Simulation of a Composite with a Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Matrix Reinforced with Cylindrical Inclusions: Prediction of Mechanical Properties.

Biocomposite development, as a sustainable alternative to fossil-derived materials with diverse industrial applications, requires expediting the design process and reducing production costs. Simulation methods offer a solution to these challenges. The main aspects to consider in simulating composite materials successfully include accurately representing microstructure geometry, carefully selecting mesh elements, establishing appropriate boundary conditions representing system forces, utilizing an efficient numerical method to accelerate simulations, and incorporating statistical tools like experimental designs and re-regression models. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology encompassing these aspects. We present the simulation using a numerical homogenization technique based on FEM to analyze the mechanical behavior of a composite material of a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biodegradable matrix reinforced with cylindrical inclusions of flax and kenab. Here, the representative volume element (RVE) considered the geometry, and the numerical homogenization method (NHM) calculated the macro-mechanical behavior of composites. The results were validated using the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM) and experimental data, with error estimations of 0.0019% and 7%, respectively. This model is valuable for predicting longitudinal and transverse elastic moduli, shear modulus, and Poisson's coefficient, emphasizing its significance in composite materials research.

Applicability of the probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BFL as an adjunct culture in a dry fermented sausage.

The addition of probiotic bacteria to a meat batter allows the development of functional fermented sausages. The aim of this work was to study the effect of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BFL (EP) and as free cells (FP) on microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory parameters of fermented sausages during the drying stage and on the product ready for consumption. The microencapsulation of L. plantarum BFL did not improve its viability during the drying stage. In addition, sausages inoculated with L. plantarum BFL (FP and EP) caused lower residual nitrites values, pH values and Escherichia coli counts than the Control (C). However, only the presence of free cells of L. plantarum BFL (FP) caused a decrease in the Enterobacteriaceae and mannitol salt-positive Staphylococcus counts. In the sensory analysis, no significant differences were found in the acceptability of the different sausages. However, the acidity in probiotic sausages (FP and EP) was an attribute that consumers highlighted. The probiotic L. plantarum BFL could adapt and survive at high doses in the matrix of an industrial fermented sausage. Therefore, its use could represent a strategy both for biocontrol of pathogens and for the development of functional meat products.

Phox2b mutation mediated by Atoh1 expression impaired respiratory rhythm and ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia.

Mutations in the transcription factor Phox2b cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). The syndrome is characterized by hypoventilation and inability to regulate breathing to maintain adequate O2 and CO2 levels. The mechanism by which CCHS impact respiratory control is incompletely understood, and even less is known about the impact of the non-polyalanine repeat expansion mutations (NPARM) form. Our goal was to investigate the extent by which NPARM Phox2b mutation affect (a) respiratory rhythm; (b) ventilatory responses to hypercapnia (HCVR) and hypoxia (HVR); and (c) number of chemosensitive neurons in mice. We used a transgenic mouse line carrying a conditional Phox2bΔ8 mutation (same found in humans with NPARM CCHS). We crossed them with Atoh1cre mice to introduce mutation in regions involved with respiratory function and central chemoreflex control. Ventilation was measured by plethysmograph during neonatal and adult life. In room air, mutation in neonates and adult did not greatly impact basal ventilation. However, Phox2bΔ8, Atoh1cre increased breath irregularity in adults. The HVR and HCVR were impaired in neonates. The HVR, but not HCVR, was still partially compromised in adults. The mutation reduced the number of Phox2b+/TH--expressing neurons as well as the number of fos-activated cells within the ventral parafacial region (also named retrotrapezoid nucleus [RTN] region) induced by hypercapnia. Our data indicates that Phox2bΔ8 mutation in Atoh1-expressing cells impaired RTN neurons, as well as chemoreflex under hypoxia and hypercapnia specially early in life. This study provided new evidence for mechanisms related to NPARM form of CCHS neuropathology.

Regulation of blood vessels by ATP in the ventral medullary surface in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often experience impairment of autonomic and respiratory functions. These include conditions such as orthostatic hypotension and sleep apnea, which are highly correlated with dysfunctional central chemoreception. Blood flow is a fundamental determinant of tissue CO2/H+, yet the extent to which blood flow regulation within chemoreceptor regions contributes to respiratory behavior during neurological disease remains unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that 6-hydroxydopamine injection to inducing a known model of PD results in dysfunctional vascular homeostasis, biochemical dysregulation, and glial morphology of the ventral medullary surface (VMS). We show that hypercapnia (FiCO2 = 10%) induced elevated VMS pial vessel constriction in PD animals through a P2-receptor dependent mechanism. Similarly, we found a greater CO2-induced vascular constriction after ARL67156 (an ectonucleotidase inhibitor) in control and PD-induced animals. In addition, we also report that weighted gene correlational network analysis of the proteomic data showed a protein expression module differentially represented between both groups. This module showed that gene ontology enrichment for components of the ATP machinery were reduced in our PD-model compared to control animals. Altogether, our data indicate that dysfunction in purinergic signaling, potentially through altered ATP bioavailability in the VMS region, may compromise the RTN neuroglial vascular unit in a PD animal model.

THE EFFECT OF DEXAMETHASONE ON HEMATOLOGIC PROFILES, HEMOSPORIDIAN INFECTION, AND SPLENIC HISTOLOGY IN HOUSE FINCHES (HAEMORHOUS MEXICANUS).

