Risk factors for developmental defects of enamel in children from southeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDEs) comprise qualitative and/or quantitative changes to the enamel during amelogenesis. The aetiology of DDE remains inconclusive. AIM: To determine the association of pre, peri, and postnatal factors with the presence of DDE. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with 353 children (8 to 11 years-old) in a Brazilian town. METHODS: One calibrated dentist assessed DDE using the Developmental Defects of Enamel Index and a questionnaire collected medical and sociodemographic data. MAIN OUTCOMES: Children with at least one type of DDE were categorized into the DDE group. Subtypes of DDE were also recorded. RESULTS: 63.1% of children had at least one type of DDE. Diffuse opacity was present in 36.7%, demarcated opacity in 14.8%, and hypoplasia in 5.83% of the children. In multivariate analysis, demarcated opacities and hypoplasia were associated with birth weight ⟨ 2500g (OR = 4.82; 95% CI 1.23-1.95). CONCLUSION: Low birth weight predicted DDE.

Association between genetic polymorphisms in the promoter region of the defensin beta 1 gene and persistent apical periodontitis.

AIM: To evaluate the association between the promoter region of defensin beta 1 (DEFB1) genetic polymorphisms and persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) in Brazilian patients. METHODOLOGY: Seventy-three patients with post-treatment PAP (PAP group) and 89 patients with root filled teeth with healed and healthy periradicular tissues (healed group) were included (all teeth had apical periodontitis lesions at the beginning of the treatment). Patients who had undergone at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal treatment were recalled, and their genomic DNA was extracted from saliva. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DEFB1 at the g. -52G>A (rs1799946) and g. -20G>A (rs11362) positions were analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The chi-squared test was performed, and the odds ratios were calculated using Epi Info 3.5.2. Logistic regression analysis in the codominant model, using the time of follow-up as a variable, was used to evaluate the SNP-SNP interaction. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05 (P = 0.05). RESULTS: For the rs11362 polymorphism in the codominant and recessive models, patients who carried two copies of the T allele had a significantly lower risk of developing PAP (P = 0.040 and P = 0.031, respectively). For the rs1799946 polymorphism in DEFB1 in the codominant and recessive models, carrying one copy of the T allele significantly increased the risk of developing PAP (P = 0.007 and P = 0.031, respectively). In the logistic regression, both polymorphisms were associated with PAP as well as the SNP-SNP interaction (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Polymorphisms in DEFB1 genes were associated with the development of post-treatment persistent apical periodontitis.

The lupus patient traveller: a guide to the rheumatologist.

With an increasing number of international journeys occurring daily, there is also an increase in the need for appropriate medical advice for patients who will undertake such travel. In this context, the lupus patient presents a great challenge to the rheumatologist. However, the demand for such information by patients is low, and it has proven difficult for the medical community to adequately provide it. In this article, we carried out a literature review of the medical recommendations made for the lupus patient in order to guide the rheumatologist through the topic of travel medicine.

Anatomical danger zone reconsidered: a micro-CT study on dentine thickness in mandibular molars.

AIM: To investigate the smallest dentine thickness in mesial canals of mandibular molars along the cervical and middle thirds of the root by means of a micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) technology and digital image analysis. METHODOLOGY: Fifty mesial roots of mandibular molars having two independent canals (mesiobuccal and mesiolingual), in the coronal and middle levels, were selected and scanned in a micro-CT device. After reconstruction procedures, approximately 468 slices per root covering the 7 mm below the furcation area of the mesial root were analysed to measure the smallest dentine thickness (danger zone [DZ]) in each slice from both distal and mesial regions of the mesial canals by an automatic segmentation process. RESULTS: The DZ values in the mesiobuccal canals varied from 0.67 to 1.93 mm, with an average of 1.13 ± 0.21 mm. For the mesiolingual canals, the DZ varied from 0.77 to 1.89 mm with an average of 1.10 ± 0.21 mm. There was no correspondence in the DZ between the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals at the same cross-sectional level in 71% of the specimens. Moreover, the smallest dentine thickness was towards the mesial region of the roots in 22% and 18% of the mesiolingual and mesiobuccal canals, respectively. (Figs 1 and 2 CONCLUSIONS: The smallest dentine thickness was on the mesial plane of the roots in about 40% of the canals. The vertical location of the DZ in relation to the furcation area was in the middle third of the root.

