Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion technique as a rapid sample preparation method for the estimation of selenium in pharmaceutical dosage forms by ICP-OES.

Selenium is a class 2B element according to the International Council for Harmonization Q3D guidelines. Selenium sulfide is an anti-infective agent with antifungal and antibacterial properties used to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. The literature survey revealed that most of the analytical techniques to estimate selenium were time-consuming and/or required high skill levels. The process involved identifying the isotopes, selecting the measurement approach, and optimizing a typical microwave-aided digesting procedure. Ammonium hydrogen difluoride, water, and concentrated nitric acid were added to the samples. The confirmed microwave digestion program was a two-step program where in the initial step, the samples were ramped at 200°C for 20 min and held for 5 min. Later, samples were cooled and neutralized by boric acid, then ramped for 20 min to a temperature of 180°C and held for 10 min. Selenium was estimated at 196.090 nm by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). System suitability was run before initiating analysis to ensure that system performance was consistent. Analytical validation parameters, such as the specificity of the method, were demonstrated at 196.090 nm, linearity was proven from 10 ppm to 150 ppm of selenium concentration, the detection limit was 1.28 ppm, and the limit of quantification was 3.89 ppm. Robustness was confirmed for small changes to ICP-OES operating conditions. The precision of the method demonstrated by analyzing the percentage relative standard deviation for six injections was found to be less than 2.0%. Accuracy was confirmed from 10 ppm to 150 ppm, and all the samples were observed to be within the range of 95%-105%. A common microwave-assisted digestion technique was developed and validated as well. The precision, specificity, linearity, accuracy, and robustness of the method for estimating selenium in selenium sulfide drug substances and various pharmaceutical dosage forms were demonstrated. This newly developed microwave-assisted digestion technique has optimum sensitivity and is highly reproducible and time-saving than the existing methods This method can be applied to numerous matrices for a finished dosage of selenium sulfide formulations.

Oncological Clearance Following Resection of the Carcinoma Rectum: A Comparison between Laparoscopic and Open Anterior Resection.

Till the day the rectal cancer deaths in the world is in eighth position. For rectal cancer surgery, short-term benefits are expected to be similar for laparoscopic resection of rectum (LRR) and open resection of rectum (ORR). In Bangladesh though the rectal cancer is the sixteenth most common cause of cancer deaths, there is lack of data regarding outcomes of laparoscopic and open surgical approaches for carcinoma rectum. Purpose of study was to compare oncopathological outcomes by quality of surgical resection between LRR and ORR groups. The quasi experimental study was conducted among 46 subjects who attended in the Department of Colorectal Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh from July 2020 to June 2021 with rectal adenocarcinoma within 15cm from the anal verge. Equal number of subjects were allocated for LRR and ORR group. Oncopathological end points such as circumferential resection margin (CRM), distal resection margin (DRM), lymph nodes and quality of mesorectal excision were assessed and compared. Here every patients have given their written consent for this study. Mean age of the subjects for LRR and ORR were 45.47±12.66 and 44.47±12.48 years respectively. Majority of the subjects were in age above 40 years (67.0%). The proportion of male (56.5%) were higher than those of female (43.5%). The complete resection was better in LRR (91.3%) than ORR (87.0%) group though statistically not significant. CRM was lower in LRR (0.0%) than ORR (13.0%) group in respect of frequency distribution. DRM was negative for both LRR and ORR group (95.7% each) and it was not statistically significant. ORR met the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria of harvesting 12 lymph nodes were as in LRR group 10 lymph nodes were harvested. The mean harvested lymph nodes were 12.2±5.55 and 10.1±5.55 in LRR and ORR group respectively. The study demonstrated that LRR is better (though statistically not significant) in respect of complete resection and CRM while in harvesting lymph nodes, ORR met the NCCN criteria but LRR does not. There is no difference observed regarding DRM in both groups. On oncopathological point of view both the group showed almost equally effective results. Laparoscopic surgery can be opted as the standard operative technique for surgical management of rectal cancer.

Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Enhancing the Osteogenic Potential of Bone Graft in Oral and Maxillofacial Region.

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been a breakthrough in the stimulation and acceleration of bone and soft tissue healing. It represents a relatively new biotechnology that is part of the growing interest in tissue engineering and cellular therapy. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in 50 patients. The cases were selected randomly in the age group of 8-50 years who needed bone grafts for alveolar cleft defects and surgical defects following removal of osteolytic jaw lesions. They were divided into study group with autologous PRP and control group without PRP. Bone density was calculated as per Hounsfield scale preoperatively and post-operatively for both the groups. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the Hounsfield units at 06 months and 12 months post-operatively in both the groups showing good amount of bone regeneration. The preoperative volume of the defect and the post-operative volume of the regenerated bone were statistically analysed. The mean V2 was 0.7652 cc for the study group, whereas for control group, it was 0.4840 cc. The volume ratio for study group was 0.9070 and for control group was 0.6740. This showed greater bone regeneration in the study group. The results were statistically significant for both the groups. CONCLUSION: PRP is a new application of tissue engineering and a developing area of interest for clinicians and researchers. It is a storage vehicle for growth factors, especially PDGF and TGF-b, both of which influence bone regeneration, and also eliminates the concerns about immunogenic reactions and disease transmission. PRP does enhance the healing of bone grafts in the maxillofacial region as shown by the increase in the density of bone.

Limberg Flap in Pilonidal Sinus: Experience in Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital.

Pilonidal sinus disease is a common anorectal condition usually seen in young adult patients. Various methods have been described over the years and there is ongoing debate regarding the ideal method. This study was conducted to evaluate the advantages, results of rhomboid excision and Limberg flap reconstruction in the management of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Surgery Unit-I of Department of Surgery, Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh a tertiary care centre from July 2016 to November 2017. It includes 19 patients who were treated for sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease by Limberg (Rhomboid) flap. All patients that underwent the procedure had good postoperative outcome with minimal postoperative discomfort and were discharged in 3-4 days. There were 3 cases with complications. Limberg flap coverage is very effective for pilonidal disease with low complication rates, reduced hospital stay, low recurrence rates, earlier healing and shorter time off-work. This technique can be easily mastered and used as an indispensable tool for treating sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease.

Do It Better: Cross Mattress for Chest Drain Insertion Site Security Offers Quality Outcome in Chest Trauma Patients Required Tube Thoracostomy.

We examined the hypothesis that the cross mattress for chest drain insertion site security is better than that of polypropylene horizontal mattress in chest trauma patient required tube thoracostomy at the Department of Casualty Surgery, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2016 to June 2016. Accordingly we prospectively studied 50 consecutive patients who needed chest tube insertion. In 25 consecutive cases chest drain insertion site was secured with polypropylene horizontal mattress technique (Control- Group A) and another 25 consecutive patients had a cross-mattress with non-absorbable suture materials (Experimental- Group B). All chest tubes were inserted into the triangle of safety to following the BTS guideline. A baseline x-ray chest was compared with post-procedure chest x-ray. Male preponderance and young adults were comprised in both the groups; mean age in Group A and Group B was 38.7±15.5 and 37.3±14.1 respectively. Haemo-pneumothorax was the most common cause of tube thoracostomy among the trauma victims. This study shows that, polypropylene horizontal mattress results in increased chest tube site infection 52% in Control Group vs. 12% in Experimental Group (p=0.002). Although there was similar incidence of blood loss between the groups, the length of Hospital stay was significantly higher in Control Group. We conclude that cross mattress for chest drain insertion site security showed a better clinical outcome, less wound complications and less hospitalization.

Dietary L-Tryptophan potentiates non-specific immunity in Labeo rohita fingerlings reared under elevated temperature.

