The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the strain Bacillus sp. C6 ­ phytopathogenic microorganisms antagonist.

The polyphasic taxonomic analysis of the strain-antagonist of phytopathogenic bacteria and micromycetes was carried. It was found that the combination of culture-morphological, physiological and biochemical properties allowed to attribute the strain to the group Bacillus subtilis. It was shown that fatty acids of the cell walls of the strain were represented mainly by branched derivatives of iso- and anti iso- C15:0 and C17:0 fatty acids (85%) which was typical for the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens species. After molecular genetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and studying the profile of polymorphic nucleotides the strain was attributed to subspecies Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum.

[EFFECT OF MYCOPLASMA INFECTION TO FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CALLUS CULTURE SUGAR BEET].

It was studied the effect of Acholeplasma laidlawii var. granulum str. 118 to fatty acid composition of sugar beet calluses. It was established that acting of acholeplasma results to changes in the quantitative content of the individual fatty acids and in the qualitative composition of fatty acids in the lipids of calluses. The changing of the fatty acid composition of calluses lipids of sugar beet infected by A. laidlawii vargranulum str. 118 is observed as nonspecific response to biotic stress.

[Antifungal and antiviral substances of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens strains--components of gaupsin].

Phenazine-1-carboxylic, 2-hydroxy-phenazine-carboxylic acid and 2-hydroxy-phenazine active against phytopathogenic fungi were detected in fermentation broth of Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp.aureofaciens strains UCM B-111 and UCM B-306--components of insectofungicide biopreparation gaupsin using chromato-mass-spectrometric methods; strain B-306 produced antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin together with phenazines. Supernatants of fermentation broth of P chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens B-111 and B-306 strains grown in King A medium and exopolymers preparations obtained from these supernatants using evaporation, dialysis and liophylisation were highly active against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). At a dose of 10 mg/ml they reduced TMV infectivity by 76-96%, at concentrations 1 and 0.1 mg/ml the antiviral effect was decreased to 40-62 and 14-27%, respectively. Dialysis did not influence the antiviral activity of isolated preparations. The latter contained 2-7.6 % of carbohydrates including neutral monosaccharides: fucose, mannose, galactose and glucose.

[Dissociation of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorumrelated to the changes in the cell wall lipopolysaccharide].

It is shown for the first time that population heterogeneity of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is applicable to a wide range of strains and therefore is a universal characteristic. Using the method of specific selection with the help of carotovoricins which are identical to the phage tails a set of population dissociants of different types was obtained, due to the fact that S-LPS is the part of the cell wall which contains their attachment sites. It was determined that changes in S-lipopolysaccharides lead to the formation of SR-, R-forms of P. carotovorum. A suggestion is made that the changes in the surface structures of dissociants have a significant impact on secretion types II and III--the main pathogenicity factor of some bacteria. The results presented are a prerequisite for studying the direction, the reasons for dissociation process and its impact on the pathogenicity of P. carotovorum.

[Polypeptide content and HPLC-chromatography of the virions of phage ZF40 mutants].

Study of the polypeptide content of erwiniophage ZF40c(5/5) and ZF40-421 virulent mutants has shown that their virions include no less than 10 structural proteins with molecular weights ranging from 16.9 to 96.5 kDa. Three polypeptides belong to a group of major proteins with molecular weights 39.2, 33.1 and 18.5 kDa. They correlate with the polypeptides of phage head, tail sheath and tail core correspondingly. It has been proven that the protein contents of these phages are identical, taking into account that the percent ratio of all polypeptides approaches 1.0. The polypeptide profile of isogenic variant of phage ZF40-421 obtained on EccRC5297 is characterized by another ratio of major proteins. These differences are reflected in the structure of procapsids, that explains low level of stability and viability of the variant. The work shows for the first time the possibility of using HPLC-chromatography for studying native phage particles and their structural components.

[Characteristic of extracellular lectin in Bacillus subtilis IMV B-7014].

