RESUMEN
Since a dispersion interferometer is insensitive to mechanical vibrations, a vibration compensation system is not necessary. The CO2 laser dispersion interferometer with phase modulations on the Large Helical Device utilizes the new phase extraction method which uses modulation amplitudes and can improve a disadvantage of the original dispersion interferometer: measurement errors caused by variations of detected intensities. The phase variation within ±2 × 10(17) m(-3) is obtained without vibration compensation system. The measured line averaged electron density with the dispersion interferometer shows good agreement with that with the existing far infrared laser interferometer. Fringe jump errors in high density ranging up to 1.5 × 10(20) m(-3) can be overcome by a sufficient sampling rate of about 100 kHz.
RESUMEN
A dispersion interferometer is one of the promising methods of the electron density measurement on large and high density fusion devices. This paper describes development of a CO(2) laser dispersion interferometer with a photoelastic modulator for phase modulation. In order to make the dispersion interferometer free from variations of the detected intensity, a new phase extraction method is introduced: The phase shift is evaluated from a ratio of amplitudes of the fundamental and the second harmonics of the phase modulation frequency in the detected interference signal. The proof-of-principle experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this method.
RESUMEN
Two color laser diagnostics using terahertz laser sources are under development for a high performance operation of the Large Helical Device and for future fusion devices such as ITER. So far, we have achieved high power laser oscillation lines simultaneously oscillating at 57.2 and 47.7 µm by using a twin optically pumped CH(3)OD laser, and confirmed the original function, compensation of mechanical vibration, of the two color laser interferometer. In this article, application of the two color laser diagnostics to the ITER poloidal polarimeter and recent hardware developments will be described.
RESUMEN
Two-dimensional phase contrast imaging (2D) installed on the large helical device (LHD) is a unique diagnostic for local turbulence measurements. A 10.6 microm infrared CO(2) laser and 6x8 channel HgCdTe 2D detector are used. The length of the scattering volume is larger than plasma size. However, the asymmetry of turbulence structure with respect to the magnetic field and magnetic shear make local turbulence measurements possible. From a 2D image of the integrated fluctuations, the spatial cross-correlation function was estimated using time domain correlation analysis, then, the integrated 2D k-spectrum is obtained using maximum entropy method. The 2D k-spectrum is converted from Cartesian coordinates to cylindrical coordinates. Finally, the angle in cylindrical coordinate is converted to flux surface labels. The fluctuation profile over almost the entire plasma diameter can be obtained at a single moment. The measurable k-region can be varied by adjusting the detection optics. Presently, k=0.1-1.0 mm(-1) can be measured which is expected region of ion temperature gradient modes and trapped electron mode in LHD. The spatial resolution is 10%-50% of the minor radius.
RESUMEN
A two color laser interferometer using terahertz laser sources is under development for high performance operation on the large helical device and for future burning plasma experiments such as ITER. Through investigation of terahertz laser sources, we have achieved high power simultaneous oscillations at 57.2 and 47.6 microm of a CH(3)OD laser pumped by a cw 9R(8) CO(2) laser line. The laser wavelength around 50 microm is the optimum value for future fusion devices from the consideration of the beam refraction effect and signal-to-noise ratio for an expected phase shift due to plasma. In this article, recent progress of the terahertz laser diagnostics, especially in mechanical vibration compensation by using a two color laser operation and terahertz laser beam transmission through a dielectric waveguide, will be presented.
RESUMEN
A short wavelength far infrared laser whose wavelength lambda is about 50 microm is preferable for a polarimeter and an interferometer for high density operations in the Large Helical Device (LHD) and on future large fusion devices such as ITER. This is because the beam bending effect (proportional to lambda(2)) in a plasma, which causes fringe jump errors, is small and the Faraday and the Cotton-Mouton effects are moderate. We have developed a polarimeter with highly resistive silicon photoelastic modulators (PEMs) for the CH(3)OD laser (lambda=57.2 and 47.7 microm). We performed bench tests of the polarimeter with a dual PEM and demonstrated the feasibility for the polarimeter. Good linearity between actual and evaluated polarization angles is achieved with an angular resolution of 0.05 degrees and a temporal resolution of 1 ms. The baseline drift of the polarization angle is about 0.1 degrees for 1000 s.
