A semiotic model of mind.

A theory of signs is presented to arrive at a model of mind that provides a smooth transition from inanimate matter to the thinking brain. Principles of information theory and semiotics are invoked to create a conceptual scheme that can contribute to an understanding of the "mind-body problem." The thesis is pursued that in living systems, as opposed to inorganic ones, there occurs the phenomenon of semiotic transmission of information. The result is a "dualistic-materialist" position; the dualism arises from the fact that at the beginning of life a set of processes comes into being different from those of the inorganic world. This model has implications for psychology and psychoanalysis. It allows for semiotic systems at different levels--e.g., the molecular, the neural network, the language system, and higher mental functions--to be integrated. Analytic concepts such as free association, clinical technique, feedback systems, personality structure, transference, and repetition compulsions can be understood in both biological and semiotic terms. This model interdigitates with linguistic studies already done in psychoanalysis, as well as with biological models extrinsic to the field.

Connectionism and psychoanalysis.

A currently interesting set of models of perception, learning, and cognition--known as connectionist or neural net systems--have contributed to changes in the way cognitive scientists view brain function. A fruitful interaction between brain models and computer models leads us to think that the brain may be less dependent on a central processor, that there may be much brain work that is self-organizing, and that mind-brain dualism may be unnecessary. This article explores the implications for psychoanalytic theory that emerge from these new models.

The behavioral schema: an integration of modes of learning.

In this paper I shall develop an integrated learning model as a way of understanding mental and psychotherapeutic processes. I take as a starting point the fact that there are many different types of psychotherapy, a phenomenon that in itself calls for an attempt at integration. What follows is an indirect approach, like various other "black box" approaches to mind. In this case, I look at the various ways in which we learn, and the ways in which we attempt to cure mental ills, and from the results I try to describe what kind of an entity the mind is.

Stagnation in psychotherapy and the development of active technique.

Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy have been practiced as primarily expectant disciplines. The patient is asked to associate freely or to talk about problems, and the analyst responds by clarifying or interpreting; the psychotherapist may, in addition, respond occasionally by advising, urging, or dissuading. Ferenczi, more than other early analysts, emphasized an active technique in psychoanalysis in which he used injunctions and prohibitions to force behavioral change for the purpose of uncovering repressed material. This technique soon fell into disrepute, considered too disruptive for psychoanalysis. Since Ferenczi most analysts have eschewed active methods. Analytically oriented therapists have sometimes used active devices, but reluctantly and unsystematically, seldom making use of recent advances in behavior therapy which could render them more effective. In this paper, after reviewing the history of active technique, I will describe an approach in which a therapist can introduce active methods into an ongoing psychoanalytically oriented therapy in a way which combines psychodynamics and behavior therapy to the enhancement of both.

Sexual therapy for patients without partners.

Most available therapies for sexual dysfunction require a cooperative partner. This article describes a combined behavioral psychodynamic treatment program for sexual problems in people without partners. The method allows for flexibility in treating patients with widely varying personalities and levels of psychopathology.