Effectiveness of Reciproc Blue in removing canal filling material and regaining apical patency.

AIM: To compare the efficiency of M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue instruments in the removal of root filling material and in their ability to regain apical patency through micro-computed tomographic (micro-CT) analysis. METHODOLOGY: Ten anatomically matched pairs of teeth, with a single oval-shaped straight canal, were selected and scanned in a micro-CT device. The root canals were prepared with M-Wire Reciproc R25 instruments and filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer. The root canals were then randomly allocated into two groups (n = 10), according to the instrument used: M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue. The canals were retreated up to instrument sizes 25 and then 40 in both groups. The surface area and volume of residual filling material were assessed using micro-CT imaging after the retreatment procedures. The time required to remove the root fillings was recorded. Data were analysed statistically using t-test with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the instruments in terms of the volume of residual root filling material. Apical enlargement from size 25 to 40 significantly improved the removal of filling materials (P < 0.05). It was possible to regain apical patency in all specimens from both M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue groups. No difference was observed in the time required to perform the retreatment between the instruments. CONCLUSIONS: Both M-Wire Reciproc and Reciproc Blue instruments were effective in removing filling materials from oval-shaped straight canals. Apical patency was reestablished in all specimens.

Comprehensive analysis by liquid chromatography Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry: Fast screening of peptides and organic molecules.

The number of substances nominally listed in the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency increases each year. Moreover, many of these substances do not have a single analytical target and must be monitored through different metabolites, artifacts, degradation products, or biomarkers. A new analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of peptides and organic molecules using a single sample preparation and LC-Q-HRMS detection. The simultaneous analysis of 450 target molecules was performed after cleanup on a mixed-mode solid-phase extraction cartridge, combined with untreated urine. The cleanup solvent and reconstitution solvent were the most important parameters for achieving a comprehensive sample preparation approach. A fast chromatographic run based on a multistep gradient was optimized under different flows; the detection of all substances without isomeric coelution was achieved in 11 minutes, and the chromatographic resolution was considered a critical parameter, even in high-resolution mass spectrometry detection. The mass spectrometer was set to operate by switching between positive and negative ionization mode for FULL-MS, all-ion fragmentation, and FULL-MS/MS2 . The suitable parameters for the curved linear trap (c-trap) conditions were determined and found to be the most important factors for the development of the method. Only FULL-MS/MS2 enables the detection of steroids and peptides at concentrations lower than the minimum required performance levels set by World Anti-Doping Agency (1 ng mL-1 ). The combination of the maximum injection time of the ions into the c-trap, multiplexing experiments, and loop count under optimized conditions enabled the method to be applied to over 10 000 samples in only 2 months during the 2016 Rio Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. The procedure details all aspects, from sample preparation to mass spectrometry detection. FULL-MS data acquisition is performed in positive and negative ion mode simultaneously and can be applied to untargeted approaches.

Different growth regimes in InP nanowire growth mediated by Ag nanoparticles.

