Structural analysis of the future of the coffee industry in the Amazonas region using a MICMAC approach.

Currently there are problems in improving the competitiveness of the coffee industry in Amazonas, in this context the present research seeks to analyze the future behavior of the coffee industry through a structural analysis with MICMAC. For this purpose, 14 coffee guilds of Amazonas were interviewed, followed by an external and internal evaluation and a structural analysis with MICMAC. Subsequently, future events were analyzed and validated by experts. MICMAC identified in the short term the importance of local and regional governments supporting the coffee associations in order to achieve their objectives, such as increasing organic coffee production and expanding the coffee frontier; in the medium term, a coffee research center should be created; and in the long term, studies on the different microclimates should be carried out in order to achieve a high price and international demand. The motricity and dependency study contributed to the generation of eight probable events, of which five events are likely to occur by 2030 and a desirable scenario is the ideal.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete plastid genome of Theobroma bicolor (Malvaceae) from Peru.

Theobroma bicolor Bonpl. 1806 is distributed in the Neotropics from southern Mexico to the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon. High-throughput sequencing of T. bicolor from Peru (KUELAP2926) resulted in the assembly of its complete plastid genome (GenBank accession number OQ557154). The chloroplast genome of T. bicolor is A + T-rich (62.97%), having 160,317 bp in size and containing 130 genes; including a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 25,462 bp separated by a large single copy region (LSC) of 89,221 bp and a small single copy region (SSC) of 20,172 bp. This plastid genome is similar in length, content, and organization to other members of the genus Theobroma. Phylogenetic analyses of T. bicolor support its sistership to the clade comprising T. cacao and T. grandiflorum. This study may contribute valuable information to the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Theobroma.

Study of the physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of wild blackberry species from the Peruvian highlands.

The Peruvian Andes are the natural habitat of several wild blackberry species that are little known and exploited due to the lack of technological and scientific development to support their agricultural potential. In this context, a study was conducted to understand the physicochemical composition, bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and in vitro multiplication of four wild blackberry (Rubus sp.) species from the northern Peruvian highlands. The results indicate that fruits of R. floribundus presented the highest content of total soluble solids (9.58 ± 1.83°Brix) and titratable acidity (1.88 ± 0.07% citric acid). The fruits of R. weberbaueri recorded the highest total phenolic content (415.06 ± 8.69 mg GAE/100 g Ff). The antioxidant capacity determined by the DPPH assay varied significantly among species, with the highest value found in fruits of R. andicola (50.27 ± 0.11 mg TE/100 g Ff). The fruit extracts of R. weberbaueri and R. andicola showed better antimicrobial activity, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most sensitive bacterium. In the in vitro multiplication phase, the results show that BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) has a significant effect at a dose of 1.5 mg l-1 on shoot number, leaf number, and shoot length. The results may help in the management of genetic resources.

New and noteworthy species of the genus Epidendrum (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae) from the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro, Amazonas, Peru.

Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrumechinatiantherumsp. nov., E.imazaensesp. nov., E.parvireflexilobumsp. nov., E.rosulatumsp. nov., and E.ochrostachyumsp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E.acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E.brachyblastum, E.forcipatum, E.mavrodactylon, and E.tridens). Epidendrumenantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrumbrachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrumcryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity.

Impact of wild solanaceae rootstocks on morphological and physiological response, yield, and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under deficit irrigation conditions.

It has been established that climate change has a direct impact on water availability, an essential resource for agricultural development. As a result, controlling, mitigating, and adapting to water deficit requires the advancement of research on promising wild flora species. As recent studies have shown, wild relatives of certain cultivars are tolerant to adverse factors, enabling the development of sustainable and resilient agriculture. The present study evaluated the morpho-physiology and productivity of tomato scions grafted on wild Solanaceae (Datura stramonium, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Solanum quitoense, and Cyphomandra betacea) grown under water deficit conditions (100% ETc - high level, 75% ETc - moderate level, 50% ETc - medium level, and 25% ETc - low level). The results showed that tomato plants grafted on Datura stramonium rootstocks performed better morpho-physiologically under deficit irrigation. The improved osmoregulation caused by a higher relative water content (98.49%) allowed the scion to be more tolerant to water stress. In addition, these scions showed high water potential during their phenological stages (vegetative -0.47 MPa, flowering -0.59 MPa, and production -0.64 MPa), as well as improved photosynthetic efficiency. The overall tolerance of the scion resulted in better yield (8.14 kg/plant) with higher number of commercially valuable fruits. The D. stramonium rootstock allowed better management and use of irrigation water, increasing productivity (54.95 kg/m3); that is, it is presented as a species with potential for establishing tomato production areas in scenarios of water scarcity or cultivation under deficit irrigation.

