health information delays care provision and increases the occurrence of hateful and divisive rhetoric. Social media could also be a useful tool to combat misinformation during crises. Included reviews highlight the poor quality of published studies during health crises. Conclusion: Available evidence suggests that infodemics during health emergencies have an adverse effect on society. Multisectoral actions to counteract infodemics and health misinformation are needed, including developing legal policies, creating and promoting awareness campaigns, improving health-related content in mass media and increasing people's digital and health literacy.

Impact of Big Data Analytics on People's Health: Overview of Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for Future Studies.

BACKGROUND: Although the potential of big data analytics for health care is well recognized, evidence is lacking on its effects on public health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the use of big data analytics on people's health based on the health indicators and core priorities in the World Health Organization (WHO) General Programme of Work 2019/2023 and the European Programme of Work (EPW), approved and adopted by its Member States, in addition to SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Furthermore, we sought to identify the most relevant challenges and opportunities of these tools with respect to people's health. METHODS: Six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Epistemonikos) were searched from the inception date to September 21, 2020. Systematic reviews assessing the effects of big data analytics on health indicators were included. Two authors independently performed screening, selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2) checklist. RESULTS: The literature search initially yielded 185 records, 35 of which met the inclusion criteria, involving more than 5,000,000 patients. Most of the included studies used patient data collected from electronic health records, hospital information systems, private patient databases, and imaging datasets, and involved the use of big data analytics for noncommunicable diseases. "Probability of dying from any of cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes or chronic renal disease" and "suicide mortality rate" were the most commonly assessed health indicators and core priorities within the WHO General Programme of Work 2019/2023 and the EPW 2020/2025. Big data analytics have shown moderate to high accuracy for the diagnosis and prediction of complications of diabetes mellitus as well as for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders; prediction of suicide attempts and behaviors; and the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of important clinical outcomes of several chronic diseases. Confidence in the results was rated as "critically low" for 25 reviews, as "low" for 7 reviews, and as "moderate" for 3 reviews. The most frequently identified challenges were establishment of a well-designed and structured data source, and a secure, transparent, and standardized database for patient data. CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall quality of included studies was limited, big data analytics has shown moderate to high accuracy for the diagnosis of certain diseases, improvement in managing chronic diseases, and support for prompt and real-time analyses of large sets of varied input data to diagnose and predict disease outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020214048; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=214048.

Marco legal para registros médicos electrónicos en la Región de las Américas: definición de dominios a legislar y análisis de situación

[RESUMEN]. Objetivos. Definir un marco legal relacionado con los Registros Médicos Electrónicos (RME) y conocer el grado de preparación que tienen los países de la Región de las Américas al respecto. Métodos. La metodología contó con dos fases. En la primera, se utilizó una metodología Delphi para el desarrollo del cuestionario y la definición del marco y dominios legales sobre RME. En la segunda, se realizó el relevamiento por país, que incluyó la identificación de referentes nacionales y el proceso de recolección de datos. Resultados. Se relevó información de un total de 21 países sobre su situación con respecto a los aspectos legales y RME incluidos los siguientes dominios: 1) legislación específica sobre RME, 2) protección de datos de pacientes y uso secundario de la información, 3) legislación relacionada al accionar de los profesionales de la salud, 4) regulación sobre RME y el rol de los pacientes y 5) estándares en salud y programas de promoción de los RME. Conclusiones. Existen avances en la Región con respecto a la publicación de leyes que cubren los principales dominios de los RME (por ejemplo, la protección de datos sensibles o el uso de la firma digital). Sin embargo, temas como el acceso y la actualización de la información en los registros deben seguir siendo fortalecidos. Este estudio contribuye a informar sobre cuáles son los componentes mínimos que deben ser legislados en materia de RME, así como a ofrecer un estado de situación sobre el tema en la Región de las Américas.

