Regional and national burden of prostate cancer: incidence, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years, in Mexico and Latin America from 1990 to 2019.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer and the fifth cause of cancer-related death. This manuscript aims to determine the incidence, mortality, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) trends of PC in the last 30 years in Latin America and Mexico. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a publicly available data set. Data regarding the burden of prostate cancer in 20 Latin-American countries, and the 32 states of Mexico, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Collected information included incidence and mortality rates (per 100,000), as well as the DALYs as absolute numbers and rates (per 100,000) and the annual rates of change in rates from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS: In Latin America in males aged 55 years or older, the mean incidence rate was 344 cases per 100,000. The number of deaths attributable to prostate cancer observed was 67,110 and the mean mortality rate was 210 per 100,000. The overall burden of disease was 1,120,709 DALYs and the contribution of years of life lost (YLL) was 91.7% ([Formula: see text] = 1,027,946). Mexico presented an incidence rate (279.6) and mortality (99.1) rate (per /100 thousand). In Mexico, 13 states had a DALYs' rate above the national mean (883 per 100,000) and the highest burden (1360 DALYs/100,000) were documented in the state of Guerrero (Southwestern Mexico). CONCLUSION: Only two Latin-American countries (Brazil and Colombia) and eight states of Mexico showed a decreased trend about the rate of change of DALYs in the last 30 years.

The Comparative Effect of Nopal and Mucilage in Metabolic Parameters in Rats with a High-Fructose Diet.

Nopal is used in Mexico as both food and traditional medicine for metabolic diseases. Our aim was to analyze the effect of the chronic administration of mucilage fiber extracted from nopal (Opuntia ficus indica; 500 mg/kg body weight per day) on male Wistar rats on a high-fructose diet (HFD). After which three groups were administered one of the following for 30 days: whole-fresh nopal mixed in water, mucilage, and control. Metabolic and hemodynamic parameters (triglycerides, cholesterol, fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, blood pressure, and abdominal circumference) were determined. Rats administered nopal and mucilage had lower levels of triglycerides and diastolic arterial pressure than control, but only nopal had significant differences. Furthermore, systolic and diastolic pressure were higher in the control group. Thus, whole nopal and mucilage improve metabolic parameters in rats fed a HFD.

Obstetric complications of dengue and chikungunya in the pregnant patient: case-control study / Complicaciones obstétricas del dengue y la chikungunya en la paciente embarazada: estudio de casos y controles

Background: Dengue and chikungunya infections are transmitted by the Aedes aegypti vector; they can affect the pregnant woman and her gestation product. Objective: To identify if dengue and chikungunya infections during pregnancy are factors associated with the presence of obstetric complications, in Colima, Mexico. Methods: We included in this study 45 patients with obstetric complications and 90 without complications, selected by a two-stage sampling. We collected the sociodemographic, anthropometric, gynecological, and obstetric complications' data. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric significance tests and crude and adjusted risk estimates (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]) were calculated. Results: Out of 135 patients included, 15 had a diagnosis of dengue and 20 of chikungunya. There were obstetric complications in 60% of infected patients with chikungunya, 46.7% with dengue and 26% of non-infected (p = 0.007). Chikungunya infection (adjusted OR = 1.6) and antecedents of abortion and cesarean section (adjusted OR = 2.2) were independent risk factors associated with the presence of complications. Dengue had an adjusted OR = 1.3 without a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Chikungunya infection and antecedents of abortion and cesarean section are risk factors associated with obstetric complications. Their timely detection is a priority as a preventive strategy.

Introducción: las infecciones por dengue y chikungunya son transmitidas por el vector Aedes aegypti y pueden afectar a la mujer embarazada y al producto de su gestación. Objetivo: identificar si las infecciones por dengue y chikungunya durante el embarazo son factores asociados a la presencia de complicaciones obstétricas, en Colima, México. Material y métodos: se incluyeron 45 pacientes con complicaciones obstétricas y 90 sin complicaciones. Su selección fue por muestreo bietápico. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos, antropométricos, ginecoobstétricos y de complicaciones obstétricas. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos, pruebas de significación no paramétricas y estimaciones de riesgo crudas y ajustadas (razón de momios [RM] e intervalos de confianza al 95% [IC 95%]). Resultados: de 135 pacientes incluidas, 15 tuvieron diagnóstico de dengue y 20 de chikungunya. Hubo complicaciones obstétricas en 60% de pacientes infectadas con chikungunya, en 46.7% con dengue y en 26% de no infectadas (p = 0.007). La infección por chikungunya (RM ajustada = 1.6) y el antecedente de aborto y cesárea (RM ajustada = 2.2) fueron factores de riesgo independientes que estuvieron asociados a la presencia de complicaciones. El dengue tuvo una RM ajustada = 1.3 sin una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Conclusiones: la infección por chikungunya y el antecedente de aborto y cesárea son factores de riesgo asociados a complicaciones obstétricas. Su detección oportuna es prioritaria como estrategia preventiva.

Capsaicin and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA) decrease tension by activating both cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors in fast skeletal muscle fibers of the frog.

Previous studies have indicated that vanilloid receptor (VR1) mRNA is expressed in muscle fibers. In this study, we evaluated the functional effects of VR1 activation. We measured caffeine-induced contractions in bundles of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of Rana pipiens. Isometric tension measurements showed that two VR1 agonists, capsaicin (CAP) and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA), reduced muscle peak tension to 57 ± 4 % and 71 ± 3% of control, respectively. The effect of CAP was partially blocked by a VR1 blocker, capsazepine (CPZ), but the effect of NADA was not changed by CPZ. Because NADA is able to act on cannabinoid receptors, which are also present in muscle fibers, we tested the cannabinoid antagonist AM281. We found that AM281 antagonized both CAP and NADA effects. AM281 alone reduced peak tension to 80 ± 6 % of control. With both antagonists, the CAP effect was completely blocked, and the NADA effect was partially blocked. These results provide pharmacological evidence of the functional presence of the VR1 receptor in fast skeletal muscle fibers of the frog and suggest that capsaicin and NADA reduce tension by activating both cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors.