Ischemic stroke caused by large-artery atherosclerosis: a red flag for subclinical coronary artery disease.

Background: The coronary calcium score (CAC) measured on chest computerized tomography is a risk marker of cardiac events and mortality. We compared CAC scores in two multiethnic groups without symptomatic coronary artery disease: subjects in the chronic phase after stroke or transient ischemic attack and at least one symptomatic stenosis ≥50% in the carotid or vertebrobasilar territories (Groupathero) and a control group (Groupcontrol). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Groupathero included two subgroups: GroupExtraorIntra, with stenoses in either cervical or intracranial arteries, and GroupExtra&Intra, with stenoses in at least one cervical and one intracranial artery. Groupcontrol had no history of prior stroke/transient ischemic attacks and no stenoses ≥50% in cervical or intracranial arteries. Age and sex were comparable in all groups. Frequencies of CAC ≥100 and CAC > 0 were compared between Groupathero and Groupcontrol, as well as between GroupExtraorIntr, GroupExtra&Intra, and Groupcontrol, with bivariate logistic regressions. Multivariate analyses were also performed. Results: A total of 120 patients were included: 80 in Groupathero and 40 in Groupcontrol. CAC >0 was significantly more frequent in Groupathero (85%) than Groupcontrol (OR, 4.19; 1.74-10.07; p = 0.001). Rates of CAC ≥100 were not significantly different between Groupathero and Groupcontrol but were significantly greater in GroupExtra&Intra (n = 13) when compared to Groupcontrol (OR 4.67; 1.21-18.04; p = 0.025). In multivariate-adjusted analyses, "Groupathero" and "GroupExtra&Intra" were significantly associated with CAC. Conclusion: The frequency of coronary calcification was higher in subjects with stroke caused by large-artery atherosclerosis than in controls.

Cannabidiol and epilepsy in Brazil: a current review.

BACKGROUND: Cannabidiol (CBD) has become a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of epilepsy. Recent studies provide robust evidence that CBD is effective and safe. Limitations in current knowledge and regulatory issues still limit CBD use. CBD use regarding epilepsy types still lacks clear guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To critically review the main current pharmacological features and clinical issues regarding CBD use in epilepsy, to provide current regulatory background regarding CBD use in Brazil, and to suggest a practical CBD therapeutic guide in Brazil. METHODS: Non-systematic literature review (up to February 2022) of current concepts of CBD and epilepsy, including the authors' personal experience. RESULTS: Five pivotal trials have led to CBD approval as an adjunctive treatment for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, and for the tuberous sclerosis complex. Efficacy of CBD in other drug-resistant epilepsies remains not completely understood. CBD adverse event profile and drug interactions are better understood. CBD is well tolerated. In Brazil, CBD is not classified as a medication, but as a product subject to a distinct regulatory legislation. CBD is still not offered by the National Brazilian health system, but can be purchased in authorized pharmacies or imported under prescription and signed informed consent. CONCLUSION: CBD is a recognized novel treatment for epilepsy. Future well-designed studies and public health strategies are needed to offer widespread access to CBD, and to improve the quality of life of people living with epilepsy in Brazil.

Cannabidiol and epilepsy in Brazil: a current review / Canabidiol e epilepsia no Brasil: uma revisão atual

ABSTRACT Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) has become a promising therapeutic option in the treatment of epilepsy. Recent studies provide robust evidence that CBD is effective and safe. Limitations in current knowledge and regulatory issues still limit CBD use. CBD use regarding epilepsy types still lacks clear guidelines. Objective: To critically review the main current pharmacological features and clinical issues regarding CBD use in epilepsy, to provide current regulatory background regarding CBD use in Brazil, and to suggest a practical CBD therapeutic guide in Brazil. Methods: Non-systematic literature review (up to February 2022) of current concepts of CBD and epilepsy, including the authors' personal experience. Results: Five pivotal trials have led to CBD approval as an adjunctive treatment for Dravet and Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, and for the tuberous sclerosis complex. Efficacy of CBD in other drug-resistant epilepsies remains not completely understood. CBD adverse event profile and drug interactions are better understood. CBD is well tolerated. In Brazil, CBD is not classified as a medication, but as a product subject to a distinct regulatory legislation. CBD is still not offered by the National Brazilian health system, but can be purchased in authorized pharmacies or imported under prescription and signed informed consent. Conclusion: CBD is a recognized novel treatment for epilepsy. Future well-designed studies and public health strategies are needed to offer widespread access to CBD, and to improve the quality of life of people living with epilepsy in Brazil.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O canabidiol (CBD) é uma terapêutica promissora no tratamento da epilepsia. Estudos recentes trouxeram evidências robustas sobre a eficácia e segurança do CBD. Lacunas no conhecimento atual e questões legais limitam seu uso. Não há consenso sobre o manejo do CBD nos diferentes tipos de epilepsia. Objetivo: Revisar criticamente os principais aspectos farmacológicos e clínicos atuais do uso do CBD em epilepsia e sugerir um guia terapêutico prático no Brasil. Métodos: Revisão não-sistemática da literatura até fevereiro de 2022 de conceitos atuais sobre CBD e epilepsia, associado a experiência dos autores. Resultados: Cinco estudos principais levaram à aprovação do CBD como tratamento adjuvante nas síndromes de Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut e na esclerose tuberosa. A eficácia em outras epilepsias fármaco-resistentes ainda não está bem estudada. Eventos adversos e interações medicamentosas são comuns. O CBD é bem tolerado. No Brasil, o CBD não é classificado como medicamento, mas como produto sujeito a diferente regras regulatórias. O acesso ao CBD ainda é restrito, e este não é fornecido pelo sistema público de saúde brasileiro. O CBD pode ser adquirido no Brasil em farmácias autorizadas ou por importação, sob prescrição especial e termo de consentimento informado. Conclusão: O CBD é uma realidade no tratamento da epilepsia. Estudos futuros e políticas públicas são necessários para permitir amplo acesso do CBD melhoraria da qualidade de vida de pessoas com epilepsia no Brasil.

Effects of Robotic Therapy Associated With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

BACKGROUND: Robot-assisted therapy and noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) are promising strategies for stroke rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the evidence of NIBS as an add-on intervention to robotic therapy in order to improve outcomes of upper-limb motor impairment or activity in individuals with stroke. METHODS: This study was performed according to the PRISMA Protocol and was previously registered on the PROSPERO Platform (CRD42017054563). Seven databases and gray literature were systematically searched by 2 reviewers, and 1176 registers were accessed. Eight randomized clinical trials with upper-limb body structure/function or activity limitation outcome measures were included. Subgroup analyses were performed according to phase poststroke, device characteristics (ie, arm support, joints involved, unimanual or bimanual training), NIBS paradigm, timing of stimulation, and number of sessions. The Grade-Pro Software was used to assess quality of the evidence. RESULTS: A nonsignificant homogeneous summary effect size was found both for body structure function domain (mean difference [MD] = 0.15; 95% CI = -3.10 to 3.40; P = 0.93; I2 = 0%) and activity limitation domain (standard MD = 0.03; 95% CI = -0.28 to 0.33; P = 0.87; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: According to this systematic review and meta-analysis, at the moment, there are not enough data about the benefits of NIBS as an add-on intervention to robot-assisted therapy on upper-limb motor function or activity in individuals with stroke.