RESUMEN
High k turbulence, up to 30 cm(-1), can be measured using the two dimensional CO2 laser phase contrast imaging system on LHD. Recent hardware improvements and experimental results are presented. Precise control over the lens positions in the detection system is necessary because of the short depth of focus for high k modes. Remote controllable motors to move optical elements were installed, which, combined with measurements of the response to ultrasound injection, allowed experimental verification and shot-to-shot adjustment of the object plane. Strong high k signals are observed within the first 100-200 ms after the initial electron cyclotron heating (ECH) breakdown, in agreement with gyrotron scattering. During later times in the discharge, the entire k spectrum shifts to lower values (although the total amplitude does not change significantly), and the weaker high k signals are obscured by leakage of low k components at low frequency, and detector noise, at high frequency.
RESUMEN
This article describes changes of optical properties of retroreflectors installed on the inner wall of the vacuum vessel of the Large Helical Device. They were made of stainless steel and were used for a CO(2) laser polarimeter. The reflectivity for a CO(2) laser beam dropped up to 40% after the start of glow discharge cleanings and main plasma experiments. Then it decreased gradually. The reflectivity in a wavelength range shorter than 10 mum decreased significantly through one experimental campaign (about 4 months). On the other hand the reflectivity in a wavelength range longer than 50 mum was larger than 70%. Decrease in the reflectivity in the central region of mirrors was more significant (the reflectivity for visible beams became almost zero) than that in the edge. The distribution of the reflectivity along the radial direction is expected to be related to the shape of the retroreflector. The parallelism of the reflected beam to an incident one also deteriorated. The changes in the polarization angle and in the ellipticity of reflected light polarization were not observed from the visible to the far infrared range.
Asunto(s)
Rayos Láser , Lentes , Óptica y Fotónica/instrumentación , Refractometría/instrumentación , Diseño de Equipo , Análisis de Falla de Equipo , Refractometría/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
A 48-year-old man presented at the hospital because of neck swelling and pain. A diagnosis of esophageal cancer with subcutaneous abscess was made based on examination and biopsy results. The cancer was Ce T4NxMx Stage III-IVa. Curative surgery was considered impossible, so chemoradiation therapy was performed (5-FU 500 mg + CDDP 5 mg/day + 2 Gy/day x 31 days) after drainage. During the therapy, an esophago-tracheal fistula was observed, but it later vanished. After chemoradiation therapy, the abscess and tumor vanished. No serious adverse reactions were observed. Now, 2 years after therapy, no recurrence has been found. The patient is now in good health with no symptoms and undergoes regular check-ups. Chemoradiation therapy is effective for inoperable advanced esophageal cancer.