A Rainwater Harvesting and Treatment System for Domestic Use and Human Consumption in Native Communities in Amazonas (NW Peru): Technical and Economic Validation.

The inhabitants of Tunants and Yahuahua face water supply problems in terms of quantity and quality, leading to socio-environmental and health impacts in the areas. The objective of this research, therefore, is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of a proposal for a rainwater harvesting and treatment system for human consumption in the native communities. For the technical feasibility, monthly water demand per family was compared with the amount of water collected in the rainy and dry seasons. In addition, 16 physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were evaluated at the inlet and outlet of the water system. The economic feasibility was determined by the initial investment and maintenance of the systems; with the benefits, we obtained the net present social value (NPSV), social internal rate of return (SIRR), and cost-effectiveness (CE). Technically, oxygenation and chlorination in the storage tanks allowed for water quality in physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects, according to the D.S. N° 031-2010-SA standard, in all cases. Finally, with an initial investment of S/2,600 and S/70.00 for annual maintenance of the system, it is possible to supply up to six people per family with an average daily consumption of 32.5 L per person. It is suggested that the system be used at scale in the context of native communities in north-eastern Peru.

Three new species of Trichoderma in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages from Peruvian cacao crop soils based on an integrative approach.

The hyperdiverse genus Trichoderma is one of most useful groups of microbes for a number of human activities, and their accurate identification is crucial. The structural simplicity and lack of distinctive phenotypic variation in this group enable the use of DNA-based species delimitation methods in combination with phylogenies (and morphology when feasible) to establish well-supported boundaries among species. Our study employed a multilocus phylogeny and four DNA-based methods (automated barcode gap discovery [ABGD], statistical parsimony [SPN], generalized mixed Yule coalescent [GMYC], and Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography [BPP]) for four molecular markers (acl1, act, rpb2, and tef1) to delimit species of two lineages of Trichoderma. Although incongruence among these methods was observed in our analyses, the genetic distance (ABGD) and coalescence (BPP) methods and the multilocus phylogeny strongly supported and confirmed recognition of 108 and 39 different species in the Harzianum and Longibrachiatum lineages, including three new species associated with cacao farms in northern Peru, namely, T.awajun, sp. nov., T.jaklitschii, sp. nov., and T.peruvianum, sp. nov. Morphological distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are primarily related to growth rates, colony appearance, and size of phialides and conidia. This study confirmed that an integrative approach (DNA-based methods, multilocus phylogeny, and phenotype) is more likely to reliably verify supported species boundaries in Trichoderma.

An integrative approach reveals five new species of highland papayas (Caricaceae, Vasconcellea) from northern Peru.

The assignment of accurate species names is crucial, especially for those with confirmed agronomic potential such as highland papayas. The use of additional methodologies and data sets is recommended to establish well-supported boundaries among species of Vasconcellea. Accordingly, six chloroplast (trnL-trnF, rpl20-rps12, psbA-trnH intergenic spacers, matK and rbcL genes) and nuclear (ITS) markers were used to delimit species in the genus Vasconcellea using phylogeny and four DNA-based methods. Our results demonstrated congruence among different methodologies applied in this integrative study (i.e., morphology, multilocus phylogeny, genetic distance, coalescence methods). Genetic distance (ABGD, SPN), a coalescence method (BPP), and the multilocus phylogeny supported 22-25 different species of Vasconcellea, including the following five new species from northern Peru: V. badilloi sp. nov., V. carvalhoae sp. nov., V. chachapoyensis sp. nov., V. pentalobis sp. nov., and V. peruviensis sp. nov. Genetic markers that gave better resolution for distinguishing species were ITS and trnL-trnF. Phylogenetic diversity and DNA-species delimitation methods could be used to discover taxa within traditionally defined species.

Predictive Modelling of Current and Future Potential Distribution of the Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) in Amazonas, Northeast Peru.

