Myrciaria dubia, an Amazonian fruit: population structure and its implications for germplasm conservation and genetic improvement.

Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) is an Amazon tree that produces a tart fruit with high vitamin C content. It is probably the fruit with the highest vitamin C content among all Brazilian fruit crops and it can be used to supplement daily vitamin C dose. This property has attracted the attention of consumers and, consequently, encouraged fruit farmers to produce it. In order to identify and select potential accessions for commercial exploitation and breeding programs, M. dubia has received considerable research attention. The identification and characterization of genetic diversity, as well as identification of the population structure of accessions preserved in germplasm banks are fundamental for the success of any breeding program. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability of 10 M. dubia populations obtained from the shores of Reis Lake, located in the municipality of Caracaraí, Roraima, Brazil. Fourteen polymorphic inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to study the population genetic diversity, which resulted in 108 identified alleles. Among the 14 primers, GCV, UBC810, and UBC827 produced the highest number of alleles. The study illustrated the suitability and efficiency of ISSR markers to study the genetic diversity of M. dubia accessions. We also revealed the existence of high genetic variability among both accessions and populations that can be exploited in future breeding programs and conservation activities of this species.

Expression of human endogenous retrovirus K and W in babies.

Here we determined the relative expression of HERV-K and W proviruses in HIV infected and non-infected mothers as well as their respective babies up to 1 year-old. HIV-infected mothers, their babies and uninfected control groups presented expression of both HERV-K and HERV-W with relatively high frequency. While the level of HERV-K expression was similar among groups, the level of HERV-W expression in HIV-infected mothers was four-fold higher than the uninfected mothers from the control group (p < 0.01). HERV-W was down regulated in HIV-exposed babies in comparison to non-exposed babies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of HERV transcriptional activity in babies from 0-1 year-old.

Molecular characterization and population structure study of cambuci: strategy for conservation and genetic improvement.

Cambuci (Campomanesia phaea) belongs to the Myrtaceae family and is native to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It has ecological and social appeal but is exposed to problems associated with environmental degradation and expansion of agricultural activities in the region. Comprehensive studies on this species are rare, making its conservation and genetic improvement difficult. Thus, it is important to develop research activities to understand the current situation of the species as well as to make recommendations for its conservation and use. This study was performed to characterize the cambuci accessions found in the germplasm bank of Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral using inter-simple sequence repeat markers, with the goal of understanding the plant's population structure. The results showed the existence of some level of genetic diversity among the cambuci accessions that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of the species. Principal coordinate analysis and discriminant analysis clustered the 80 accessions into three groups, whereas Bayesian model-based clustering analysis clustered them into two groups. The formation of two cluster groups and the high membership coefficients within the groups pointed out the importance of further collection to cover more areas and more genetic variability within the species. The study also showed the lack of conservation activities; therefore, more attention from the appropriate organizations is needed to plan and implement natural and ex situ conservation activities.

Propolis: a natural product as an alternative por disinfection of embryonated eggs for incubation / Propolis: um produto natural como alternativa para desinfecção de pbps embrionados para incubação

During the cooling process of embryonated eggs, there is a natural air flux from the surface to the inner part of the eggs, carrying contaminants such as bacteria and fungi through the shells pores, infecting embryos and resulting in the inability to hatch or poor chick quality. Formaldehyde, a toxic product, is still the most used disinfectant for embryonated eggs in the aviculture industry. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the green propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to formaldehyde, 140 hatching eggs from laying hens were collected and submitted to disinfection with five different treatments: T1 - without disinfection; T2 - formaldehyde fumigated eggs; T3, T4 and T5 disinfection by immersion in propolis solution in the concentrations of 2,400 μg, 240 μg and 24 μg, respectively. The contamination levels by total mesophiles and fungi of the egg shells (Aspergillus sp. and other moulds) after disinfection with propolis were lower than when compared to the control without disinfection. In comparison with formaldehyde, the 240 μg and 24 μg propolis concentrations did not differ regarding antibacterial activity, but for antifungal activity the 2,400 μg and 240 μg concentrations were more efficient. The 2,400 μg and 240 μg propolis treatments presented a hatching rate of 94.1%, compared to only 84.6% for the formaldehyde treatment. The green propolis ethanolic extract presented antibacterial and antifungal activities in embryonated eggs showing that it can be a new natural disinfectant product substituting formaldehyde.(AU)

Durante o processo de resfriamento dos ovos embrionados, há um fluxo natural de ar da superfície para o interior dos ovos carreando contaminantes como bactérias e fungos, por meio dos poros da casca, infectando o embrião e resultando na inabilidade para eclodir e pintinhos de má qualidade. O formaldeído que é um produto tóxico ainda é o desinfetante mais utilizado para a desinfecção de ovos embrionados pela indústria avícola. Para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, como alternativa ao formaldeído, foram coletados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de frango de corte submetidos à desinfecção com cinco tratamentos: T1 - sem desinfecção; T2 - ovos fumigados com formaldeído; T3, T4 e T5 desinfetados por imersão com solução de própolis nas concentrações de 2.400 μg, 240 μg e 24 μg, respectivamente. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores), após a desinfecção com própolis, foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído as concentrações de própolis com 240 μg e 24 μg não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, já para atividade antifúngica, 2,4 mg e 240 μg foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos, após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2,4 mg e 240 μg) apresentaram as maiores taxas com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. Portanto, o extrato etanólico de própolis verde apresenta atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados podendo ser um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.(AU)