Asunto(s)
Absceso/etiología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/radioterapia , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/etiología , Fístula Traqueoesofágica/etiología , Absceso/terapia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/complicaciones , Cisplatino/administración & dosificación , Drenaje , Neoplasias Esofágicas/complicaciones , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dosificación Radioterapéutica , Enfermedades Cutáneas Infecciosas/terapiaRESUMEN
Positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) as the tracer of glucose metabolism was performed to identify a postoperative recurrent lesion of rectal cancer. A 66-year-old-man underwent trans-sacral local resection of the rectum for rectal cancer in 1992. A local recurrent mass was discovered, and abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum was performed in 1999. The serum CEA level increased gradually August in 2000, but there was no sign of recurrence on CT or MRI. FDG-PET was performed to reveal a presacral recurrent lesion. Total pelvic evisceration combined with resection of the sacrum, and a bilateral ureterostomy were performed in April 2001. The beneficial role of FDG-PET in the diagnosis of the postoperative local recurrence of rectal cancer is emphasized.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiofármacos , Neoplasias del Recto/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión , Adenocarcinoma/cirugía , Anciano , Humanos , Masculino , Periodo Posoperatorio , Neoplasias del Recto/cirugíaRESUMEN
A 52-year-old woman was admitted with a chief complaint of dyspnea. She had undergone right mastectomy for Stage IIB breast cancer 2 years and five months earlier. Chest roentgenogram revealed cardiomegaly and bilateral pleural effusion, and a cardiac echogram showed marked retention of pericardial effusion. A diagnosis of cardiac tamponade was made and pericardiocentesis for continuous drainage was carried out cytologically, the effusion was class V and showed evidence of pericardial metastasis of breast cancer. Pericardiocentesis followed by methotrexate instillation 6 times in a dose of 110 mg successfully controlled the cardiac tamponade, after which the catheter could be removed from the pericardial space. Systemic chemotherapy (CEF) was started at the same time. The patient was discharged very much improved after these treatments, but she died of brain metastasis after 9 months. This case suggests that intrapericardial application of methotrexate may be very useful in the management of carcinomatous cardiac tamponade without any serious side effects.
Asunto(s)
Antimetabolitos Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Neoplasias Cardíacas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cardíacas/secundario , Metotrexato/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/complicaciones , Taponamiento Cardíaco/etiología , Ciclofosfamida/administración & dosificación , Drenaje , Esquema de Medicación , Epirrubicina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Derrame Pericárdico/etiología , Derrame Pericárdico/terapiaRESUMEN
A cDNA clone derived from a novel gene (uvi-1) that is inducible by near-UV light was isolated by a differential screening procedure from a cDNA library of the fungus Bipolaris oryzae and characterized further. Sequence analysis of the clone revealed that uvi-1 encodes a protein with a putative molecular mass of 17 kDa; the UVI-1 protein shows significant similarity to a putative protein encoded by a cDNA which is expressed during appressorium formation in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. The corresponding genomic clone was also isolated, and Southern analysis of genomic DNA indicated the presence of a single copy of the uvi-1 gene in B. oryzae. Northern analysis showed that the uvi-1 transcripts are induced by exposure to near-UV light, but not by blue or red light. Furthermore, accumulation of uvi-1 transcripts is observed during differentiation of the appressorium.
Asunto(s)
Ascomicetos/efectos de la radiación , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Regulación Fúngica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de la radiación , Rayos Ultravioleta , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Ascomicetos/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Northern Blotting , Southern Blotting , Clonación Molecular , ADN Complementario , Proteínas Fúngicas/química , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Homología de Secuencia de AminoácidoRESUMEN
Our purpose was to determine the influences of antenatal dexamethasone administration on neonatal lung development in rats. Dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg maternal body weight per day) was administered i.p. on the 21st d (group 1) or on the 20th and 21st d (group 2) of gestation in Sprague Dawley rats with timed pregnancies. After natural deliveries, the lungs of the pups 1-60 d of age were removed and processed for morphometric analysis. In 60-d-old pups, groups 1 and 2 both showed a lower numerical density of alveoli and a larger mean alveolar radius than control pups. Antenatal administration of dexamethasone to rats impairs the normal postnatal lung growth. Some aspects of the use of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy in humans may require reconsideration.
Asunto(s)
Dexametasona/administración & dosificación , Dexametasona/toxicidad , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Glucocorticoides/toxicidad , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/crecimiento & desarrollo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Femenino , Humanos , Pulmón/patología , Embarazo , Alveolos Pulmonares/efectos de los fármacos , Alveolos Pulmonares/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Growth cones of regenerating nerves, following crush injury to the rat peripheral nerve system, were studied by electron microscopy and synaptophysin. Localization in the growth cones was revealed by immunohistochemistry at the ultrastructural level. Many regenerating growth cones grew along the Schwann-cell basal laminae tubes at the crushed site. These cones revealed an abundance of organelles, such as heterogenous vesicles and many mitochondria, and a scarcity of cytoskeletons, including microtubules and neurofilaments in the cytoplasm. The periphery of the growth cones (corresponding to the lamellipodia or filopodia of cultured neurons) contained rich electron-dense filamentous materials. Cellular protrusions, such as filopodia, were rarely seen. These growth cones exhibited intense immunoreactivity for synaptophysin by light microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that immunoreactivity was distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm.