The monosaccharide and fatty acid composition of water and organic phase of lectin was studied. It was established that extracellular lectin contains 15.0% of protein, 4.6% of carbohydrates, 1.0% of nucleic acids and 16.14% of lipids. The following monosaccharides were presented in the lectins: mannose, ribose, glucose and ramnose. It was established that both native lectin and its lipophylic fraction were composed of fatty acids from C15 to C19. During aggressive methanolysis anti-iso-C15 quantity was increased with a synchronous decrease of the content of all octadecanoic acid types.

[Peculiarities of morphogenetical development of erwiniophage ZF40 virulent mutants ].

The distortion of morphopoiesis or tail attachment to the capsid is a characteristic feature of morphogenetical development not only of a reproductive infection but also of the lysogenic induction of the defective bacteriophage Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc). A model system for studying morphogenetical development and assembling of the virion was created on the basis of the phage ZF40 and its two virulent mutants ZF40-421 and ZF40(5/5), as well as the indicator culture Ecc M2-4/50 R1 being nontraditional host for these phages. It has helped to establish that the diameter of the phage capsid is not a conservative value. The presence of capsids of two types with the average diameters 60.3 and 65.0 nm is characteristic of the virmutant ZF40c(5/5)/50RI, while in the course of morphogenesis the phage ZF40-421/50RI forms only one type of heads of 65 nm in size. These heads are probably not firmly connected to the tails since the degree of the secondary destruction of the virions of the phage Zf40-421/50RI is considerably higher, than that of the virions of the phage ZF40c(5/5)/50RI. The number of capsids being 60.3 nm in diameter prevails considerably in the latter. The both virulent mutants as a whole are essentially more stable than their isogenic partners obtained on Ecc RC5297 which helps to make a conclusion about considerable influence of specific bacterial proteins of the host-cell on morphogenesis and morphopoiesis.

In vitro antifungal activity of phenylheptatriyne from Bidens cernua L. against yeasts.

In vitro antifungal activity of phenylheptatriyne from Bidens cernua L. (Asteraceae) was studied using broth macrodilution method against 125 strains of yeasts including 104 clinical and other isolates of Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. inconspicua), 16 strains of basidiomycetous yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans, C. albidus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Rhodotorula glutinis) and five standard reference strains of Candida species. Phenylheptatriyne has shown significant activity against investigated strains, and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations for Candida spp. were determined as 12.5-50 microg/ml and for basidiomycetous yeasts as 12.5-100 microg/ml.

[Abortive infection in Erwinia carotovora, as a source of nanoparticles of phage nature].

A possibility to obtain nanoparticles of phage nature using abortive phage infection was shown for the first time. It was found out that the nonspecific host Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora J2 being infected by phage ZF 40-RT80, the cells form a 100-fold surplus of capsid structures. Using the electron microscope the authors have found two types of phage capsids which differ from each other and have different modal diameters--47.5 and 71.5 nm. The found capsids pack the phage DNA which releases them under treatment of the preparations by DNAse I. A simple method of purification of capsid structures from mature virions which are formed in inconsiderable quantity in the process of abortive phage infection is proposed. The obtained results create preconditions for obtaining capsid nanoparticles as well as for studying the stages of morphogenesis and morphopoiesis of phage ZF40 without attracting special phage mutants.

[Monosaccharide composition of exopolymer complex of bacteria-destructors of protective coatings].

Monosaccharide composition of exopolymer complex (EPC) ofbacteria-destructors of protective coatings Pseudomonas sp. T/, Pseudomonas sp. 109, Arthrobacter sp. 102 has been studied. It is established that monosaccharide composition of exopolymer complex of bacteria is different and depends on the bacteria growth model. It is mainly represented by penthoses and hexoses. Glucose, galactose, arabinose, which are determined in EPC of biofilm and plankton of all studied bacteria, are dominating monosaccharides. Glucose content in the biofilm is from 22.6% to 39%; galactose--from 17% to 26.4%; arabinose--from 0.4 to 31.6%. Mannose is also synthesized by the studied bacteria, but in less quantity than other monosaccharides. Rhibose is found in EPC of Pseudomonas sp. st. 109, xylose--EPC biofilm of all studied bacteria.

[Production of biologically active substances of indol nature by bacteria of Azotobacter genus].

