Investigation of a cluster of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia cases among heterosexual Micronesians living on Oahu.

A recent case investigation of secondary syphilis in a 27-year-old heterosexual Micronesian male and his 19-year-old chlamydia and syphilis co-infected female partner, conducted by the Hawaii State Department of Health, June to August 2007, identified a cluster of 13 case-patients with undiagnosed syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhea. The social network of Micronesians uncovered was characterized by having transient accommodations but a central gathering place. The critical factor in gaining access to this network was the establishment of a trusting relationship with a key social network member. Field interviews and the application of field diagnostic techniques helped to identify case-patients who otherwise would not have presented to a traditional office or clinic setting. Micronesians in Hawaii represent an at-risk population for adverse health indices including sexually transmitted diseases, based on their socioeconomic status.

Fluoroquinolone resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Hawaii, 1990-2000: role of foreign importation and increasing endemic spread.

OBJECTIVES: In 1999, an increase in ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates was identified in Hawaii, prompting initiation of investigative studies. GOALS: The goal of this study was epidemiologic evaluation of this increase. STUDY: The authors conducted a review of laboratory data; case-series and case-control studies based on medical record review; and a prospective case-control study based on patient interviews. RESULTS: A total of 10.4% (21 of 201) of gonococcal isolates from Hawaii in 2000 were ciprofloxacin-resistant compared with <1.5% per year from 1990 to 1997. From medical record review for patients diagnosed with ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infection from 1990 to 1999, 59% were Asian/Pacific Islanders and 91% were heterosexual. From review of 1998 and 1999 sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic medical records, patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae were more likely to report recent foreign travel or a sex partner with recent foreign travel than patients with ciprofloxacin-susceptible N. gonorrhoeae (6 of 12 vs. 10 of 117, P <0.001), but 50% (6 of 12) acquired a ciprofloxacin-resistant strain locally from a partner with no recent travel. In 2000, 70% (7 of 10) of STD clinic patients with ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae acquired their infection locally from partners with no reported recent travel. CONCLUSIONS: Infections with ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae are increasing and evolving in Hawaii.

Prevalence of chlamydial and gonorrheal infections among females in a juvenile detention facility, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Limited studies have shown high rates of gonorrheal and chlamydial infections among incarcerated adolescents, however, this population has not been routinely targeted for sexually transmitted disease (STD) screening. This study was done to ascertain the feasibility of screening females for STDs at a juvenile detention facility in Honolulu, Hawaii, and to determine the prevalence of chlamydial and gonorrheal infections in this population. Between January 2000 and December 2001, pelvic examination-based STD screening was offered to all female detainees, on selected dates. Specimens from multiple anatomical sites were cultured for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Endocervical swabs were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis using a DNA probe (GenProbe). One-hundred one of 204 (50%) eligible females were screened. Fourteen of 101 (13.9%) females were screen positive for chlamydial infection, while six of 101 (5.9%) were culture positive for infection with N. gonorrhoeae. Three females were co-infected with both organisms. The high STD rates justify the institution of a routine screening program for this high risk and previously underserved group.

Assessing age-related risk for gonococcal and chlamydial infections among females in Hawaii, 2001: a comparison of morbidity rates with screening test positivity.

OBJECTIVE: National and state public health officials generally present sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance information in terms of overall cases and population-based rates. Because many adolescents (especially in the younger ages) are not sexually active, the use of population-based denominators leads to the calculation of low age-specific STD rates. This study compared morbidity rates with screening test positivity for gonorrhea and chlamydia to better define age-related STD risk among females in Hawaii. METHODS: All female gonorrhea and chlamydia cases reported to the Hawaii State Department of Health (HDOH) during 2001 were grouped by age. Population estimates were used to calculate age-specific morbidity rates. Age-specific screening test positivity was calculated by dividing the number of positive tests identified through the HDOH STD screening programs by the number of screening tests performed in each age category (x100). RESULTS: Although morbidity rates for both chlamydia and gonorrhea were low among 10-14 year olds, this group had the highest screening test positivity. Screening test positivity decreased incrementally with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: Screening test positivity may provide a more accurate estimate of STD risk for sexually active adolescents than population-based rates. Physicians should obtain sexual histories from their adolescent patients and provide STD prevention counseling and screening to those found to be sexually active. In addition, expanded STD screening and treatment services should be made available and accessible to young, sexually active adolescents because they appear to be at greatest risk.

False-positive gonorrhea test results with a nucleic acid amplification test: the impact of low prevalence on positive predictive value.

Five false-positive gonorrhea test results from a private laboratory using a nucleic acid amplification test led to an investigation by the Hawaii State Department of Health. No unexplained increase or variation in the laboratory's positive gonorrhea test results was detected. The proportion of positive gonorrhea test results among tests performed in the population was 1.06%. The calculated positive predictive value (PPV) of the test in this setting was 60%. Documentation of sexual histories was lacking for all cases. It is imperative to obtain a sexual history for both assessing sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk and interpreting STD test results. The possibility that positive test results may be false should be considered when patients have unanticipated positive test results. Clinicians who perform STD screening tests should know the approximate prevalence of STDs in the population being screened and have a conceptual understanding of PPV and the impact of low prevalence on screening tests with imperfect specificity.

The epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Hawaii, 2001.

Increases in the number of infections with fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Asia and the United States threaten the efficacy of fluoroquinolones as inexpensive, single-dose, orally administered treatments for gonorrhea. This report describes the findings of a field investigation of an increase in the number of infections with ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (CipRGC) in Hawaii in 2001. We conducted a case review of 53 patients with CipRGC, who constituted 20% of the 267 patients with cultures positive for N. gonorrhoeae during this period. Nearly one-half of patients with CipRGC were seen by clinicians in private practice, one-third were seen by clinicians at a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic, and only 2% were seen by clinicians in the military. Among the 117 patients with culture-confirmed gonorrhea who attended the public STD clinic, we found a prevalence of infection with CipRGC of 17%. The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with CipRGC were similar to those of patients with gonorrhea that was not resistant to ciprofloxacin, suggesting that fluoroquinolone-resistant gonorrhea has become endemic in Hawaii.

Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased susceptibility to cefixime-Hawaii, 2001.

We report 4 urogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates recovered from 3 patients that demonstrated resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin and reduced susceptibility to cefixime. This report of the first 3 patients in the United States identified with this multidrug-resistant strain may portend an emerging problem for clinicians and public health officials.