Research on host response to infectious disease often involves pharmacological induction of immunosuppression, frequently through administration of dexamethasone. Reports on the effect of dexamethasone in birds are largely restricted to poultry and pigeons. This study describes changes in white blood cell (WBC) differentials, hemoparasite counts, splenic histology, and splenic CD3 immunoreactivity in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus). Experimental group birds (n=9) were treated with a daily intramuscular injection of 25 µg of dexamethasone for 8 d; a control group (n=9) received daily saline solution. Smears were made with blood collected immediately before the first dose (day 0) and on d 4, 8, and 9, and stained with modified Wright. The WBC differential counts were performed by three blinded observers, parasite counts by two blinded observers, and histology by one blinded observer. Dexamethasone-treated birds experienced relative heterophilia and lymphopenia on d 4 (P=0.008); heterophilia was also present at d 8 (P=0.018). Hemosporidian counts were significantly increased in dexamethasone-treated birds on d 4 and 8 (P=0.048 and P=0.031, respectively). In contrast with control birds, all dexamethasone-treated birds lacked histologically apparent splenic lymphoid follicles (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in splenic CD3 immunoreactivity between groups. Our results indicate that dexamethasone has an effect on the hematologic profile of House Finches and suggest that it may be a useful method to induce immunosuppression in this species.

Effects of Volume Changes on the Thermal Performance of PCM Layers Subjected to Oscillations of the Ambient Temperature: Transient and Steady Periodic Regimes.

The Stefan problem regarding the formation of several liquid-solid interfaces produced by the oscillations of the ambient temperature around the melting point of a phase change material has been addressed by several authors. Numerical and semi-analytical methods have been used to find the thermal response of a phase change material under these type of boundary conditions. However, volume changes produced by the moving fronts and their effects on the thermal performance of phase change materials have not been addressed. In this work, volume changes are incorporated through an additional equation of motion for the thickness of the system. The thickness of the phase change material becomes a dynamic variable of motion by imposing total mass conservation. The modified equation of motion for each interface is obtained by coupling mass conservation with a local energy-mass balance at each front. The dynamics of liquid-solid interface configurations is analyzed in the transient and steady periodic regimes. Finite element and heat balance integral methods are used to verify the consistency of the solutions to the proposed model. The heat balance integral method is modified and adapted to find approximate solutions when two fronts collide, and the temperature profiles are not smooth. Volumetric corrections to the sensible and latent heat released (absorbed) are introduced during front formation, annihilation, and in the presence of two fronts. Finally, the thermal energy released by the interior surface is estimated through the proposed model and compared with the solutions obtained through models proposed by other authors.

Thermophysical Characterization of Paraffin Wax Based on Mass-Accommodation Methods Applied to a Cylindrical Thermal Energy-Storage Unit.

Two mass-accommodation methods are proposed to describe the melting of paraffin wax used as a phase-change material in a centrally heated annular region. The two methods are presented as models where volume changes produced during the phase transition are incorporated through total mass conservation. The mass of the phase-change material is imposed as a constant, which brings an additional equation of motion. Volume changes in a cylindrical unit are pictured in two different ways. On the one hand, volume changes in the radial direction are proposed through an equation of motion where the outer radius of the cylindrical unit is promoted as a dynamical variable of motion. On the other hand, volume changes along the axial symmetry axis of the cylindrical unit are proposed through an equation of motion, where the excess volume of liquid constitutes the dynamical variable. The energy-mass balance at the liquid-solid interface is obtained according to each method of conceiving volume changes. The resulting energy-mass balance at the interface constitutes an equation of motion for the radius of the region delimited by the liquid-solid interface. Subtle differences are found between the equations of motion for the interface. The differences are consistent with mass conservation and local mass balance at the interface. Stationary states for volume changes and the radius of the region delimited by the liquid-solid interface are obtained for each mass-accommodation method. We show that the relationship between these steady states is proportional to the relationship between liquid and solid densities when the system is close to the high melting regime. Experimental tests are performed in a vertical annular region occupied by a paraffin wax. The boundary conditions used in the experimental tests produce a thin liquid layer during a melting process. The experimental results are used to characterize the phase-change material through the proposed models in this work. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of the paraffin wax are estimated by minimizing the quadratic error between the temperature readings within the phase-change material and the temperature field predicted by the proposed model.

Effects of Total Thermal Balance on the Thermal Energy Absorbed or Released by a High-Temperature Phase Change Material.

Front tracking and enthalpy methods used to study phase change processes are based on a local thermal energy balance at the liquid-solid interface where mass accommodation methods are also used to account for the density change during the phase transition. Recently, it has been shown that a local thermal balance at the interface does not reproduce the thermodynamic equilibrium in adiabatic systems. Total thermal balance through the entire liquid-solid system can predict the correct thermodynamic equilibrium values of melted (solidified) mass, system size, and interface position. In this work, total thermal balance is applied to systems with isothermal-adiabatic boundary conditions to estimate the sensible and latent heat stored (released) by KNO3 and KNO3/NaNO3 salts which are used as high-temperature phase change materials. Relative percent differences between the solutions obtained with a local thermal balance at the interface and a total thermal balance for the thermal energy absorbed or released by high-temperature phase change materials are obtained. According to the total thermal balance proposed, a correction to the liquid-solid interface dynamics is introduced, which accounts for an extra amount of energy absorbed or released during the phase transition. It is shown that melting or solidification rates are modified by using a total thermal balance through the entire system. Finally, the numerical and semi-analytical methods illustrate that volume changes and the fraction of melted (solidified) solid (liquid) estimated through a local thermal balance at the interface are not invariant in adiabatic systems. The invariance of numerical and semi-analytical solutions in adiabatic systems is significantly improved through the proposed model.