[ABSTRACT]. Objectives. Define a legal framework for electronic medical records (EMRs) and determine the degree to which the countries of the Region of the Americas are prepared in this regard. Methods. The methodology consisted of two phases. In the first, a Delphi methodology was used to develop a questionnaire and define the framework and legal domains applicable to EMRs. In the second, the questionnaire was completed in each country. This included identifying national experts and the data collection process. Results. Information was collected from a total of 21 countries regarding their situation with respect to legislation on EMRs in the following domains: 1) specific legislation on EMRs; 2) protection of patients’ data and secondary use of the data; 3) legislation related to the actions of health professionals; 4) regulation on EMRs and the role of patients; and 5) health standards and EMR promotion programs. Conclusions. There has been progress in the Region with respect to new legislation covering the main areas related to EMRs (for example, protection of sensitive data and use of digital signatures). However, it is necessary to continue to address issues such as access to and updating of information in EMRs. This study contributes information on the essential components of legislation on EMRs, and reports on the situation in the Region of the Americas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivos. Definir um enquadramento legal para os registros eletrônicos em saúde (RES) e identificar o grau de preparação dos países da Região das Américas neste sentido. Métodos. A metodologia do estudo foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira fase, foi usado o método Delphi para elaborar o questionário e definir o enquadramento e os domínios legais para RES. Na segunda fase, foi realizada a pesquisa por país, com a identificação de dados referentes nacionais e processo de coleta de dados. Resultados. Ao todo, foram obtidos dados de 21 países sobre os aspectos legais e RES distribuídos nos seguintes domínios: 1) legislação específica para RES, 2) proteção dos dados dos pacientes e uso secundário da informação, 3) legislação relacionada à atuação dos profissionais da saúde, 4) regulamentação dos RES e papel dos pacientes e 5) padrões em saúde e programas de promoção dos RES. Conclusões. Houve progresso na Região quanto à promulgação de leis que abrangem os principais domínios dos RES (p. ex., proteção de dados sensíveis ou o uso de assinatura digital). Porém, alguns aspectos precisam ser reforçados, como o acesso e a atualização das informações nos registros. Este estudo contribui ao descrever os aspectos básicos da regulamentação e informar a situação dos RES na Região das Américas.

The Impact of mHealth Interventions: Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.

BACKGROUND: Mobile phone usage has been rapidly increasing worldwide. mHealth could efficiently deliver high-quality health care, but the evidence supporting its current effectiveness is still mixed. OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review of systematic reviews to assess the impact or effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) interventions in different health conditions and in the processes of health care service delivery. METHODS: We used a common search strategy of five major scientific databases, restricting the search by publication date, language, and parameters in methodology and content. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) checklist. RESULTS: The searches resulted in a total of 10,689 articles. Of these, 23 systematic reviews (371 studies; more than 79,665 patients) were included. Seventeen reviews included studies performed in low- and middle-income countries. The studies used diverse mHealth interventions, most frequently text messaging (short message service, SMS) applied to different purposes (reminder, alert, education, motivation, prevention). Ten reviews were rated as low quality (AMSTAR score 0-4), seven were rated as moderate quality (AMSTAR score 5-8), and six were categorized as high quality (AMSTAR score 9-11). A beneficial impact of mHealth was observed in chronic disease management, showing improvement in symptoms and peak flow variability in asthma patients, reducing hospitalizations and improving forced expiratory volume in 1 second; improving chronic pulmonary diseases symptoms; improving heart failure symptoms, reducing deaths and hospitalization; improving glycemic control in diabetes patients; improving blood pressure in hypertensive patients; and reducing weight in overweight and obese patients. Studies also showed a positive impact of SMS reminders in improving attendance rates, with a similar impact to phone call reminders at reduced cost, and improved adherence to tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus therapy in some scenarios, with evidence of decrease of viral load. CONCLUSIONS: Although mHealth is growing in popularity, the evidence for efficacy is still limited. In general, the methodological quality of the studies included in the systematic reviews is low. For some fields, its impact is not evident, the results are mixed, or no long-term studies exist. Exceptions include the moderate quality evidence of improvement in asthma patients, attendance rates, and increased smoking abstinence rates. Most studies were performed in high-income countries, implying that mHealth is still at an early stage of development in low-income countries.