A stimulating effect of Azotobacter vinelandii IMB B-7076 bacteria on germination of seeds and formation of germs of different plants has been shown. One of the factors, which determines such phenomenon is the accumulation of biologically active substances in culture medium. The researched bacteria of Azotobacter genus accumulate indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the culture medium. Other substances of indol nature have been identified in the culture medium of these bacteria. It has been shown, using the computer's program PASS that these substances cannot take part in the regulation of plants growth. However 1H-indole-3carboxaldehyde can be characterized by antagonistic activity.

[Chemical characteristics and endotoxic activity of the lipopolysaccharide of Rahnella aquatilis 2-95].

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a new Enterobacteriaceae species, Rahnella aquatilis 2-95, was isolated and investigated. The structural components of the LPS molecule, namely, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide, were obtained by mild acid hydrolysis. In lipid A, 3-oxytetradecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. The major monosaccharides of the core oligosaccharide were galactose, arabinose, fucose, rhamnose, and an unidentified component. The O-specific polysaccharide was found to be assembled of a repeated trisaccharide unit of the following structure: [structure: see text]. The R. aquatilis 2-95 LPS is less toxic and more pyrogenic as compared to the one from the R. aquatilis 1-95 strain studied earlier. Both acyl and phosphate groups are essential for toxic and pyrogenic activity of R. aquatilis 2-95 LPS.

[Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from Rahnella aquatilis 1-95].

The lipopolysaccharide from the freshwater bacterium Rahnella aquatilis 1-95 has been isolated and investigated for the first time. The structural components of the lipopolysaccharide molecule: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide were isolated by mild acidic hydrolysis. In lipid A, 3-hydroxytetradecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. In the core oligosaccharide, galactose, arabinose, fucose, and an unidentified component were shown to be the major monosaccharides. The O-specific polysaccharide consists of a regularly repeating trisaccharide unit with the acyl and phosphate following structure: [structure: see text] groups have been shown to be responsible for the toxic and pyrogenic properties of the lipopolysaccharide of R. aquatilis.

[Characteristics of structure components of Rahnella aquatilis lipopolysaccharides]. / Kharakteristika strukturnykh komponentov lipopolisakharidov Rahnella aquatilis.

LPS have been isolated from 6 strains of Rahnella aquatilis, their separate structure components have been obtained: lipid A, O-specific polysaccharide shain (OPS) and core oligosaccharide. 3-Oxytetradecanoic (31.7%) and tetradecanoic (17.8%) acids are dominating fatty acids of the lipid A. The core oligosaccharide of most investigated strains includes galactose and glucose, some of them include arabinose and ribose. Glucose, mannose and galactose are dominating monosaccharides in the composition of OPS of the strain 33071, fucose and galactose--in OPS of the strains 1-95, 2-95, 2-87 and 3-88, mannose in the composition of strain 3-95 OPS.

[Isolation and characterization of Rahnella aquatilis lipopolysaccharides]. / Vydelenie i kharakteristika lipopolisakharidov Rahnella aquatilis.

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of six strains of Rahnella aquatilis isolated from freshwater reservoirs, plant rhizosphere, and from patient have been investigated. It was shown, that LPS of type strain was characterized by the presence of rhamnose and mannose as predominant monosaccharides, while LPS of the rest strains contained galactose and fucose. The glucosamine content was insignificant (0.42-1.0%) in LPS of all strains studied. It was shown by double immunodiffusion in agar, immunoelectrophoresis and rocket immunoelectrophoresis that all R. aquatilis LPS were antigens in homological systems. The results of serological cross reactions evidence for immunochemical heterogeneity of R. aquatilis species. LPS of R. aquatilis display pyrogeneity and toxicity (LD50 from 0.20 to 0.33 mg/kg of experimental animals weight).

[Biological activity of native and modified lipopolysaccharides of Rahnella aquatilis]. / Biologicheskaia aktivnost' nativnykh i modifitsirovannykh lipopolisakharidov Rahnella aquatilis.

Modified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations: dephosphorylated and N,O-dcacylated ones of six strains of Rahnella aquatilis have been obtained. It has been shown that the modified LPS, in contrast to native ones, have lost completely their toxicity and pathogenicity. This can evidence for the participation of both acyl, and phosphoryl groups in biological activity of LPS of R. aquatilis.