Caracterización químico sanguínea del Síndrome Metabólico en estudiantes de preuniversitario / Bloody chemical characterization of the metabolic syndrome in high - school students

Introducción: los estilos de vida modernos y la modificación de los hábitos alimentarios han convertido al síndrome metabólico en un problema de salud pública. La incidencia de los trastornos metabólicos en la infancia y la adolescencia han experimentado un importante despunte que amerita mayor estudio y evaluación, y permite establecer estrategias de prevención y pesquisa, para así evitar o limitar el daño en la vida adulta. Objetivo: realizar la caracterización químico sanguínea del síndrome metabólico en estudiantes del preuniversitario Micaela Riera Oquendo del municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma en el año 2018. Métodos: se estudiaron 50 estudiantes del preuniversitario Micaela Riera Oquendo del municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma en el año 2018, a partir de un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el que evaluaron variables como: edad, sexo, exámenes complementarios, toma de la presión arterial, determinación del índice de masa corporal y los tipos de obesidad. Resultados: la mayor parte de las muestras de sangre tomadas dieron positivas a la hiperglicemia, existió un predominio de estudiantes con sobre peso, prevaleció el tipo de obesidad severa. Existieron 14 estudiantes obesos, 20 con hipertensión arterial y 30 con hiperglicemia, factor determinante del síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: existió un predominio de la hiperglicemia como factor determinante del síndrome metabólico(AU)

Introduction: the styles of modern life and the modification of the habits food, they have converted the syndrome metabolic in a problem of public health. The incident of the disorders metabolic in the childhood and the adolescence has experienced an important it blunt needing a bigger study and evaluation, allowing to establish strategies of prevention and investigation, for so avoid or limit the damage in the grown life. Objective: to make the characterization sanguine chemical of the syndrome metabolic in students of the Micaela Riera Oquendo preuniversity of the Manzanillo municipality, Granma county in the year 2018. Methods: 50 students were studied in the Micaela Riera Oquendo preuniversity of the Manzanillo municipality, Granma county in the year 2018, starting from a descriptive prospective study in the that they evaluated variables like: age, sex, complementary text, taking of the arterial pressure, determination of the IMC and the types of obesity. Results: most they of the patterns of taken blood gave positive to the hyperglycemia, students' prevalence existed with on peso, prevailed the type of severe obesity. They existed 14 obese students, 20 with HTA and 30 with hyper glycaemia, being this the factor decisive of the SM. Conclusion: a prevalence of the hyper glycaemia, like factor existed decisive of the SM(EU)

Caracterización químico sanguínea del Síndrome Metabólico en estudiantes de preuniversitario / Bloody chemical characterization of the metabolic syndrome in high-school students / Caracterização química sanguínea da Síndrome Metabólica em estudantes pré-universitários

RESUMEN Introducción: los estilos de vida modernos y la modificación de los hábitos alimentarios han convertido al síndrome metabólico en un problema de salud pública. La incidencia de los trastornos metabólicos en la infancia y la adolescencia han experimentado un importante despunte que amerita mayor estudio y evaluación, y permite establecer estrategias de prevención y pesquisa, para así evitar o limitar el daño en la vida adulta. Objetivo: realizar la caracterización químico sanguíneo del síndrome metabólico en estudiantes del preuniversitario Micaela Riera Oquendo del municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma en el año 2018. Métodos: se estudiaron 50 estudiantes del preuniversitario Micaela Riera Oquendo del municipio Manzanillo, provincia Granma en el año 2018, a partir de un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en el que evaluaron variables como: edad, sexo, exámenes complementarios, toma de la presión arterial, determinación del índice de masa corporal y los tipos de obesidad. Resultados: la mayor parte de las muestras de sangre tomadas dieron positivas a la hiperglicemia, existió un predominio de estudiantes con sobre peso, prevaleció el tipo de obesidad severa. Existieron 14 estudiantes obesos, 20 con hipertensión arterial y 30 con hiperglicemia, factor determinante del síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: existió un predominio de la hiperglicemia como factor determinante del síndrome metabólico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the styles of modern life and the modification of the habits food, they have converted the syndrome metabolic in a problem of public health. The incident of the disorders metabolic in the childhood and the adolescence has experienced an important it blunt needing a bigger study and evaluation, allowing to establish strategies of prevention and investigation, for so avoid or limit the damage in the grown life. Objective: to make the characterization sanguine chemical of the syndrome metabolic in students of the Micaela Riera Oquendo preuniversity of the Manzanillo municipality, Granma county in the year 2018. Methods: 50 students were studied in the Micaela Riera Oquendo preuniversity of the Manzanillo municipality, Granma county in the year 2018, starting from a descriptive prospective study in the that they evaluated variables like: age, sex, complementary text, taking of the arterial pressure, determination of the IMC and the types of obesity. Results: most they of the patterns of taken blood gave positive to the hyperglycemia, students' prevalence existed with on peso, prevailed the type of severe obesity. They existed 14 obese students, 20 with HTA and 30 with hyper glycaemia, being this the factor decisive of the SM. Conclusion: a prevalence of the hyper glycaemia, like factor existed decisive of the SM.