Fear on the networks: analyzing the 2014 Ebola outbreak

[ABSTRACT]. During the 2014 Ebola outbreak, information spread via multiple platforms, including social networks and Internet search engines. This report analyzes Twitter tweets, Facebook posts, and Google trends, as well as several other Internet resources, from March –November 2014. Understanding the types of discussions, social behaviors, feelings expressed, and information shared during the Ebola outbreak can help health organizations improve communication interventions and avert misinformation and panic during health emergencies. In all, 6 422 170 tweets, 83 Facebook posts, and Google search trends were integrated with 63 chronological Ebola-related events. Events that prompted a surge in tweets using #ebola were related to new cases of infection or the entry of the disease into a new geographic area. Most tweets were re-tweets of information provided by news agencies and official health organizations. Events related to new infections and deaths seemed to correlate with an increase of words that express fear. Google results concurred with Twitter and Facebook. Data from social media activity can be used to form hypotheses about how the public responds to and behaves during public health events, prompting health organizations to adopt new strategies for communications interventions. Furthermore, a spike in activity around a topic can be used as a surveillance technique to signal to health authorities that an outbreak may be underway. It is also recommended that news agencies, which engage with the public most often, consider content review by health experts as part of their health communications process.

[RESUMEN]. Durante el brote de ébola del 2014, se difundió información por medio de varias plataformas, entre ellas las redes sociales y los motores de búsqueda de Internet. En este informe se analizan los tuits en Twitter, los mensajes publicados en Facebook y las tendencias de búsqueda en Google, así como varios recursos más en Internet, en el período comprendido entre marzo y noviembre del 2014. La comprensión de los tipos de conversaciones, el comportamiento social, los sentimientos expresados y la información transmitida durante el brote de ébola puede ayudar a las organizaciones de salud a mejorar sus intervenciones en materia de comunicación y evitar la información incorrecta y el pánico que se pueden propagar durante las emergencias de salud. En total, se integraron 6 422 170 tuits, 83 mensajes de Facebook y las tendencias de búsqueda en Google con 63 eventos cronológicos relacionados con ébola. Los eventos que dieron lugar a un incremento de los tuits con la etiqueta #ebola estaban relacionados con nuevos casos de infección o la entrada de la enfermedad en una nueva zona geográfica. La mayor parte de los tuits eran reenvíos de información suministrada por las agencias de noticias y las organizaciones de salud oficiales. Los eventos relacionados con nuevas infecciones y defunciones parecían guardar correlación con un aumento del uso de palabras que expresaban temor. Los resultados de Google coincidían con Twitter y Facebook. Se pueden emplear datos provenientes de la actividad de las redes sociales para formar hipótesis sobre el modo en que el público responde a los eventos de salud pública y en que se comporta durante ellos, e incitar a las organizaciones de salud a que adopten nuevas estrategias para las intervenciones en materia de comunicación. Además, se pueden usar los aumentos de la actividad en torno a un tema como técnica de vigilancia para señalar a las autoridades de salud que es posible que haya un brote. Se recomienda también que las agencias de noticias, que interactúan con el público con más frecuencia, consideren la posibilidad de contar con expertos en salud para examinar los contenidos en el marco de su proceso de comunicación para la salud.