We report on the existence of two different regimes in one-step Ag-seeded InP nanowire growth. The vapor-liquid-solid-mechanism is present at larger In precursor flows and temperatures, ∼500 °C, yielding high aspect ratio and pure wurtzite InP nanowires with a semi-spherical metal particle at the thin apex. Periodic diameter oscillations can be achieved under extreme In supersaturations at this temperature range, showing the presence of a liquid catalyst. However, under lower temperatures and In precursor flows, large diameter InP nanowires with mixed wurtzite/zincblende segments are obtained, similarly to In-assisted growth. Chemical composition analysis suggest that In-rich droplet formation is catalyzed at the substrate surface via Ag nanoparticles; this process might be facilitated by the sulfur contamination detected in these nanoparticles. Furthermore, part of the original Ag nanoparticle remains solid and is embedded inside the actual catalyst, providing an in situ method to switch growth mechanisms upon changing In precursor flow. Nevertheless, our Ag-seeded InP nanowires exhibit overall optical emission spectra consistent with the observed structural properties and similar to Au-catalyzed InP nanowires. We thus show that Ag nanoparticles may be a suitable replacement for Au in InP nanowire growth.

Fermi energy dependence of the optical emission in core/shell InAs nanowire homostructures.

InAs nanowires grown by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method are investigated by photoluminescence. We observe that the Fermi energy of all samples is reduced by ∼20 meV when the size of the Au nanoparticle used for catalysis is increased from 5 to 20 nm. Additional capping with a thin InP shell enhances the optical emission and does not affect the Fermi energy. The unexpected behavior of the Fermi energy is attributed to the differences in the residual donor (likely carbon) incorporation in the axial (low) and lateral (high incorporation) growth in the VLS and vapor-solid (VS) methods, respectively. The different impurity incorporation rate in these two regions leads to a core/shell InAs homostructure. In this case, the minority carriers (holes) diffuse to the core due to the built-in electric field created by the radial impurity distribution. As a result, the optical emission is dominated by the core region rather than by the more heavily doped InAs shell. Thus, the photoluminescence spectra and the Fermi energy become sensitive to the core diameter. These results are corroborated by a theoretical model using a self-consistent method to calculate the radial carrier distribution and Fermi energy for distinct diameters of Au nanoparticles.

Suboptimal push-out bond strengths of calcium silicate-based sealers.

AIM: To evaluate and compare the push-out bond strength of MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and iRoot SP (Innovative BioCeramix Inc., Vancouver, Canada) to the dentine walls of root canals. AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstaz, Germany) and MTA (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) were used as reference materials. METHODOLOGY: Sixty extracted human single-rooted teeth were selected. After standardized canal preparation and irrigation, the canals were dried with paper points and filled with one of four sealers: AH Plus, iRoot SP, MTA and MTA Fillapex. Roots were sectioned, and push-out tests were performed. The values of bond strength were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Mann-Whitney with Bonferroni correction was used to isolate the differences. The alpha-type error was set at 0.05 for the analyses. RESULTS: All specimens had measurable adhesion to root dentine and no premature failure occurred. There were significant differences amongst materials (P = 0.000). MTA-filled specimens had higher push-out bond strength values (P = 0.000). AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength than both Fillapex and iRoot SP (P = 0.000). Both Fillapex and iRoot SP had the lowest push-out bond strength amongst all experimental groups (P = 0.000). No difference occurred between the two calcium silicate-based root canal sealers (P = 0.265). CONCLUSION: The adhesion to root dentine associated with newer calcium silicate-based sealers was compromised even when well-monitored laboratory conditions were used.

Interaction between lamellar twinning and catalyst dynamics in spontaneous core-shell InGaP nanowires.

Semiconductor nanowires oriented along the [211] direction usually present twins parallel to their axis. For group IV nanowires this kind of twin allows the formation of a catalyst-nanowire interface composed of two equivalent {111} facets. For III-V nanowires, however, the twin will generate two facets with different polarities. In order to keep the <211> orientation stable, a balance in growth rates for these different facets must be reached. We report here the observation of stable, micron-long <211>-oriented InGaP nanowires with a spontaneous core-shell structure. We show that stacking fault formation in the crystal region corresponding to the {111}A facet termination provides a stable NW/NP interface for growth along the <211> direction. During sample cool down, however, the catalyst migrates to a lateral {111}B facet, allowing the growth of branches perpendicular to the initial orientation. In addition to that, we show that the core-shell structure is non-concentric, most likely due to the asymmetry between the facets formed in the NW sidewall; this effect generates stress along the nanowire, which can be relieved through bending.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and dental plaque: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDTa) on cariogenic dental biofilm. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: Studies in vivo, in vitro, and in situ were included. Articles that did not address PDTa, those that did not involve cariogenic biofilm, those that used microorganisms in the plankton phase, and reviews were excluded. Data extraction and quality assessments were performed independently by two raters using a scale. RESULTS: Two hundred forty articles were retrieved; only seventeen of them met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed in the present review. Considerable variability was found regarding the methodologies and application protocols for antimicrobial PDTa. Two articles reported unfavorable results. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The present systematic review does not allow drawing any concrete conclusions regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial PDTa, although this method seems to be a promising option.