RESUMO Introdução: estilos de vida modernos e mudanças nos hábitos alimentares tornaram a síndrome metabólica um problema de saúde pública. A incidência de distúrbios metabólicos na infância e na adolescência tem experimentado um aumento significativo que merece um estudo e avaliação mais aprofundados, e permite estabelecer estratégias de prevenção e pesquisa, a fim de evitar ou limitar os danos na vida adulta. Objetivo: realizar a caracterização química sanguínea da síndrome metabólica em alunos da pré-universidade Micaela Riera Oquendo do município de Manzanillo, província de Granma em 2018. Métodos: 50 alunos da pré-universidade Micaela Riera Oquendo, do município de Manzanillo, província de Granma, em 2018, foram estudados a partir de um estudo descritivo prospectivo no qual avaliaram variáveis como: idade, sexo, exames complementares, ingestão de pressão arterial, determinação do índice de massa corporal e tipos de obesidade. Resultados: a maioria das amostras de sangue colhidas deram positivo para hiperglicemia, houve predominância de estudantes com sobrepeso, prevaleceu o tipo de obesidade grave. Havia 14 estudantes obesos, 20 com pressão alta e 30 com hiperglicemia, determinante da síndrome metabólica. Conclusão: houve predomínio da hiperglicemia como fator determinante na síndrome metabólica.

Enfermedad Celíaca en el adulto. Un reto en el nuevo milenio / Celiac disease in adulto. A challenge in the new millennium

La enfermedad celíaca una afección autoinmune producida por intolerancia alimentaria permanente al gluten y prolaminas con carácter genético. Uno de los problemas de esta enfermedad en el adulto es el infra diagnóstico, ya que por cada caso diagnosticado hay un promedio de cinco casos sin diagnosticar, debido a la sintomatología atípica, mínima, o incluso ausente. Por ello se realiza una revisión del tema con el objetivo de describir la enfermedad celíaca en el adulto y proporcionar elementos para su diagnóstico en pacientes con síntomas sugestivos. Para la obtención de la información se efectuó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficas de literatura científica de la BVS de Cuba como PubMed/Medline y Lilacs. También se consultaron algunas fuentes de información disponibles a texto completo como ClinicalKey, Cochrane Library, Ebsco y SciELO Cuba. Se realizó además una búsqueda en internet de portales de instituciones de reconocido prestigio en el ámbito sanitario como la World Gastroenterology Organisation, Instituto Nacional de Gastroenterología de Cuba, documentos oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, entre otras y se llegó a la conclusión que la Enfermedad Celíaca requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica, el diagnóstico debe basarse en la presencia de alguno o varios síntomas relacionados con la afectación intestinal o de cualquiera de los órganos o sistemas asociados, en Cuba no existen datos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad en adultos, por lo que es necesario la implementación de un protocolo para el diagnóstico de estos pacientes, pues el retraso o ausencia en el diagnóstico tiene consecuencias para la salud del individuo(AU)

Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition caused by permanent food intolerance to gluten and genetic prolamins. One of the problems of this disease in the adult is the infra diagnosis, since for each case diagnosed there is an average of five cases without diagnosis, due to the atypical, minimal, or even absent symptomatology. Therefore, a review of the subject is carried out with the objective of describing celiac disease in adults and providing elements for diagnosis in patients with suggestive symptoms. To obtain the information, a search was made in bibliographic databases of scientific literature of the VHL of Cuba as PubMed/Medline and Lilacs. Some sources of information available in full text such as ClinicalKey, Cochrane Library, Ebsco and SciELO Cuba were also consulted. An internet search was also carried out on portals of institutions of recognized prestige in the healthcare field such as the World Gastroenterology and Organization, National Institute of Gastroenterology of Cuba, official documents of the World Health Organization, among others and the conclusion was reached that Celiac Disease requires a high index of clinical suspicion, the diagnosis must be based on the presence of any or several symptoms related to intestinal involvement or any of the associated organs or systems, in Cuba there are epidemiological data of the disease in adults, so it is necessary to implement a protocol for the diagnosis of these patients, because the delay or absence in the diagnosis has consequences for the health of the individual(EU)

Conocimientos sobre la COVID 19 en pacientes del CMF No. 12 y acciones preventivas del trío de pesquisa / Knowledge about COVID 19 in CMF No. 12 patients and preventive actions of the research trio

Introducción: los grandes asesinos de la historia son las bacterias y los virus, a mediados de diciembre la humanidad comenzó a ser azotada por un nuevo virus SARS-CoV-2, originando una enfermedad llamada COVID 19. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y el cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas sobre la COVID-19 en los pacientes antes y después de tener la presencia en el área de salud de un caso positivo a la Covid-19. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con fase de intervención a los pacientes de tres Manzanas del consultorio # 12 del policlínico Ángel Ortíz Vázquez del municipio Manzanillo, de la provincia Granma. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos fueron de 583 pacientes un 55,5 por ciento presentan factores de riesgo, antes de la intervención un 34,8 por ciento desconocen vías de trasmisión, además un 44.0 por ciento usan el nasobuco de forma inadecuado, lo cual aumentó después de la pesquisa fortalecida aumento a un 97.7 por ciento, al igual que el nivel de conocimientos que aumentó a un 91.0 por ciento y satisfacción de la comunidad con las acciones educativas a un 100 por ciento. Conclusiones: se observó después de las acciones educativas un aumento en el conocimiento de la enfermedad empoderando a la población de conocimientos y prácticas necesarias, los pacientes cumplieron adecuadamente las medidas preventivas y la satisfacción de la comunidad con el trabajo de los tríos participantes fue favorable(AU)