Propolis: a natural product as an alternative for disinfection of embryonated eggs for incubation

During the cooling process of embryonated eggs, there is a natural air flux from the surface to the inner part of the eggs, carrying contaminants such as bacteria and fungi through the shell's pores, infecting embryos and resulting in the inability to hatch or poor chick quality. Formaldehyde, a toxic product, is still the most used disinfectant for embryonated eggs in the aviculture industry. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the green propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to formaldehyde, 140 hatching eggs from laying hens were collected and submitted to disinfection with five different treatments: T1 - without disinfection; T2 - formaldehyde fumigated eggs; T3, T4 and T5 disinfection by immersion in propolis solution in the concentrations of 2,400 µg, 240 µg and 24 µg, respectively. The contamination levels by total mesophiles and fungi of the egg shells (Aspergillus sp. and other moulds) after disinfection with propolis were lower than when compared to the control without disinfection. In comparison with formaldehyde, the 240 µg and 24 µg propolis concentrations did not differ regarding antibacterial activity, but for antifungal activity the 2,400 µg and 240 µg concentrations were more efficient. The 2,400 µg and 240 µg propolis treatments presented a hatching rate of 94.1%, compared to only 84.6% for the formaldehyde treatment. The green propolis ethanolic extract presented antibacterial and antifungal activities in embryonated eggs showing that it can be a new natural disinfectant product substituting formaldehyde.

Durante o processo de resfriamento dos ovos embrionados, há um fluxo natural de ar da superfície para o interior dos ovos carreando contaminantes como bactérias e fungos, por meio dos poros da casca, infectando o embrião e resultando na inabilidade para eclodir e pintinhos de má qualidade. O formaldeído que é um produto tóxico ainda é o desinfetante mais utilizado para a desinfecção de ovos embrionados pela indústria avícola. Para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, como alternativa ao formaldeído, foram coletados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de frango de corte submetidos à desinfecção com cinco tratamentos: T1 - sem desinfecção; T2 - ovos fumigados com formaldeído; T3, T4 e T5 desinfetados por imersão com solução de própolis nas concentrações de 2.400 µg, 240 µg e 24 µg, respectivamente. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores), após a desinfecção com própolis, foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído as concentrações de própolis com 240 µg e 24 µg não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, já para atividade antifúngica, 2,4 mg e 240 µg foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos, após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2,4 mg e 240 µg) apresentaram as maiores taxas com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. Portanto, o extrato etanólico de própolis verde apresenta atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados podendo ser um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.

Propolis: a natural product as an alternative por disinfection of embryonated eggs for incubation / Propolis: um produto natural como alternativa para desinfecção de pbps embrionados para incubação

During the cooling process of embryonated eggs, there is a natural air flux from the surface to the inner part of the eggs, carrying contaminants such as bacteria and fungi through the shell’s pores, infecting embryos and resulting in the inability to hatch or poor chick quality. Formaldehyde, a toxic product, is still the most used disinfectant for embryonated eggs in the aviculture industry. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the green propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to formaldehyde, 140 hatching eggs from laying hens were collected and submitted to disinfection with five different treatments: T1 - without disinfection; T2 - formaldehyde fumigated eggs; T3, T4 and T5 disinfection by immersion in propolis solution in the concentrations of 2,400 μg, 240 μg and 24 μg, respectively. The contamination levels by total mesophiles and fungi of the egg shells (Aspergillus sp. and other moulds) after disinfection with propolis were lower than when compared to the control without disinfection. In comparison with formaldehyde, the 240 μg and 24 μg propolis concentrations did not differ regarding antibacterial activity, but for antifungal activity the 2,400 μg and 240 μg concentrations were more efficient. The 2,400 μg and 240 μg propolis treatments presented a hatching rate of 94.1%, compared to only 84.6% for the formaldehyde treatment. The green propolis ethanolic extract presented antibacterial and antifungal activities in embryonated eggs showing that it can be a new natural disinfectant product substituting formaldehyde.

Durante o processo de resfriamento dos ovos embrionados, há um fluxo natural de ar da superfície para o interior dos ovos carreando contaminantes como bactérias e fungos, por meio dos poros da casca, infectando o embrião e resultando na inabilidade para eclodir e pintinhos de má qualidade. O formaldeído que é um produto tóxico ainda é o desinfetante mais utilizado para a desinfecção de ovos embrionados pela indústria avícola. Para avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico da própolis verde, como alternativa ao formaldeído, foram coletados 140 ovos de ninhos de matrizes de frango de corte submetidos à desinfecção com cinco tratamentos: T1 - sem desinfecção; T2 - ovos fumigados com formaldeído; T3, T4 e T5 desinfetados por imersão com solução de própolis nas concentrações de 2.400 μg, 240 μg e 24 μg, respectivamente. Os níveis de contaminação da casca dos ovos por mesófilos totais e fungos (Aspergillus e outros bolores), após a desinfecção com própolis, foram menores quando comparados ao controle. Na comparação ao tratamento com formaldeído as concentrações de própolis com 240 μg e 24 μg não diferiram para atividade antibacteriana, já para atividade antifúngica, 2,4 mg e 240 μg foram superiores. Com relação à eclodibilidade dos ovos, após 21 dias de incubação, os tratamentos de própolis (2,4 mg e 240 μg) apresentaram as maiores taxas com 94,11% superando o tratamento com formaldeído. Portanto, o extrato etanólico de própolis verde apresenta atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica em ovos embrionados podendo ser um novo produto natural desinfetante em substituição ao formaldeído.