The beneficial effects of massage therapy for insomnia in postmenopausal women.

With increases life expectancy, the incidence of undesirable manifestations of menopause has increased as well. The effects of lost ovarian function include progressive decrease in estradiol secretion, trophic changes in the breast, vasomotor symptoms, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders. Insomnia, which has physiological consequences and can result in a loss of quality of life, is prevalent in women after menopause. Hormone therapy has been widely used to reduce menopausal symptoms, but its use in recent years has been questioned because of the reported risks of cardiovascular events and increased incidence of tumors. This controversy has generated significant interest in non-hormonal treatments among both physicians and patients. Our previous research has shown a positive effect of massage therapy on menopausal symptoms. We explored the hypothesis that massage therapy would produce beneficial effects in postmenopausal women through inflammatory and immunological changes. Recent results from self-report questionnaires have shown improvements in sleep pattern and quality of life following massage therapy. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of massage therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, particularly insomnia, and indicate that it is a promising line of research.

Spontaneous periodic diameter oscillations in InP nanowires: the role of interface instabilities.

We have observed that thin InP nanowires generated by vapor-liquid-solid growth display spontaneous periodic diameter oscillations when large group III supersaturations are used. Diameter variations are associated with a large number of stacking faults and crystallographic phase changes(wurtzite/zinc-blende); also the axial distance between oscillations depends on the indium precursor flow used during the run. We attribute the morphology changes to a substantial deformation of the triple phase line (vapor-liquid-solid) at the catalyst nanoparticle edge originated from multistep nucleation during growth. The deformation alters the mechanical force balance acting on the nanoparticle during growth in such a way that the particle displaces from the nanowire top and wets the nanowire sidewall. Subsequently, as catalytic growth occurs at the sidewall, the associated increase in diameter will eventually push the NP back to its original wire-top position until the onset of a new instability at the triple phase line.

Avaliação de protocolo de extração de dna de brucella spp. Em sêmen bovino / Evaluation protocol for dna extraction of brucella spp. In bovine semen