Introduction: the greatest killers in history are bacteria and viruses, in mid-December humanity began to be hit by a new SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing a disease called COVID 19. Objective: to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with preventive measures on COVID-19 in patients before and after having the presence in the health area of a positive case for Covid-19. Method: a descriptive study with intervention phase was carried out on the patients of three apples from office # 12 of the Ángel Ortiz Vázquez polyclinic in the Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. Results: the results obtained were from 583 patients, 55.5 percent presented risk factors, before the intervention 34.8 percent were unaware of transmission routes, and 44.0 percent used the nasobuco improperly, which increased after the strengthened research increased to 97.7 percent, as did the level of knowledge that increased to 91.0 percent and satisfaction of the community with the educational actions to 100 percent. Conclusions: after the educational actions, an increase in the knowledge of the disease was observed, empowering the population with the necessary knowledge and practices, the patients adequately complied with the preventive measures and the satisfaction of the community with the work of the participating trios was favorable(EU)

Conocimientos sobre la COVID 19 en pacientes del CMF No. 12 y acciones preventivas del trío de pesquisa / Knowledge about COVID 19 in CMF No. 12 patients and preventive actions of the research trio / Conhecimento sobre COVID 19 em pacientes com CMF nº 12 e ações preventivas do trio de pesquisa

RESUMEN Introducción: los grandes asesinos de la historia son las bacterias y los virus, a mediados de diciembre la humanidad comenzó a ser azotada por un nuevo virus SARS-CoV-2, originando una enfermedad llamada COVID 19. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y el cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas sobre la COVID-19 en los pacientes antes y después de tener la presencia en el área de salud de un caso positivo a la Covid-19. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con fase de intervención a los pacientes de tres Manzanas del consultorio # 12 del policlínico Ángel Ortiz Vázquez del municipio Manzanillo, de la provincia Granma. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos fueron de 583 pacientes un 55,5 por ciento presentan factores de riesgo, antes de la intervención un 34,8% desconocen vías de trasmisión, además un 44.0 % usan el nasobuco de forma inadecuado, lo cual aumento después de la pesquisa fortalecida aumento a un 97.7%, al igual que el nivel de conocimientos que aumento a un 91.0% y satisfacción de la comunidad con las acciones educativas a un 100%. Conclusiones: se observó después de las acciones educativas un aumento en el conocimiento de la enfermedad empoderando a la población de conocimientos y prácticas necesarias, los pacientes cumplieron adecuadamente las medidas preventivas y la satisfacción de la comunidad con el trabajo de los tríos participantes fue favorable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the greatest killers in history are bacteria and viruses, in mid-December humanity began to be hit by a new SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing a disease called COVID 19. Objective: to assess the level of knowledge and compliance with preventive measures on COVID-19 in patients before and after having the presence in the health area of ​​a positive case for Covid-19. Method: a descriptive study with intervention phase was carried out on the patients of three apples from office # 12 of the Ángel Ortiz Vázquez polyclinic in the Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. Results: the results obtained were from 583 patients, 55.5 percent presented risk factors, before the intervention 34.8% were unaware of transmission routes, and 44.0% used the nasobuco improperly, which increased after the strengthened research increased to 97.7%, as did the level of knowledge that increased to 91.0% and satisfaction of the community with the educational actions to 100%. Conclusions: after the educational actions, an increase in the knowledge of the disease was observed, empowering the population with the necessary knowledge and practices, the patients adequately complied with the preventive measures and the satisfaction of the community with the work of the participating trios was favorable.

RESUMO Introdução: os maiores assassinos da história são bactérias e vírus. Em meados de dezembro, a humanidade começou a ser atingida por um novo vírus SARS-CoV-2, causando uma doença chamada COVID 19. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de conhecimento e a adesão às medidas preventivas do COVID-19 em pacientes antes e depois da presença na área da saúde de um caso positivo para o Covid-19. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo com uma fase de intervenção em pacientes de três maçãs do consultório nº 12 da policlínica Ángel Ortiz Vázquez no município de Manzanillo, província de Granma. Resultados: os resultados obtidos foram de 583 pacientes, 55,5 por cento apresentavam fatores de risco, antes da intervenção 34,8% desconheciam as vias de transmissão e 44,0% usavam indevidamente o nasobuco, que aumentava após a pesquisa reforçada aumentou para 97,7%, assim como o nível de conhecimento que aumentou para 91,0% e a satisfação da comunidade com as ações educativas para 100%. Conclusões: após as ações educativas, observou-se um aumento no conhecimento da doença, capacitando a população com os conhecimentos e práticas necessários, os pacientes cumpriram adequadamente as medidas preventivas e a satisfação da comunidade com o trabalho dos trios participantes foi favorável.

Enfermedad Celíaca en el adulto. Un reto en el nuevo milenio / Celiac disease in adulto. A challenge in the new millennium / Doença celíaca em adultos. Um desafio no novo milênio

RESUMEN La enfermedad celíaca una afección autoinmune producida por intolerancia alimentaria permanente al gluten y prolaminas con carácter genético. Uno de los problemas de esta enfermedad en el adulto es el infra diagnóstico, ya que por cada caso diagnosticado hay un promedio de cinco casos sin diagnosticar, debido a la sintomatología atípica, mínima, o incluso ausente. Por ello se realiza una revisión del tema con el objetivo de describir la enfermedad celíaca en el adulto y proporcionar elementos para su diagnóstico en pacientes con síntomas sugestivos. Para la obtención de la información se efectuó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficas de literatura científica de la BVS de Cuba como PubMed/Medline y Lilacs. También se consultaron algunas fuentes de información disponibles a texto completo como Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, Ebsco y SciELO Cuba. Se realizó además una búsqueda en internet de portales de instituciones de reconocido prestigio en el ámbito sanitario como la World Gastroenterology Organisation, Instituto Nacional de Gastroenterología de Cuba, documentos oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, entre otras y se llegó a la conclusión quela Enfermedad Celíaca requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica, el diagnóstico debe basarse en la presencia de alguno o varios síntomas relacionados con la afectación intestinal o de cualquiera de los órganos o sistemas asociados, en Cubano existen datos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad en adultos, por lo que es necesario la implementación de un protocolo para el diagnóstico de estos pacientes, pues el retraso o ausencia en el diagnóstico tiene consecuencias para la salud del individuo.