The spectacled, or Andean, bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN due to climate change and human-induced habitat fragmentation. There is an urgent need for the conservation of spectacled bear at real time. However, the lack of knowledge about the distribution of this species is considered as one of the major limitations for decision-making and sustainable conservation. In this study, 92 geo-referenced records of the spectacled bear, 12 environmental variables and the MaxEnt entropy modelling have been used for predictive modelling for the current and future (2050 and 2070) potential distribution of the spectacled bear in Amazonas, northeastern Peru. The areas of "high", "moderate" and "low" potential habitat under current conditions cover 1.99% (836.22 km2), 14.46% (6081.88 km2) and 20.73% (8718.98 km2) of the Amazon, respectively. "High" potential habitat will increase under all climate change scenarios, while "moderate" and "low" potential habitat, as well as total habitat, will decrease over the time. The "moderate", "low" and total potential habitat are distributed mainly in Yunga montane forest, combined grasslands/rangelands and secondary vegetation and Yunga altimontane (rain) forest, while "high" potential habitat is also concentrated in the Jalca. The overall outcome showed that the most of the important habitats of the spectacled bear are not part of the protected natural areas of Amazonas, under current as well as under future scenarios.

Booktrailer y lectura en la formación inicial del maestro: un estudio de caso / Booktrailer and reading in the initial teacher training: a case study / Booktrailer e leitura na formação inicial de professores. Um estudo de caso

Resumen Introducción: el booktrailer está convirtiéndose en un recurso digital importante para promocionar la lectura entre los estudiantes y, por ende, para el fomento lector. Dentro de este panorama, los futuros maestros deben tener una formación no solo en las áreas específicas de la didáctica, sino también en el ámbito tecnológico para poder utilizarlas; es decir, es importante en la formación inicial del maestro. Objetivo: analizar las oportunidades que nos ofrece el booktrailer y las creencias de los futuros maestros. Materiales y métodos: para realizar esta investigación se decidió escoger un estudio de caso cuya muestra son los estudiantes de la asignatura Competencia Comunicativa del curriculum integrado de la Universidad de Cádiz. En este sentido, se utilizaron cuestionarios, diario de campo, entrevistas y matriz DAFO. Resultados: se consideró que el booktrailer presenta un potencial educativo y, por consiguiente, es necesario incluirlo en las aulas. Conclusiones: con todo lo anterior se consideró que la lectura se puede fomentar y promocionar a través el booktrailer.

Abstract Introduction: the booktrailer is becoming an important digital resource to promote reading among students and thus encourage reading. Within this panorama, future teachers must have an academic background not only in specific areas of didactics, but also in the field of technology in order to be able to use them; that is, it is important in the initial training of the teacher. Objective: to analyse the opportunities offered by the booktrailer and the beliefs of future teachers. Materials and methods: to carry out this research, we decided to choose a case study which sample is the students of the subject Communicative Competence of the integrated Curriculum of the University of Cadiz. In this context, questionnaires, field diary, interviews and SWOT matrix were used. Results: the booktrailer was considered to have an educational potential and, therefore, it is necessary to include it in the classrooms. Conclusions: with all the above, it was considered that reading can be encouraged and promoted through the booktrailer.

Resumo Introdução: o booktrailer está se tornando um importante recurso digital para promover a leitura entre os alunos e, portanto, para a promoção da leitura. Dentro desse panorama, os futuros professores devem ter treinamento não apenas em áreas específicas do ensino, mas também no campo tecnológico para poder usá-los; isto é, é importante na formação inicial do professor. Objetivo: analisar as oportunidades oferecidas pelo booktrailer e as crenças dos futuros professores. Métodos e Materiais: para a realização desta pesquisa, optou-se por escolher um estudo de caso, cuja amostra são os alunos da Competência em Comunicação do currículo integrado da Universidade de Cádiz. Nesse sentido, foram utilizados questionários, diário de campo, entrevistas e matriz SWOT. Resultados: o booktrailer foi considerado com potencial educacional e, portanto, é necessário incluí-lo na sala de aula. Conclusões: com todas as considerações acima, considerou-se que a leitura pode ser promovida e promovida através do booktrailer.

Analysis of the complete organellar genomes of the economically valuable kelp Lessonia spicata (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Chile.

Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices is the most ecologically and economically important kelp from Pacific South America. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and evolutionary systematics of the species by performing high throughput sequencing on L. spicata from Valparaiso, Chile. The L. spicata complete mitogenome is 37,097 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 66 genes (GenBank accession MK965907), the complete plastid genome is 130,305 bp and has 173 genes (accession MK965908), and the data assembled 7,630 bp of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (accession MK965909). The organellar genomes are similar in structure and content to others published from the Laminariales.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the national bird of Peru: Rupicola peruvianus (Aves, Passeriformes, Cotingidae).