[RESUMO]. No transcurso do surto de Ebola de 2014, a informação se espalhou por diversas plataformas como as redes sociais e os mecanismos de busca da internet. Este artigo examina as mensagens no Twitter, postagens no Facebook e tendências no Google e outras mídias digitais no período de março a novembro de 2014. Entender as formas de discussões, comportamentos sociais, sentimentos expressos e informações partilhadas no decorrer do surto de Ebola pode contribuir para melhorar as intervenções em comunicação por parte das organizações de saúde e evitar a desinformação e o pânico em situações de emergência em saúde. Ao todo, 6.422.170 mensagens no Twitter, 83 postagens no Facebook e tendências de busca no Google foram correlacionadas a 63 eventos cronológicos relativos ao surto de Ebola. Os eventos que suscitaram um aumento no número de mensagens no Twitter com o hashtag #ebola foram a ocorrência de novos casos de infecção ou o surgimento da doença em outras áreas geográficas. Grande parte da atividade no Twitter consistiu no reenvio de mensagens com informações fornecidas pelas agências de notícias e organizações oficiais de saúde. Os eventos relacionados a novas infecções e mortes aparentemente se correlacionaram ao uso de um maior número de palavras que expressam temor. Os resultados do Google coincidiram com os do Twitter e Facebook. A análise da atividade nas mídias sociais permite formular hipóteses sobre a reação e o comportamento do público em situações de risco em saúde pública, motivando o uso de novas estratégias de comunicação por parte das organizações de saúde. Um pico de atividade em torno de um assunto pode ser um recurso de vigilância usado pelas autoridades sanitárias para sinalizar a possível ocorrência de um surto. Também se recomenda às agências de notícias, por estarem em contato constante com o público, integrar a análise do conteúdo por especialistas em saúde ao processo de comunicação de assuntos em saúde.

Infoxicación en salud. La sobrecarga de información sobre salud en la web y el riesgo de que lo importante se haga invisible

Objetivo. Este estudio tiene como objetivos 1) crear conciencia del volumen de información en salud existente en la web de calidad, 2) explorar la percepción de profesionales de la información con relación al uso de fuentes cualificadas en la toma de decisiones en salud, y 3) presentar recomendaciones que permitan fortalecer las capacidades de los trabajadores de la salud y las competencias institucionales relacionadas con la alfabetización digital. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio no experimental descriptivo transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 32 profesionales de la información de nueve países. Se recopiló información de internet sobre el volumen de contenidos existentes en herramientas web, redes sociales y fuentes de información en salud. Se realizaron búsquedas en inglés y en español utilizando las palabras clave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, y Obesit. Por último, se obtuvo información sobre la oferta de formación formal en temas de alfabetización digital, gestión de información y otros relacionados. Resultados. Seleccionando sólo cuatro enfermedades de alto impacto en salud pública en mayo de 2016 y promediando un tiempo de revisión mínimo de cada producto de información, se tardaría más de 50 años seguidos sin dormir para consultar todo lo publicado en línea sobre Dengue, Zika, Ebola y Chikungunja. Conclusión. Se concluye que la salud pública se beneficiaría con instituciones de salud que implementaran estrategias formales de gestión del conocimiento, con instituciones académicas de ciencias de la salud que incorporaran programas formales de alfabetización digital y con trabajadores de la salud cuyo desarrollo profesional sea responsable y funcional en la sociedad de la información.

Objective. The objectives of this study were to: 1) raise awareness of the volume of quality health information on the Internet; 2) explore perceptions of information professionals with regard to the use of qualified sources for health decision-making; and 3) make recommendations that facilitate strengthening health worker capacities and institutional competencies related to digital literacy. Methods. A non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability sample of 32 information professionals from nine countries. Internet information was compiled on the volume of content in Internet tools, social networks, and health information sources. Searches in English and Spanish were carried out using the keywords Ebola, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, safe food, health equity, safe sex, and obesity. Finally, information was obtained on opportunities for formal education on the subjects of digital literacy, information management, and other related topics. Results. Selecting only four diseases with a high impact on public health in May 2016 and averaging minimum review time for each information product, it would take more than 50 years without sleeping to consult everything that is published online about dengue, Zika, Ebola, and chikungunya. Conclusion. We conclude that public health would benefit from: health institutions implementing formal knowledge management strategies; academic health sciences institutions incorporating formal digital literacy programs; and having health workers who are professionally responsible and functional in the information society.

Objetivos. 1) Conscientizar sobre o volume de informação em saúde de qualidade existente na internet, 2) explorar a percepção dos profissionais da informação sobre o uso de fontes qualificadas na tomada de decisão em saúde e 3) fazer recomendações para reforçar o preparo dos profissionais de saúde e as competências institucionais quanto à alfabetização digital. Métodos. Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo não experimental em uma amostra não probabilística com 32 profissionais da informação de nove países. Foi coletada informação da internet sobre o volume de conteúdos existentes sobre ferramentas de internet, redes sociais e fontes de informação em saúde. Foram realizadas buscas em inglês e espanhol utilizando as palavras-chave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, e Obesity. E foi obtida informação sobre a oferta de cursos de formação em alfabetização digital, gestão da informação e outros tópicos relacionados. Resultados. Com a seleção de apenas quatro doenças de alto impacto em saúde pública em maio de 2016, com tempo de revisão médio mínimo para cada produto de informação, seriam necessários mais de 50 anos contínuos, sem intervalo para dormir, para consultar todo o conteúdo publicado online sobre dengue, zika, Ebola e chikungunya. Conclusão. Conclui-se que existiria benefício para a saúde pública se as instituições de saúde implementassem estratégias formais de gestão do conhecimento, as instituições acadêmicas de ciências da saúde incorporassem programas formais de alfabetização digital e os profissionais de saúde investissem em desenvolvimento profissional responsável e prático na sociedade da informação.

Is There Evidence of Cost Benefits of Electronic Medical Records, Standards, or Interoperability in Hospital Information Systems? Overview of Systematic Reviews.

BACKGROUND: Electronic health (eHealth) interventions may improve the quality of care by providing timely, accessible information about one patient or an entire population. Electronic patient care information forms the nucleus of computerized health information systems. However, interoperability among systems depends on the adoption of information standards. Additionally, investing in technology systems requires cost-effectiveness studies to ensure the sustainability of processes for stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess cost-effectiveness of the use of electronically available inpatient data systems, health information exchange, or standards to support interoperability among systems. METHODS: An overview of systematic reviews was conducted, assessing the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and IEEE Library databases to identify relevant studies published through February 2016. The search was supplemented by citations from the selected papers. The primary outcome sought the cost-effectiveness, and the secondary outcome was the impact on quality of care. Independent reviewers selected studies, and disagreement was resolved by consensus. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR). RESULTS: The primary search identified 286 papers, and two papers were manually included. A total of 211 were systematic reviews. From the 20 studies that were selected after screening the title and abstract, 14 were deemed ineligible, and six met the inclusion criteria. The interventions did not show a measurable effect on cost-effectiveness. Despite the limited number of studies, the heterogeneity of electronic systems reported, and the types of intervention in hospital routines, it was possible to identify some preliminary benefits in quality of care. Hospital information systems, along with information sharing, had the potential to improve clinical practice by reducing staff errors or incidents, improving automated harm detection, monitoring infections more effectively, and enhancing the continuity of care during physician handoffs. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified some benefits in the quality of care but did not provide evidence that the implementation of eHealth interventions had a measurable impact on cost-effectiveness in hospital settings. However, further evidence is needed to infer the impact of standards adoption or interoperability in cost benefits of health care; this in turn requires further research.

Red CYTED-RITMOS: hacia la búsqueda de soluciones para fomentar la salud móvil en América Latina / Rede CYTED-RITMOS: em busca de soluções para promover a saúde móvel na América Latina

El ámbito de las tecnologías móviles aplicadas a la salud (mSalud) es una tendencia en auge a nivel mundial que ha generado enormes expectativas para paliar los problemas de prestación de servicios médicos y de salud pública ocasionados por la escasez de recursos y el reducido número de especialistas. Las numerosas posibilidades que aportan las tecnologías móviles, junto con su facilidad de uso, han atraído el interés tanto de los gobiernos políticos como el de las universidades. Es el caso de la Red Iberoamericana de Tecnologías Móviles y Salud (Red CYTED-RITMOS). Como resultado del primer año de actividad de la Red, en octubre de 2015 tuvo lugar en Barcelona el Internacional Workshop RITMOS con el objeto de presentar las áreas prioritarias de América Latina donde podrían desarrollarse proyectos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i) en salud móvil y posibles soluciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar las potencialidades y la aplicabilidad de la mSalud en la región de las Américas.

O âmbito das tecnologias móveis aplicadas à saúde (mSaúde) é uma tendência crescente a nível mundial que tem gerado enormes expectativas, com a promessa de mitigar os problemas na prestação de serviços médicos e de saúde pública ocasionados pela escassez de recursos e pelo baixo número de especialistas. O grande número de possibilidades geradas pelas tecnologias móveis, juntamente com sua facilidade de uso, têm atraído o interesse tanto de governos como de universidades. É o caso da Rede Ibero- Americana de Tecnologias Móveis e Saúde (Rede CYTED-RITMOS). Como resultado do primeiro ano de atividade da Rede, em outubro de 2015 foi realizado em Barcelona o Seminário Internacional RITMOS, com o objetivo de apresentar as áreas prioritárias da América Latina onde poderiam ser desenvolvidos projetos de pesquisa, desenvolvimento e inovação (P&D+i) em saúde móvel e possíveis soluções. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar os potenciais e a aplicabilidade da mSaúde na Região das Américas.

Infoxicación en salud. La sobrecarga de información sobre salud en la web y el riesgo de que lo importante se haga invisible / Infoxication in health. Health information overload on the Internet and the risk of important information becoming invisible / Infoxicação em saúde. A sobrecarga de informação em saúde na internet e o risco de ficar invisível o que é importante

RESUMEN Objetivo Este estudio tiene como objetivos 1) crear conciencia del volumen de información en salud existente en la web de calidad, 2) explorar la percepción de profesionales de la información con relación al uso de fuentes cualificadas en la toma de decisiones en salud, y 3) presentar recomendaciones que permitan fortalecer las capacidades de los trabajadores de la salud y las competencias institucionales relacionadas con la alfabetización digital. Métodos Se realizó un estudio no experimental descriptivo transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 32 profesionales de la información de nueve países. Se recopiló información de internet sobre el volumen de contenidos existentes en herramientas web, redes sociales y fuentes de información en salud. Se realizaron búsquedas en inglés y en español utilizando las palabras clave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, y Obesit. Por último, se obtuvo información sobre la oferta de formación formal en temas de alfabetización digital, gestión de información y otros relacionados. Resultados Seleccionando sólo cuatro enfermedades de alto impacto en salud pública en mayo de 2016 y promediando un tiempo de revisión mínimo de cada producto de información, se tardaría más de 50 años seguidos sin dormir para consultar todo lo publicado en línea sobre Dengue, Zika, Ebola y Chikungunja. Conclusión Se concluye que la salud pública se beneficiaría con instituciones de salud que implementaran estrategias formales de gestión del conocimiento, con instituciones académicas de ciencias de la salud que incorporaran programas formales de alfabetización digital y con trabajadores de la salud cuyo desarrollo profesional sea responsable y funcional en la sociedad de la información.

ABSTRACT Objective The objectives of this study were to: 1) raise awareness of the volume of quality health information on the Internet; 2) explore perceptions of information professionals with regard to the use of qualified sources for health decision-making; and 3) make recommendations that facilitate strengthening health worker capacities and institutional competencies related to digital literacy. Methods A non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability sample of 32 information professionals from nine countries. Internet information was compiled on the volume of content in Internet tools, social networks, and health information sources. Searches in English and Spanish were carried out using the keywords Ebola, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, safe food, health equity, safe sex, and obesity. Finally, information was obtained on opportunities for formal education on the subjects of digital literacy, information management, and other related topics. Results Selecting only four diseases with a high impact on public health in May 2016 and averaging minimum review time for each information product, it would take more than 50 years without sleeping to consult everything that is published online about dengue, Zika, Ebola, and chikungunya. Conclusion We conclude that public health would benefit from: health institutions implementing formal knowledge management strategies; academic health sciences institutions incorporating formal digital literacy programs; and having health workers who are professionally responsible and functional in the information society.

RESUMO Objetivos 1) Conscientizar sobre o volume de informação em saúde de qualidade existente na internet, 2) explorar a percepção dos profissionais da informação sobre o uso de fontes qualificadas na tomada de decisão em saúde e 3) fazer recomendações para reforçar o preparo dos profissionais de saúde e as competências institucionais quanto à alfabetização digital. Métodos Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo não experimental em uma amostra não probabilística com 32 profissionais da informação de nove países. Foi coletada informação da internet sobre o volume de conteúdos existentes sobre ferramentas de internet, redes sociais e fontes de informação em saúde. Foram realizadas buscas em inglês e espanhol utilizando as palavras-chave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, e Obesity. E foi obtida informação sobre a oferta de cursos de formação em alfabetização digital, gestão da informação e outros tópicos relacionados. Resultados Com a seleção de apenas quatro doenças de alto impacto em saúde pública em maio de 2016, com tempo de revisão médio mínimo para cada produto de informação, seriam necessários mais de 50 anos contínuos, sem intervalo para dormir, para consultar todo o conteúdo publicado online sobre dengue, zika, Ebola e chikungunya. Conclusão Conclui-se que existiria benefício para a saúde pública se as instituições de saúde implementassem estratégias formais de gestão do conhecimento, as instituições acadêmicas de ciências da saúde incorporassem programas formais de alfabetização digital e os profissionais de saúde investissem em desenvolvimento profissional responsável e prático na sociedade da informação.

Role of PAHO/WHO in eHealth Capacity Building in the Americas: Analysis of the 2011–2015 period / El rol de la OPS/OMS en el desarrollo de capacidad en eSalud en las Américas: análisis del período 2011-2015

Political will and adoption of measures toward the use of eHealth have been steadily increasing, facilitating mobilization of resources necessary to adopt and implement digital services that will make it possible to improve access, expand coverage, and increase financial efficiency of health care systems. Adoption of the Strategy and Plan of Action on eHealth of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in 2011 by all Member States in the Region of the Americas has led the Region to major progress in this regard, including the following: creation of knowledge networks and development of information sources, establishment of eHealth sustainability models, support for development of electronic health records, promotion of standards on health data and related technologies that ensure exchange of information, use of mobile devices to improve health, and improvement in quality of care through telemedicine. This article details the main actions carried out by PAHO with regard to eHealth, specifically by the office of Knowledge Management, Bioethics, and Research in the 2011-2015 period (first period of implementation of the PAHO eHealth strategy and plan of action), which include research and capacity-building activities, development of technical guidelines, and formation of knowledge networks.

La voluntad política y la adopción de medidas en relación con el uso de la eSalud han ido en aumento de forma constante, favoreciendo la movilización de los recursos necesarios a fin de adoptar y poner en marcha servicios digitales que permitan mejorar el acceso, ampliar la cobertura y aumentar la eficiencia financiera de los sistemas de atención de salud. Con la aprobación de la Estrategia y Plan de Acción de eSalud de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) en 2011 por todos los Estados Miembros de la Región de las Américas, se han realizado importantes avances a este respecto en la Región, entre los que se destacan: la creación de redes de conocimiento y desarrollo de fuentes de información, el establecimiento de modelos de sostenibilidad en materia de eSalud, el apoyo al desarrollo de los registros electrónicos de salud, la promoción de normas sobre datos de salud y tecnologías conexas que garanticen el intercambio de información, la utilización de los dispositivos móviles para mejorar la salud y la mejora de la calidad asistencial por medio de la telemedicina. El presente artículo detalla las principales acciones ejecutadas por la OPS en eSalud, específicamente por la Oficina de Gestión del Conocimiento, Bioética e Investigación en el período comprendido entre 2011 y 2015 (primer período de implementación de la estrategia y plan de acción de eSalud de la OPS), entre las que se encuentran actividades de investigación y desarrollo de capacidad, la creación de lineamientos técnicos y la construcción de redes de conocimiento.