A brucelose é uma doença infecto-contagiosa, de caráter zoonótico e de grande importância tanto em produção animal, quanto na saúde pública. É causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella, que provocam orquites e epididimites uni ou bilaterais em touros, podendo levar a sub-fertilidade e a esterilidade. Machos bovinos assintomáticos tornam-se importantes disseminadores desta doença nos rebanhos. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar o protocolo de extração de DNA de Brucella spp em sêmen in natura bovino, submetendo-os aos testes diagnósticos PCR (protocolo Lise Enzimática por Proteinase e Fenol: Clorofórmio – PK), Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e Sêmem Plasma Aglutinação (SPA), de 33 touros utilizados em monta natural. O protocolo PK foi eficaz na extração de DNA de Brucella spp. Dos 33 touros testados, oito foram reagentes na PCR (24,24%), seis (18,18%) reagentes na SPA, e dos 23 animais com amostra de soro sanguíneo, um (4%) foi reagente para o AAT. Apenas um animal foi reagente na SPA e no AAT, e não reagente na PCR. Por outro lado sete animais apresentaram-se com sêmem reagente na PCR, e negativos nos testes de SPA e AAT. Portanto os resultados indicam a necessidade de associação de testes laboratoriais diretos, como a PCR, com os testes indiretos AAT e SPA, para um diagnóstico mais adequado de brucelose, quando forem utilizadas amostras de sêmen bovino.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease of zoonotic character and great importance in animal production, as well as a public health matter. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which cause unilateral or bilateral epididymitis and orchitis in bulls and can lead to sub-fertility and sterility. Asymptomatic bulls become important disseminators of the disease in herds. Therefore, this study evaluates the extraction protocol of DNA of Brucella spp. from bovine semen in natura. The semen samples of 33 bulls used for natural mating underwent PCR diagnostic tests (Lise Enzyme protocol by Proteinase and Phenol:Chloroform-PK), Buffered Acidified Antigen (AAT) and Semen plasma agglutination (SPA). The PK protocol was effective in the extraction of Brucella spp. Of the 33 bulls tested, eight were positive to PCR (24.24%), six (18.18%) to the SPA reagent, and from the 23 animals with blood serum sample, one (4%) was positive for AAT. Only one animal was positive in SPA and AAT, and not reactive in PCR. On the other hand, seven animals had semen reactive in PCR, and negative tests for SPA and AAT. Therefore, the results indicate the need for association of direct laboratory tests, such as PCR, with indirect tests AAT and SPA, for a more accurate diagnosis of brucellosis, when using samples of bovine semen.

Avaliação de protocolo de extração de dna de brucella spp. Em sêmen bovino / Evaluation protocol for dna extraction of brucella spp. In bovine semen

A brucelose é uma doença infecto-contagiosa, de caráter zoonótico e de grande importância tanto em produção animal, quanto na saúde pública. É causada por bactérias do gênero Brucella, que provocam orquites e epididimites uni ou bilaterais em touros, podendo levar a sub-fertilidade e a esterilidade. Machos bovinos assintomáticos tornam-se importantes disseminadores desta doença nos rebanhos. Desta forma objetivou-se avaliar o protocolo de extração de DNA de Brucella spp em sêmen in natura bovino, submetendo-os aos testes diagnósticos PCR (protocolo Lise Enzimática por Proteinase e Fenol: Clorofórmio PK), Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (AAT) e Sêmem Plasma Aglutinação (SPA), de 33 touros utilizados em monta natural. O protocolo PK foi eficaz na extração de DNA de Brucella spp. Dos 33 touros testados, oito foram reagentes na PCR (24,24%), seis (18,18%) reagentes na SPA, e dos 23 animais com amostra de soro sanguíneo, um (4%) foi reagente para o AAT. Apenas um animal foi reagente na SPA e no AAT, e não reagente na PCR. Por outro lado sete animais apresentaram-se com sêmem reagente na PCR, e negativos nos testes de SPA e AAT. Portanto os resultados indicam a necessidade de associação de testes laboratoriais diretos, como a PCR, com os testes indiretos AAT e SPA, para um diagnóstico mais adequado de brucelose, quando forem utilizadas amostras de sêmen bovino.(AU)

Brucellosis is an infectious disease of zoonotic character and great importance in animal production, as well as a public health matter. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which cause unilateral or bilateral epididymitis and orchitis in bulls and can lead to sub-fertility and sterility. Asymptomatic bulls become important disseminators of the disease in herds. Therefore, this study evaluates the extraction protocol of DNA of Brucella spp. from bovine semen in natura. The semen samples of 33 bulls used for natural mating underwent PCR diagnostic tests (Lise Enzyme protocol by Proteinase and Phenol:Chloroform-PK), Buffered Acidified Antigen (AAT) and Semen plasma agglutination (SPA). The PK protocol was effective in the extraction of Brucella spp. Of the 33 bulls tested, eight were positive to PCR (24.24%), six (18.18%) to the SPA reagent, and from the 23 animals with blood serum sample, one (4%) was positive for AAT. Only one animal was positive in SPA and AAT, and not reactive in PCR. On the other hand, seven animals had semen reactive in PCR, and negative tests for SPA and AAT. Therefore, the results indicate the need for association of direct laboratory tests, such as PCR, with indirect tests AAT and SPA, for a more accurate diagnosis of brucellosis, when using samples of bovine semen.(AU)