ABSTRACT Celiac disease is an autoimmune condition caused by permanent food intolerance to gluten and genetic prolamins. One of the problems of this disease in the adult is the infra diagnosis, since for each case diagnosed there is an average of five cases without diagnosis, due to the atypical, minimal, or even absent symptomatology. Therefore, a review of the subject is carried out with the objective of describing celiac disease in adults and providing elements for diagnosis in patients with suggestive symptoms. To obtain the information, a search was made in bibliographic databases of scientific literature of the VHL of Cuba as PubMed / Medline and Lilacs. Some sources of information available in full text such as Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, Ebsco and SciELO Cuba were also consulted. An internet search was also carried out on portals of institutions of recognized prestige in the healthcare field such as the World Gastroenterolog and Organization, National Institute of Gastroenterology of Cuba, official documents of the World Health Organization, among others and the conclusion was reached that Celiac Disease requires a high index of clinical suspicion, The diagnosis must be based on the presence of any or several symptoms related to intestinal involvement or any of the associated organs or systems, in Cuba there are epidemiological data of the disease in adults, so it is necessary to implement a protocol for the diagnosis of these patients, because the delay or absence in the diagnosis has consequences for the health of the individual.

RESUMO A doença celíaca é uma condição auto-imune causada pela intolerância alimentar permanente ao glúten e prolaminas com caráter genético. Um dos problemas desta doença em adultos é o subdiagnóstico, pois para cada caso diagnosticado há uma média de cinco casos não diagnosticados, devido a sintomas atípicos, mínimos ou até ausentes. Por esse motivo, é realizada uma revisão do assunto com o objetivo de descrever a doença celíaca em adultos e fornecer elementos para seu diagnóstico em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos. Para obter as informações, foi realizada uma busca em bancos de dados bibliográficos da literatura científica da BVS de Cuba, como PubMed / Medline e Lilacs. Algumas fontes de informações em texto completo também foram consultadas, como Clinical Key, Cochrane Library, Ebsco e SciELO Cuba. Também foi realizada uma busca na Internet por portais de instituições de reconhecido prestígio no campo da saúde, como a Organização e Gastroenterologia Mundial, o Instituto Nacional de Gastroenterologia de Cuba, documentos oficiais da Organização Mundial da Saúde, entre outros, e foi concluído A doença celíaca requer um alto índice de suspeita clínica, o diagnóstico deve ser baseado na presença de um ou mais sintomas relacionados ao envolvimento intestinal ou a qualquer um dos órgãos ou sistemas associados; em Cuba, existem dados epidemiológicos da doença em adultos, motivo pelo qual é necessária a implementação de um protocolo para o diagnóstico desses pacientes, uma vez que o atraso ou ausência no diagnóstico tem consequências para a saúde do indivíduo.

Aplicación del aceite de girasol ozonizado en pacientes afectados con gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa / Application of ozonated sunflower oil in patients affected with chronic fibroedematous gingivitis

Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de intervención terapéutica con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta a la aplicación del Oleozón como tratamiento único en pacientes diagnosticados con gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa, que acudieron a consulta de la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Manuel Sánchez Silveira de Manzanillo, en el período de septiembre 2016 a mayo 2017. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 102 pacientes afectados con esta entidad. Se registraron las variables edad, sexo, higiene bucal, frecuencia de la aplicación del tratamiento, respuesta a la terapia. El diagnóstico confirmado de gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa se realizó a partir de la clínica y el examen físico oral de la encía marginal y papilar. Se empleó una metodología para la aplicación en las regiones afectadas del preparado medicinal, se evaluó a cada paciente al 3er, 7mo y 15 días en las categorías igual, mejorado y curado. Predominó el grupo de edad de 20 a 29 años y el sexo masculino. Resaltaron los índices inadecuados de higiene bucal. La mejor respuesta al tratamiento fue entre 7 y 15 días demostrando que el Oleozón es efectivo en el tratamiento de la gingivitis crónica edematosa(AU)

A quasi-experimental therapeutic intervention study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the response to the application of Oleozón as the only treatment in patients diagnosed with chronic fibroedematous gingivitis, who came to the consultation of the Manuel Sánchez Silveira de Manzanillo Teaching Clinic, in the period from September 2016 to May 2017. The study universe consisted of 102 patients affected with this entity. The variables age, sex, oral hygiene, frequency of treatment application, response to therapy were recorded. The confirmed diagnosis of chronic fibroedematous gingivitis was made from the clinic and the oral physical examination of the marginal and papillary gums. A methodology for the application in the affected regions of the medicinal preparation was used, each patient was evaluated on the 3rd, 7th and 15 days in the equal, improved and cured categories. The age group of 20 to 29 years and the male sex predominated. They highlighted the inadequate rates of oral hygiene. The best response to treatment was between 7 and 15 days, demonstrating that Oleozon is effective in the treatment of chronic edematous gingivitis(EU)

Stimulation of retrotrapezoid nucleus Phox2b-expressing neurons rescues breathing dysfunction in an experimental Parkinson's disease rat model.

