Serum antioxidants and subsequent mortality rates of all causes or cancer among rural Japanese inhabitants.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a relationship exists between mortality rates and serum antioxidant levels among Japanese inhabitants. The follow-up subjects, who participated in comprehensive health examinations, consisted of 2444 inhabitants (949 males and 1495 females) of a rural area in Hokkaido, Japan. Between 1991 and December 2000, 146 subjects (94 males and 52 females) died, with cancer accounting for 76 of these deaths (48 males and 28 females). Serum samples at fasting were collected at entry into the study, and serum levels of beta- and alpha-carotenes, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin/lutein, tocopherols, and retinol were measured separately by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The statistical analyses were conducted using the Cox proportional hazard model. Age- and gender-adjusted hazard ratios of the groups with high serum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin/lutein, and total carotenoids compared to those with low serum levels were 0.36 (95% C.I: 0.19-0.69), 0.53 (0.29-0.95), 0.73 (0.43-1.25), and 0.52 (0.30-0.92) for cancers of all sites, and 0.44 (95% C.I: 0.28-0.69), 0.59 (0.39-0.90), 0.61 (0.40-0.93), and 0.50 (0.33-0.76) for all causes, respectively. Similar results were found after adjusting for gender, age, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and serum levels of total cholesterol and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity. Moreover, after excluding mortality within the first three years of follow-up, the hazard ratios of subjects with high serum levels of lycopene, total carotenes, and total carotenoids were significantly and inversely associated with subsequent mortality from all causes and cancers of all sites after adjusting for gender, age, and serum levels of total cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol, and retinol. These results suggest that high serum levels of antioxidants, such as lycopene, beta-carotene and zeaxanthin/lutein, play roles in preventing death from cancer and from all causes. However, high serum levels of tocopherols and retinol did not demonstrate clear associations with either low mortality rates from all causes or cancer of all sites.

Mortality rates from cancer or all causes and SOD activity level and Zn/Cu ratio in peripheral blood: population-based follow-up study.

A total of 507 residents (232 males and 275 females) of a rural area of Hokkaido, Japan, were enrolled in the present follow-up study as the follow-up cohort. We investigated the relationship between mortality rates from cancer or all causes and blood levels of SOD activity and Zn/Cu ratio, and serum levels of SOD activity and lipid peroxides (TBARS), by following up our subjects over the course of 18 years. The hazard ratios of lowest blood levels of SOD activity and Zn/Cu ratios to mortality rates from cancer were 1.36 (95% C.I.: 0.59-3.10) and 1.97 (95% C.I.: 0.84-4.63), and those to mortality rates from all causes were 1.31 (95%C.I: 0.76-2.27) and 1.99 (95%C.I.: 1.14-3.46), respectively, in comparison with subjects with highest values for these factors. Hazard ratios of lowest serum levels of SOD activity and TBARS to mortality rates from cancer were 2.68 (95%C.I.: 1.05-6.82) and 0.71 (95%C.I.: 0.31-1.67), and those to mortality rates from all causes were 1.55 (95% C.I., 0.90-2.66) and 0.88 (95%C.I.: 0.51-1.50), respectively. The results of this follow-up study indicate that high serum SOD activity is associated with protective effects against mortality from cancer, and that high blood Zn/Cu ratio is associated with low mortality from other causes. In contrast, serum TBARS levels do not appear to be a biomarker for the risk of death from cancer.