Effect of therapeutic massage on insomnia and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION: Physiological and psychological alterations in the climacteric period frequently influence women's quality of life. Hot flushes, nocturia, mood alterations, respiratory disturbances, insomnia and restless leg syndrome all affect sleep, and the altered hormonal state in this period impacts the aging process. As hormonal therapy is not indicated in some cases, the search for complementary therapies, such as massage therapy, to improve insomnia in the climacteric period is increasing. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of therapeutic massage on insomnia and climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Forty-four volunteers were randomly distributed into three groups: therapeutic massage (TM), passive movement (PM) and control (CTL). The women received 32 therapeutic massage sessions and passive movement twice a week. Questionnaires were given in the pre-trial and the 16th and 32nd sessions. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Menopause Quality of Life questionnaire (MENQOL), Kupperman Menopausal Index and Lipp Symptoms of Stress Inventory were assessed. In addition, the women underwent polysomnography at baseline and post-treatment. Statistical analyses were calculated using Friedman and Wilcoxon non-parametric tests. The level of significance was fixed at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: There was an improvement in ISI in the TM group (p = 0.000) and in the PM group (p = 0.001). A decrease in the BDI occurred in the TM group (p = 0.004), and the MENQOL improved in the TM group (p = 0.015). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in polysomnography parameters in the TM group, with only an increase in minimal saturation (p = 0.053). CONCLUSION: The TM group exhibited improved subjective data considering the changes in symptoms according to the ISI and the MENQOL and a decrease in symptoms according to the BDI.

The socio-demographic, environmental and reservoir factors associated with leptospirosis in an urban area of north-eastern Brazil.

In an ecological study based on the 18 microregions that form the city of Recife, the capital of the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, associations between socio-demographic, environmental and reservoir factors and the incidence of leptospirosis in the city were investigated. Incidence over a 5-year period (2001-2005) and 14 variables were analysed, using central trend and dispersion measurements, Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression. Variables relating to education, income, housing type, sewage system, rubbish collection and hydrographic factors were found to be significantly correlated with leptospirosis incidence (P<0.05 for each). Just two variables - the proportion of heads of households with incomes less than or equal to the legal minimum (U.S.$83.55/month), and the proportion of households from which rubbish was dumped in skips, lakes, rivers or the sea or on vacant land - explained 60% (P=0.017) of the differences in disease risk observed between the various areas of the city.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijo colonial produzido na cidade de Três Passos, RS / Microbiological evaluation of produced cheese in the city of Três Passos, RS

Vinte e cinco amostras de queijo colonial, oriundas de cinco estabelecimentos da cidade de Três Passos, RS, foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: contagens de bactérias mesófilas, bactérias psicrotróficas, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e pesquisa de Salmonella. As médias das contagens de microorganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos foram, na propriedade A, 4,3 x 10 UFC/g e 1,4 x 10 UFC/g; na B, 3,7 x 10 UFC/g e 4,4 x 10 UFC/g; na C, 2,5 x 10 UFC/g e 2,8 x 10 UFC/g; na D, 1,4 x 10 UFC/ g e 4,0 x 10 UFC/g e, na E, 1,5 x 10 UFC/g e 6,7 x 10 UFC/g, respectivamente. As contagens de coliformes totais nas propriedades A, B, C e D foram > 110 NMP/g e na propriedade E 88,9 NMP. Os resultados das contagens coliformes fecais foram 47,5 NMP/g na propriedade A, >110 NMP/g na B,2,1 NMP/g na C, <0,3 NMP/g na D e 10,0 NMP/g na E. A pesquisa de Salmonella apresentou ausência / 25g em todas as amostras. Os resultados revelaram altos índices de microorganismos nos produtos, sugerindo qualidade de matéria prima insatisfatória e/ou condições de produção e armazenamento inadequadas.