Rupicola peruvianus Latham, known as the Andean Cock-of-the-Rock or locally as Tunqui, is distributed in the Andean cloud forests of South America from Venezuela to Bolivia. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and evolutionary systematics of the Cotingidae by performing high-throughput sequencing analysis on R. peruvianus from Luya, Amazonas, Peru. The R. peruvianus mitogenome is 17,035 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 37 genes (GenBank accession No. MN602289). The mitogenome is similar in structure and content to published mitogenomes from the neognathid orders Passeriformes and Falconiformes. Phylogenomic analysis of the R. peruvianus mitogenome situates it in a clade with the Pipridae, sister to the Tyrannidae. We anticipate that further mitogenome sequencing of the parvorder Tyrannida will improve the phylogenetic resolution and our understanding of the evolutionary history of this taxon.

Infección por Toxoplasma gondii en un adolescente / Toxoplasma gondii infection in an adolescent

Se presenta el caso clínico de un adolescente de 12 años de edad, quien desde pequeño comenzó a presentar cuadros febriles repetidos y adenopatías, por lo cual estuvo ingresado en 5 ocasiones. Posteriormente fueron apareciendo otras complicaciones (proceso alérgico, intoxicación alimentaria, adenoiditis y amigdalitis crónica) y el paciente fue remitido al Servicio de Oncohematología del Hospital Infantil Sur de Santiago de Cuba. Se tomó muestra para realizar test de toxoplasma, la cual fue enviada al Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Pedro Kourí", donde se diagnosticó una toxoplasmosis. Se indicó tratamiento específico con clindamicina y evolucionó favorablemente.

The case report of a 12 year adolescent is presented, who began to present repeated feverish patterns and adenopathy since he was a child, reason why he was hospitalized 5 times. Later on, other complications appeared (allergic condition, food intoxication, adenoiditis and chronic tonsillitis) and the patient was referred to the oncohematology service of the Southern Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba. A sample to carry out toxoplasma test was taken, which was sent to "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute where a toxoplasmosis was diagnosed. Specific treatment with clindamicine was indicated and he had a favorable clinical course.

Pupil dilation: a fingerprint of temporal selection during the "attentional blink".

Pupil dilation indexes cognitive events of behavioral relevance, like the storage of information to memory and the deployment of attention. Yet, given the slow temporal response of the pupil dilation, it is not known from previous studies whether the pupil can index cognitive events in the short time scale of ∼100 ms. Here we measured the size of the pupil in the Attentional Blink (AB) experiment, a classic demonstration of attentional limitations in processing rapidly presented stimuli. In the AB, two targets embedded in a sequence have to be reported and the second stimulus is often missed if presented between 200 and 500 ms after the first. We show that pupil dilation can be used as a marker of cognitive processing in AB, revealing both the timing and amount of cognitive processing. Specifically, we found that in the time range where the AB is known to occur: (i) the pupil dilation was delayed, mimicking the pattern of response times in the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm, (ii) the amplitude of the pupil was reduced relative to that of larger lags, even for correctly identified targets, and (iii) the amplitude of the pupil was smaller for missed than for correctly reported targets. These results support two-stage theories of the Attentional Blink where a second processing stage is delayed inside the interference regime, and indicate that the pupil dilation can be used as a marker of cognitive processing in the time scale of ∼100 ms. Furthermore, given the known relation between the pupil dilation and the activity of the locus coeruleus, our results also support theories that link the serial stage to the action of a specific neuromodulator, norepinephrine.

[Cystic renal papillary carcinoma. Apropos of a case]. / Carcinoma papilar renal quístico. A propósito de un caso.

OBJECTIVES: Papillary renal cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasia which represents 5-10% of all renal cell carcinomas. We perform a bibliographic review, and detail the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the case, as well as its postoperative outcome. METHODS: 55-year-old patient who was admitted in the urology department from the emergency room. On physical examination we detected a mass in the left flank and left upper abdominal quadrant, painful on flank percussion, and gross hematuria also. It was a patient who debuted with left lumbar-abdominal pain and hematuria with clots after a physical effort. Blood tests, ultrasound, x-rays and surgical treatment were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: On evaluation of the ultrasound and x-ray films it was concluded that it was a significant renal tumor. Left radical nephrectomy was performed and pathology reported papillary renal cell carcinoma. Postoperative outcome was satisfactory after three months.

[Propoleum and Peyronie's disease]. / Propóleo y enfermedad de Peyronie.