Emerging evidence from multiple studies indicates that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer from a spectrum of autonomic and respiratory motor deficiencies in addition to the classical motor symptoms attributed to substantia nigra degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Animal models of PD show a decrease in the resting respiratory rate as well as a decrease in the number of Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which substantia nigra pars compact (SNc) degeneration induced RTN biomolecular changes and to identify the extent to which RTN pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations rescue respiratory function following PD-induction. SNc degeneration was achieved in adult male Wistar rats by bilateral striatal 6-hydroxydopamine injection. For proteomic analysis, laser capture microdissection and pressure catapulting were used to isolate the RTN for subsequent comparative proteomic analysis and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The respiratory parameters were evaluated by whole-body plethysmography and electromyographic analysis of respiratory muscles. The results confirmed reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons of SNc and respiratory rate in the PD-animals. Our proteomic data suggested extensive RTN remodeling, and that pharmacological or optogenetic stimulations of the diseased RTN neurons promoted rescued the respiratory deficiency. Our data indicate that despite neuroanatomical and biomolecular RTN pathologies, that RTN-directed interventions can rescue respiratory control dysfunction.

Aplicación del aceite de girasol ozonizado en pacientes afectados con gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa / Application of ozonated sunflower oil in patients affected with chronic fibroedematous gingivitis / Aplicação de óleo de girassol ozonizado em pacientes afetados com gengivite fibroedematosa crônica

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de intervención terapéutica con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta a la aplicación del Oleozón como tratamiento único en pacientes diagnosticados con gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa, que acudieron a consulta de la clínica estomatológica Docente Manuel Sánchez Silveira de Manzanillo, en el período de septiembre 2016 a mayo 2017. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 102 pacientes afectados con esta entidad. Se registraron las variables edad, sexo, higiene bucal, frecuencia de la aplicación del tratamiento, respuesta a la terapia. El diagnóstico confirmado de gingivitis crónica fibroedematosa se realizó a partir de la clínica y el examen físico oral de la encía marginal y papilar. Se empleó una metodología para la aplicación en las regiones afectadas del preparado medicinal, se evaluó a cada paciente al 3er, 7mo y 15 días en las categorías igual, mejorado y curado. Predominó el grupo de edad de 20 a 29 años y el sexo masculino. Resaltaron los índices inadecuados de higiene bucal. La mejor respuesta al tratamiento fue entre 7 y 15 día demostrando que el Oleozón es efectivo en el tratamiento de la gingivitis crónica edematosa.

ABSTRACT A quasi-experimental therapeutic intervention study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the response to the application of Oleozón as the only treatment in patients diagnosed with chronic fibroedematous gingivitis, who came to the consultation of the Manuel Sánchez Silveira de Manzanillo Teaching Clinic, in the period from September 2016 to May 2017. The study universe consisted of 102 patients affected with this entity. The variables age, sex, oral hygiene, frequency of treatment application, response to therapy were recorded. The confirmed diagnosis of chronic fibroedematous gingivitis was made from the clinic and the oral physical examination of the marginal and papillary gums. A methodology for the application in the affected regions of the medicinal preparation was used, each patient was evaluated on the 3rd, 7th and 15 days in the equal, improved and cured categories. The age group of 20 to 29 years and the male sex predominated. They highlighted the inadequate rates of oral hygiene. The best response to treatment was between 7 and 15 days, demonstrating that Oleozon is effective in the treatment of chronic edematous gingivitis.

RESUMO Foi realizado umestudo de intervenção terapêutica quase experimental, como objetivo de avaliar a resposta à aplicação de Oleozón como único tratamento em pacientes com diagnóstico de gengivite fibroedematosa crônica, consultados na Clínica Manuel Sánchez Silveira de Manzanillo, no período de setembro de 2016 a maio de 2017. O universo do estudo foi composto por 102 pacientes acometidos por essa entidade. As variáveis ​​idade, sexo, higiene bucal, frequência de aplicação do tratamento e resposta à terapia foram registradas. O diagnóstico confirmado de gengivite fibroedematosa crônicafoi realizado na clínica e no exame físico oral das gengivas marginal e papilar. Foi aplicada uma metodologia para a aplicação nas regiões afetadas da preparação medicinal, cada paciente foi avaliado no 3º, 7º e 15 dias nas categorias igual, melhorada e curada. A faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos e o sexo masculino predominaram. Eles destacaram as taxas inadequadas de higiene bucal. A melhor resposta ao tratamento foi entre 7 e 15 dias, demonstrando que o Oleozon é eficaz no tratamento da gengivite edematosa crônica.