Avaliação microbiológica de queijo colonial produzido na cidade de Três Passos, RS / Microbiological evaluation of produced cheese in the city of Três Passos, RS

Vinte e cinco amostras de queijo colonial, oriundas de cinco estabelecimentos da cidade de Três Passos, RS, foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: contagens de bactérias mesófilas, bactérias psicrotróficas, coliformes totais, coliformes fecais e pesquisa de Salmonella. As médias das contagens de microorganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos foram, na propriedade A, 4,3 x 10 UFC/g e 1,4 x 10 UFC/g; na B, 3,7 x 10 UFC/g e 4,4 x 10 UFC/g; na C, 2,5 x 10 UFC/g e 2,8 x 10 UFC/g; na D, 1,4 x 10 UFC/ g e 4,0 x 10 UFC/g e, na E, 1,5 x 10 UFC/g e 6,7 x 10 UFC/g, respectivamente. As contagens de coliformes totais nas propriedades A, B, C e D foram > 110 NMP/g e na propriedade E 88,9 NMP. Os resultados das contagens coliformes fecais foram 47,5 NMP/g na propriedade A, >110 NMP/g na B,2,1 NMP/g na C, <0,3 NMP/g na D e 10,0 NMP/g na E. A pesquisa de Salmonella apresentou ausência / 25g em todas as amostras. Os resultados revelaram altos índices de microorganismos nos produtos, sugerindo qualidade de matéria prima insatisfatória e/ou condições de produção e armazenamento inadequadas.(AU)

Twenty five samples of colonial chess from five establishment of Três Passos city were analyzed. The microbiological analysis performed were mesophilic bacteria count, psicotrophic bacteria count, total and fecal coliforms count and Salmonella presence. The means of mesophilic and psicrotrophic counts were, in the establishment A, 4,3 x 109 UFC/g and 1,4 x 107 UFC/g; in the establishment B, 3,7 x 109 UFC/g and 4,4 x 108 UFC/g; in the establishment C, 2,5 x 1010 UFC/g and 2,8 x 109 UFC/g; in the establishment D, 1,4 x 109 UFC/g and 4,0 x 108 UFC/g and, in the establishment E, 1,5 x 107 UFC/g and 6,7 x 107 UFC/g, respectively. The total coliforms count in establishments A, B, C and D were >110 NMP/g and in the establishment E 88,9 NMP/g. The results of fecal coliforms count were 47,5 NMP /g in the establishment A, >110 NMP/g in B, 2,1 NMP/g in C, <0,3 NMP/g in D and in E 10,0 NMP/g. The Salmonella was absent in all samples. The results shows high rates of microrganisms in the products, suggesting raw material quality no satisfactory and/or conditions of production and storage no suitable. (AU)

Variability of Meloidogyne exigua on Coffee in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Minas Gerais is the major coffee-producing state of Brazil, with 28% of its production coming from the region of Zona da Mata. Four major species of root-knot nematode attacking coffee (Meloidogyne incognita, M. paranaensis, M. coffeicola, and M. exigua) have been reported from Brazil. To determine the variability in Meloidogyne spp. occurring in that region, 57 populations from 20 localities were evaluated for morphological, enzymatic, and physiological characteristics. According to the perineal pattern, all the populations were identified as M. exigua; however populations from the municipality of São João do Manhuaçu exhibited patterns very similar to M. arenaria. The identity of all the populations was confirmed by the phenotypes of esterase, malate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase. Thirteen populations (22.8%) showed the typical one-band (E1) esterase phenotype, whereas the others (77.2%) had a novel two-band phenotype (E2). No intraspecies variability was found in any population. All populations were able to reproduce on tomato, pepper, beans, cacao, and soybean. Reproduction was greater on tomato and pepper than on coffee seedlings, the susceptible standard.