OBJECTIVES: Peyronie's disease is a plastic penile induration which represents a well-known problem affecting men in their middle age, who suffer penile incurvation during erections, pain and poor consistency at the site of incurvation. There is no satisfactory treatment for this disease. A patient with Peyronie's disease who received propoleum treatment for a giardiasis infection referred spontaneous improvement of this penile incurvation as treatment cycles were repeated. So, we decided to treat a group of patients with this pathologic entity with propoleum to evaluate its efficacy. METHODS: Initially, 25 patients were studied, only 13 completed the study 6 months later. VARIABLES: age, penile incurvation, presence or not of pain with erections, detection and measurement (cm) of the fibrous plaque on physical examination and ultrasound, and description of its radiologic characteristics. Propoleum powder (300 mg) was administered for 6 months. RESULTS: Patient age was predominantly between 51 and 60 years. Upward deviation was the most frequent presentation; it disappeared in 2 patients in the "Improved" group. Most patients had no pain. 3 patients out of 13 had no plaque on examination at the end of treatment. Regarding incurvation 10 patients improved, 2 improved slightly, and only one improved somewhat during the first three months but then after remained the same. Penile x-ray was not useful as a diagnostic test; penile ultrasound was greatly useful. CONCLUSIONS: Penile incurvation improved in 77% of the patients. Fibrous plaques were reduced more than 0.5 cm on ultrasound (average 0.64 cm).

[Study of propoleum dosage in Peyronie's disease]. / Estudio de dosis con Propóleo en la enfermedad de Peyronie.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the optimal dose for propoleum caps in Peyronie's disease. METHODS: We evaluated two groups of 17 patients each, analyzing pain and plaque size on physical and ultrasound examination, before and after treatment. Group A patients received caps with 300 mg of propoleum powder daily for six months, and Group B 900 mg. RESULTS: Predominant ages were between 41 and 70 years. More than half the patients in group A had pain; more than half the patients in group B did not have pain; considering both groups there were more patients without pain. Physical reduction of the plaque: Group A: 0.6 cm, Group B: 0.8 cm. Ultrasound reduction of the plaque: Group A: 1.3 cm, Group B: 0.8 cm. In the higher dose group (B) clinical and ultrasound improvement started earlier. 79.4% of the treated patients evaluated preferred improvement or slight improvement, being this result statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Pain is not always an accompanying symptom in Peyronie's disease. Both doses administered reduced the size of the plaque, but the higher one has an earlier improvement. We may consider propoleum administered in this way another treatment option for this disease, with good results and low cost.

[Renal cell carcinoma and simultaneous left varicocele]. / Carcinoma de células renales y varicocele izquierdo de forma simultánea.

OBJECTIVES: To report a rare case of left renal cell carcinoma causing simultaneous acute left varicocele. We also performed a bibliographic review. METHODS: We present the case of a male adult who was diagnosed as having a left varicocele during a medical exam at his work center and referred to the urology clinic. On physical examination a left flank and hypochondrium mass was found. We analyze the diagnostic tests performed and possible therapies. RESULTS: With the diagnosis of left hypernephroma the patient underwent surgery. A big lower pole and medial portion kidney tumor displacing neighbor structures was found, and left radical nephrectomy was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Although it was easy to diagnose a hypernephroma with the diagnostic tests performed, the clinical presentation is not frequent, neither is the sudden onset of left varicocele. Currently, after 8 years of follow-up, the patient has normal blood-ultrasound tests.

[Simultaneous leiomyoma and transitional carcinoma of the bladder. Report of a case]. / Leiomioma y carcinoma transicional de vejiga de forma simultánea. Presentación de un caso.

OBJECTIVES: To report this case of bladder leiomyoma, benign tumor of the bladder, due to its low frequency (0.43%) and to perform a bibliographic review. METHODS AND RESULTS: Case of a 46 year old female who refers a history of voiding symptoms, macroscopic haematuria with clots, asthenia, anorexia and right flank pain for 15 days prior to consultation. After blood tests, X ray tests, ultrasound and CT scan she underwent hysterectomy, anexectomy, radical cystectomy and ureteral reimplantation to a Mainz II sigmoid pouch. Currently, 44 months after surgery her outcome has been satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Bladder leiomyoma, a disease without specific symptoms, is occasionally found in pathological evaluation; biopsy is the confirmative diagnostic test. They are rarely found outside the uterus and gastrointestinal tract.