International Guideline for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy-Associated Cancer Screening: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) initiative.

Adult-onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is associated with an increased cancer risk within the 3 years preceding and following IIM onset. Evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for IIM-associated cancer screening can potentially improve outcomes. This International Guideline for IIM-Associated Cancer Screening provides recommendations addressing IIM-associated cancer risk stratification, cancer screening modalities and screening frequency. The international Expert Group formed a total of 18 recommendations via a modified Delphi approach using a series of online surveys. First, the recommendations enable an individual patient's IIM-associated cancer risk to be stratified into standard, moderate or high risk according to the IIM subtype, autoantibody status and clinical features. Second, the recommendations outline a 'basic' screening panel (including chest radiography and preliminary laboratory tests) and an 'enhanced' screening panel (including CT and tumour markers). Third, the recommendations advise on the timing and frequency of screening via basic and enhanced panels, according to risk status. The recommendations also advise consideration of upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy, nasoendoscopy and 18F-FDG PET-CT scanning in specific patient populations. These recommendations are aimed at facilitating earlier IIM-associated cancer detection, especially in those who are at a high risk, thus potentially improving outcomes, including survival.

Comparison of clinical features between patients with anti-synthetase syndrome and dermatomyositis: Results from the MYONET registry.

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical characteristics, including the frequency of cutaneous, extramuscular manifestations, and malignancy, between adults with anti-synthetase syndrome (ASyS) and dermatomyositis (DM). METHODS: Using data regarding adults from the MYONET registry, a cohort of DM patients with anti-Mi2/-TIF1É£/-NXP2/-SAE/-MDA5 autoantibodies, and a cohort of ASyS patients with anti-tRNA synthetase autoantibodies (anti-Jo1/-PL7/-PL12/-OJ/-EJ/-Zo/-KS) were identified. Patients with DM sine dermatitis or with discordant dual autoantibody specificities were excluded. Sub-cohorts of patients with ASyS with or without skin involvement were defined based on presence of DM-type rashes (heliotrope rash, Gottron's papules/sign, violaceous rash, shawl sign, V sign, erythroderma, and/or periorbital rash). RESULTS: In total 1,054 patients were included (DM, n = 405; ASyS, n = 649). In ASyS cohort, 31% (n = 203) had DM-type skin involvement (ASyS-DMskin). A higher frequency of extramuscular manifestations, including Mechanic's hands, Raynaud's phenomenon, arthritis, interstitial lung disease, and cardiac involvement differentiated ASyS-DMskin from DM (all p< 0.001), whereas higher frequency of any of four DM-type rashes: heliotrope rash (n = 248, 61% vs n = 90, 44%), violaceous rash (n = 166, 41% vs n = 57, 9%), V sign (n = 124, 31% vs n = 28, 4%), and shawl sign (n = 133, 33% vs n = 18, 3%) differentiated DM from ASyS-DMskin (all p< 0.005). Cancer-associated myositis (CAM) was more frequent in DM (n = 67, 17%) compared with ASyS (n = 21, 3%) and ASyS-DMskin (n = 7, 3%) cohorts (both p< 0.001). CONCLUSION: DM-type rashes are frequent in patients with ASyS; however, distinct clinical manifestations differentiate these patients from classical DM. Skin involvement in ASyS does not necessitate increased malignancy surveillance. These findings will inform future ASyS classification criteria and patient management.

Investigating characteristics of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy flares using daily symptom data collected via a smartphone app.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use daily data collected via a smartphone app for characterization of patient-reported and symptom-based (using an a priori definition) flares in an adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) cohort. METHODS: UK adults with an IIM answered patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) daily via a smartphone app during a 91-day study. Daily symptom PROMs addressed global activity, overall pain, myalgia, fatigue, and weakness (on a 0-100 visual analogue scale). Patient-reported flares were recorded via a weekly app question. Symptom-based flares were defined via an a priori definition related to increase in daily symptom data from the previous 4-day mean. RESULTS: Twenty participants (65% female) participated. Patient-reported flares occurred on a median of 5 weeks (IQR 3, 7) per participant, out of a possible 13. The mean of each symptom score was significantly higher in flare weeks, compared with non-flare weeks (e.g. mean flare week myalgia score 34/100, vs 21/100 during non-flare week, t test P-value <0.01). Fatigue accounted for the most symptom-based flares [incidence-rate 23/100 person-days (95% CI 19, 27)], and myalgia the fewest [incidence rate 13/100 person-days (95% CI 11, 16)]. Symptom-based flares typically resolved after 3 days, although fatigue-predominant flares lasted 2 days. The majority (69%) of patient-reported flare weeks coincided with at least one symptom-based flare. CONCLUSIONS: IIM flares are frequent and associated with increased symptom scores. This study has demonstrated the ability to identify and characterize patient-reported and symptom-based flares (based on an a priori definition), using daily app-collected data.