Asunto(s)
Axones/ultraestructura , Conos de Crecimiento/ultraestructura , Traumatismos de los Nervios Periféricos , Nervios Periféricos/metabolismo , Regeneración/fisiología , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Animales , Conos de Crecimiento/fisiología , Inmunohistoquímica , Ligadura , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
A 25-year-old female with a large tumor on her left breast was examined at our hospital from August, 1999. Ipsilateral supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes were swollen. She was diagnosed as having locally advanced breast cancer of stage IIIb by fine needle aspiration cytology. After the administration of docetaxel (60 mg/m2/3 weeks x 3) failed to improve her condition, we changed the treatment to selective intra-arterial chemotherapy with THP-ADR (60 mg/body/day, day 1 & 8, 41 & 48) by Seldinger's method. The target vessels were the internal thoracic, lateral thoracic, thoracodorsal and deep cervical arteries. We also combined 5-FU 500 mg/body div and CPA 500 mg/body i.v. on the same days with intra-arterial chemotherapy. As a result, the main tumor and metastatic lymph node swelling was remarkably reduced (down-staging was obtained). No recurrence was found for 5 months after curative resection.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Doxorrubicina/análogos & derivados , Paclitaxel/análogos & derivados , Taxoides , Adulto , Quimioterapia del Cáncer por Perfusión Regional , Terapia Combinada , Ciclofosfamida/administración & dosificación , Docetaxel , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Infusiones Intraarteriales , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
In a patient with a right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery bearing multiple liver metastases from colon cancer, hepatic arterial chemo-embolization was performed in combination with degradable starch microspheres (DSM) administered independently to the left and replaced right hepatic artery via a percutaneal approach. As the first line chemotherapy from hepatic artery with DSM 300 mg, 5-FU 500 mg and MMC 10 mg resulted in PD. DSM 300 mg, epirubicin (EPI) 50 mg, MMC 4 mg was administered with the RHA:LHA ratio of 3:1 as a second line. Four weeks later it was evaluated as NC by angiography and by tumor-marker dropped extremely. The same regimen was repeated every four weeks, and the NC status remained for 20 weeks in total. Each time, the left and replaced right hepatic artery got perfect re-perfusion and DSM enabled an effective whole liver distribution of anti-cancer drugs and repetitive administrations of them. This regimen could be an alternative choice for patients with a replaced right hepatic artery who have liver metastasis of colon cancer.
Asunto(s)
Quimioembolización Terapéutica/métodos , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Arteria Hepática/anomalías , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Epirrubicina/administración & dosificación , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Masculino , Arteria Mesentérica Superior/anomalías , Microesferas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mitomicina/administración & dosificación , Almidón/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
A 55-year-old man with locally advanced rectal carcinoma and liver metastasis was treated with a combination of chemo-radiotherapy (5-FU suppository 100 mg/day and 63 Gy of RT), hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (5-FU 1,000 mg/3 h, biweekly), and systemic chemotherapy (5'-DFUR 800 mg/day + cimetidine 800 mg/day). His rectal tumor was reduced and his symptoms such as pain and bleeding had markedly decreased. The river metastasis did not change during the entire course. HAI and administration of 5-FU suppository, 5'-DFUR, and cimetidine were continued. As of 18 months after the onset of the combination therapy, NC has been maintained, and the general condition of the patient is favorable.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Neoplasias del Recto/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias del Recto/radioterapia , Administración Oral , Cimetidina/administración & dosificación , Terapia Combinada , Esquema de Medicación , Floxuridina/administración & dosificación , Fluorouracilo/administración & dosificación , Arteria Hepática , Humanos , Infusiones Intraarteriales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dosificación Radioterapéutica , Neoplasias del Recto/patología , SupositoriosRESUMEN
A three-channel near-infrared monitoring system was used to evaluate the regional hemodynamic responses to photic stimulation during spontaneous sleep in seven healthy neonates. Three pairs of parallel light guides, separated by 15 mm each, were placed over a 450-mm(2) occipital region of the head. Increases in oxygenated and total hemoglobin were observed during photic stimulation only in one channel, and no change or decreases in oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin were observed in the other two channels. The change in the direction of deoxygenated hemoglobin accompanying the increases in oxygenated and total hemoglobin (usually a decrease in adults) differed in each subject and also varied with each measurement even in the same subject. An increase, decrease, and no change were observed. The results imply that an increase in regional cerebral blood flow occurs because of stimulation specific to the visual cortex and that the increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin observed in the visual cortex of the neonatal brain is attributable to venous dilation.