Valor pronóstico de la hemoglobina glicada HbA1c en el padecimiento de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo I / Prognostic value of glycated hemoglobin HbA1c in diabetic retinopathy in patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, con el objetivo de establecer el valor pronóstico de la hemoglobina glicada en la aparición de la retinopatía diabética en la Policlínica Universitaria Ángel OrtízVázquez. 2015-2019. El universo estuvo constituido por 181 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo II, cada paciente fue seguido por dos años realizándose tres hemoglobinas glicada, tres glicemias en ayuna y dos controles oftalmológicos. Se observó una relación incremental del riesgo de retinopatía diabética según el nivel de hemoglobina glicada ascendente fundamentada en el incremento en la tendencia del riesgo asociado para retinopatía diabética, desde casi el doble (OR=1.89) con cifras de HbA1c entre 7.1 y 8.0 hasta más del triple (OR=3.51) cuando los valores de HbA1c fueron iguales o mayores a 10.1. La presencia de retinopatía diabética está en relación con los niveles de hemoglobina glicada, hecho que responde a un control glucémico inapropiado sostenido, que además promueve la aparición de otras complicaciones crónicas de la enfermedad(AU)

A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out, with the objective of establishing the prognostic value of glycated hemoglobin in the appearance of diabetic retinopathy at the Ángel Ortíz Vázquez University Polyclinic. 2015-2019. The universe was made up of 181 patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus, each patient was followed for two years with three glycated hemoglobins, three fasting glycemia and two ophthalmological controls. An incremental relationship of the risk of diabetic retinopathy was observed according to the level of ascending glycated hemoglobin based on the increase in the trend of the associated risk for diabetic retinopathy, from almost double (OR = 1.89) with HbA1c figures between 7.1 and 8.0 to more. triple (OR = 3.51) when HbA1c values were equal to or greater than 10.1. The presence of diabetic retinopathy is related to the levels of glycated hemoglobin, a fact that responds to sustained inappropriate glycemic control, which also promotes the appearance of other chronic complications of the disease(EU)

Valor pronóstico de la hemoglobina glicada HbA1c en el padecimiento de retinopatía diabética en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo II / Prognostic value of glycated hemoglobin HbA1c in diabetic retinopathy in patients with type II diabetes mellitus / Valor prognóstico da hemoglobina glicada HbA1c na retinopatia diabética em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo II

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio analítico transversal, con el objetivo de establecer el valor pronóstico de la hemoglobina glicada en la aparición de la retinopatía diabética en la Policlínica Universitaria Ángel Ortiz Vázquez. 2015-2019.El universo estuvo constituido por 181 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo II, cada paciente fue seguido por dos años realizándose tres hemoglobinas glicada, tres glicemias en ayuna y dos controles oftalmológicos. Se observó una relación incremental del riesgo de retinopatía diabética según el nivel de hemoglobina glicada ascendente fundamentada en el incremento en la tendencia del riesgo asociado para retinopatía diabética, desde casi el doble (OR=1.89) con cifras de HbA1c entre 7.1 y 8.0 hasta más del triple (OR=3.51) cuando los valores de HbA1c fueron iguales o mayores a 10.1. La presencia de retinopatía diabética está en relación con los niveles de hemoglobina glicada, hecho que responde a un control glucémico inapropiado sostenido, que además promueve la aparición de otras complicaciones crónicas de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out, with the objective of establishing the prognostic value of glycated hemoglobin in the appearance of diabetic retinopathy at the Ángel Ortiz Vázquez University Polyclinic. 2015-2019. The universe was made up of 181 patients diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus, each patient was followed for two years with three glycated hemoglobins, three fasting glycemia and two ophthalmological controls. An incremental relationship of the risk of diabetic retinopathy was observed according to the level of ascending glycated hemoglobin based on the increase in the trend of the associated risk for diabetic retinopathy, from almost double (OR = 1.89) with HbA1c figures between 7.1 and 8.0 to more. triple (OR = 3.51) when HbA1c values ​​were equal to or greater than 10.1. The presence of diabetic retinopathy is related to the levels of glycated hemoglobin, a fact that responds to sustained inappropriate glycemic control, which also promotes the appearance of other chronic complications of the disease.

RESUMO Foi realizado um estudo analítico transversal, com o objetivo de estabelecer o valor prognóstico da hemoglobina glicada no aparecimento de retinopatia diabética na Policlínica da Universidade Ángel Ortiz Vázquez. 2015-2019. O universo foi constituído por 181 pacientes com diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo II; cada paciente foi acompanhado por dois anos com três hemoglobinas glicadas, três glicemia de jejum e dois controles oftalmológicos. Foi observada uma relação incremental do risco de retinopatia diabética de acordo com o nível de hemoglobina glicada ascendente, com base no aumento da tendência do risco associado à retinopatia diabética, de quase o dobro (OR = 1,89) com valores de HbA1c entre 7,1 e 8,0 para mais. triplo (OR = 3,51 quando os valores de HbA1c forem iguais ou superiores a 10,1. A presença de retinopatia diabética está relacionada aos níveis de hemoglobina glicada, fato que responde ao controle glicêmico inadequado sustentado, que também promove o aparecimento de outras complicações crônicas da doença.

Modeling the release of curcumin from microparticles of poly(hydroxybutyrate) [PHB].

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is biodegradable and biocompatible polyester that has been recently used for developing different drug delivery systems (DDS). Microspheres as DDS, consist of a polymeric matrix with a diameter of 1-125 µm which contains a substance entrapped, and then released mainly through diffusion. In order to make DDS viable for commercial applications, it is essential to develop models that describe and predict the substance release kinetic. In this study, microspheres of PHB with curcumin entrapped were synthesized; the release of curcumin was studied and modeled. As a first approach, a physical model was introduced, in which mass transference was considered analogous to heat transference. The proposed model was based on local mass balance through the classical diffusion equation and total mass balance imposed through an integro-differential equation. The total mass balance introduced nonlinearities in the dynamics of the drug within the fluid; therefore, a semi-analytical approach based on the heat balance integral method was applied to solve the proposed model. Finally, by using the experimental rate of release of curcumin, the semi-analytical solutions to the proposed model were compared with the experimental release data, showing the importance of adding mass balance in the nonlinear mathematical model in order to describe more accurately the release kinetics.