A systematic review and meta-analysis to inform cancer screening guidelines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical factors associated with cancer risk in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and to systematically review the existing evidence related to cancer screening. METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out on Medline, Embase and Scopus. Cancer risk within the IIM population (i.e. not compared with the general population) was expressed as risk ratios (RR) for binary variables and weighted mean differences (WMD) for continuous variables. Evidence relating to cancer screening practices in the IIMs were synthesized via narrative review. RESULTS: Sixty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. DM subtype (RR 2.21), older age (WMD 11.19), male sex (RR 1.53), dysphagia (RR 2.09), cutaneous ulceration (RR 2.73) and anti-transcriptional intermediary factor-1 gamma positivity (RR 4.66) were identified as being associated with significantly increased risk of cancer. PM (RR 0.49) and clinically amyopathic DM (RR 0.44) subtypes, Raynaud's phenomenon (RR 0.61), interstitial lung disease (RR 0.49), very high serum creatine kinase (WMD -1189.96) or lactate dehydrogenase (WMD -336.52) levels, and anti-Jo1 (RR 0.45) or anti-EJ (RR 0.17) positivity were identified as being associated with significantly reduced risk of cancer. Nine studies relating to IIM-specific cancer screening were included. CT scanning of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis appeared to be effective in identifying underlying asymptomatic cancers. CONCLUSION: Cancer risk factors should be evaluated in patients with IIM for risk stratification. Screening evidence is limited but CT scanning could be useful. Prospective studies and consensus guidelines are needed to establish cancer screening strategies in IIM patients.

Long-term strength and functional status in inclusion body myositis and identification of trajectory subgroups.

INTRODUCTION: Objective information on longitudinal disease progression in inclusion body myositis (IBM) is lacking. METHODS: Longitudinal dynamometry and functional status data were collated from a cohort of IBM patients. Annual change was calculated by means of linear modeling. Trajectories of change in grip, knee extension, IBM Functional Rating Scale (IBM-FRS) and Neuromuscular Symptom Score (NSS) were identified by means of latent growth mixture modeling. RESULTS: Data were collated from 75 IBM patients (348 person-years follow-up). Annual strength loss was greatest for pinch (-10%) and knee extension (-4%). Functional deterioration was greatest for males. Three distinct trajectory groups were identified. Rapid deterioration trajectory for grip strength was associated with younger diagnosis age. Rapid deterioration for knee extension strength was associated with older age of diagnosis. DISCUSSION: This study has quantified strength change in IBM and identified distinct trajectory groups, which will aid prognostication and stratification for inclusion into future clinical trials.

Long-term persistence with rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: To investigate the long term persistence of rituximab (RTX) in a large observational RA cohort, investigate persistence of RTX when used as a first or second line biologic DMARD (bDMARD), to characterize subsequent bDMARD treatment following RTX. Methods: Patients with RA starting treatment with RTX (MabThera) between 2008 and 2011 were recruited into the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA. Duration of RTX treatment over the first 4 years after initiation was estimated via Kaplan-Meier estimates and the reason for discontinuation was ascertained. Subsequent bDMARD use following RTX discontinuation was characterised. Treatment survival in bDMARD-naïve (first line RTX use) and experienced (second line RTX use) cohorts was described. Results: One thousand six hundred and twenty-nine patients were recruited (1371 bDMARD-experienced and 258 bDMARD-naïve). Sixty percent of the whole cohort remained on RTX after 4 years. Ineffectiveness (46%) and death (24%) were the most common reason for RTX discontinuation. RTX discontinuation was associated with RF negativity for the bDMARD-experienced cohort. Of those that discontinued RTX, 46% initiated treatment with another bDMARD, with tocilizumab being the most common. Conclusion: This large study of patients initiating RTX treatment for severe RA found that 60% persisted with treatment after 4 years. This study also identified that RTX is tolerated well when used as a first or second line bDMARD.