Asunto(s)
Circulación Cerebrovascular/fisiología , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Recién Nacido/fisiología , Estimulación Luminosa , Corteza Visual/fisiología , Femenino , Hemodinámica/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Oxihemoglobinas/metabolismo , Flujo Sanguíneo Regional , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta , Corteza Visual/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
Recent studies suggest that the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attached protein (SNAP) receptor (SNARE)-mediated membrane fusion system is involved in vesicle fusion in the plasma membrane that allows expansion for neurite elongation. There have been several reports analyzing the effects of neurite outgrowth by inhibition of SNAREs. In this study, we took the opposite approach by overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fusion SNAREs, including VAMP-2, SNAP-25A, and syntaxin1A, in PC12 cells to investigate the role of SNAREs in the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Neurite outgrowth analysis demonstrated that: (1) GFP-VAMP-2 increased the length of individual neurites, without changing the number of neurites per cell; (2) GFP-SNAP-25A increased the number of neurites per cell, with no change in the length of the individual neurites. In both cases, the total length of neurites per cell was increased; (3) GFP-syntaxin1A resulted in no significant change, either in neurite length, or in the number of neurites per cell. These findings suggest that when overexpressed in PC12 cells, VAMP-2 can promote neurite elongation, while SNAP-25A can stimulate neurite sprouting. On the other hand, overexpression of syntaxin1A neither promotes nor inhibits neurite outgrowth. Thus VAMP-2 and SNAP-25A play different roles in neurite elongation and sprouting.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Neuritas/fisiología , Animales , Antígenos de Superficie/genética , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes , Immunoblotting , Proteínas Luminiscentes/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Microscopía Confocal , Microscopía Inmunoelectrónica , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Células PC12 , Pruebas de Precipitina , Proteínas R-SNARE , Ratas , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Proteína 25 Asociada a Sinaptosomas , Sintaxina 1RESUMEN
Patients with pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection occasionally have neither past histories of pulmonary diseases nor underlying immunodeficiency conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that MAC may be linked with a disease-susceptibility gene and determined human leukocyte-associated antigens (HLA) in patients with pulmonary MAC infection. HLA phenotypes were tested in 59 patients with pulmonary MAC infection, and diagnosed according to the criteria of the American Thoracic Society. Data of a Japanese population reported at the Tenth Japan HLA Workshop were used as a control. HLA-A33 (28.8% versus 12.5%, p = 5 x 10(-)(4)) and HLA-DR6 (50.8% versus 20.2%, p = 5 x 10(-)(8)) antigen frequencies in patients with MAC were significantly increased compared with those of the control population. Frequency of a haplotype A33-B44-DR6 in the MAC patients was also significantly increased compared with those of the control population (23.7% versus 4.2%; p = 3 x 10(-)(9)). These data suggest that development of pulmonary MAC infection is associated with specific HLA in a Japanese population.