At present environmental scenario global climate change is a reality and its affect all living organism including fish. The aquatic ecosystem is the most affected system as it is the biggest sink for global warming and elevated temperature and obviously affects all the aquatic life forms. With this hypothesis an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated temperature on Labeo rohita fingerlings and potential of dietary L-tryptophan (TRP) in mitigating the effects elevated temperature and enhancing the non-specific immunity. Seven hundred and twenty fishes were randomly distributed in three different thermal groups each with three replicates. The thermal groups were ambient temperature (26 °C), 34 and 38 °C. Then each thermal groups were fed with four different formulated diets containing 0. 0.36%, 0.72% and 1.44% TRP. The effect of dietary TRP supplementation was studied on stress responses, such as cortisol, blood glucose, histopathological changes in liver and kidney and immuno-hematological changes such as red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), lysozyme, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), total serum protein, albumin, globulin and albumin-globulin ratio. Subsequently the treated fish were subjected to challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila. In the present study, primary stress markers were noticeably (p < 0.01) elevated with temperature stress and levels were reduced with nutritional supplementation of TRP. Similarly, immuno-hematological parameters were altered with the exposure of temeparture stress and got improved with dietary TRP supplementation. Results of the present study suggest that dietary supplementation of 1.44% tryptophan has definitive role in the mitigation of temperature stress and gives protection against bacterial infection to L. rohita.

Sloppy Hinge Prosthetic Replacement in Old Healed Side Swipe Injuries of Elbow - Long term Results.

BACKGROUND: Sideswipe injuries of elbow often poses significant functional loss resulting from devastating injuries involving osseoligamentous structures as well as multilevel soft tissue injuries around the elbow. Inspite of treatment, no conscientious treatment opinion is available in the literature to provide optimum functional outcome. The objective of this study is to evaluate the results of prosthetic replacement of old healed sideswipe injuries of elbow with gross dysfunctional disabilities resulting from loss of bones and muscles around the joint. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients of 2-3 years old healed sideswipe injuries of the elbow, treated by Baksi sloppy hinge (original version in seven and recent version in seven) prosthetic replacement were evaluated. All had normal neurovascular status except two; one having ulnar nerve deficit the other median nerve in another. The mean age was 42.7 years (range 32-61 years). RESULTS: The average followup period was 13.5 years (range 5.11-23.11 years). Ten patients regained stable 0° to 130° elbow flexion, and four had restricted terminal flexion with arc 10°-115° following V-Y plasty of contracted triceps. Mean supination was 22° and mean pronation was 35°. According to Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), excellent results were in five (35.7%), good in six (42.8%), and fair in one (7.1%). Two patients (14.2%) needed removal of prosthesis due to intractable delayed infection and considered failure. Following removal, the resected elbow retained relatively stable motions due to mature fibrous tissues connecting the adjacent bone ends and reorientation of muscle balance. Postoperative improvement of MEPS (mean 84) was significant (P = 0.0037) compared to preoperative value (mean 41.7). Two patients had superficial wound infection and five aseptic loosening of which one was symptomatic. CONCLUSION: Prosthetic replacement of elbow is an effective salvage procedure in old healed sideswipe injuries.

Dietary protein enhances non-specific immunity, anti-oxidative capability and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita fingerlings pre-exposed to short feed deprivation stress.

Present experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary protein levels on growth, immunity and anti-oxidative status of Labeo rohita fingerlings during feed deprivation followed by refeeding. Fish (5.44 ± 0.10 g) were deprived of feed for 3 weeks and then re-fed to satiation for 5 weeks with one of the diets containing 25 (25P), 30 (30P), 35 (35P) or 40 (40P) percent crude protein (CP) level. In addition to these groups, a control group (C) was also maintained by feeding to satiation level twice daily with a diet containing 30% CP throughout the experimental period. At the end of 8-weeks' trial, fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and survival was recorded for the next 7 days. Complete recovery of growth in terms of weight gain percentage was achieved in the fish fed 35 and 40% protein during refeeding. The body indices (condition factor and hepatosomatic index), haematological parameters and serum protein contents at the end of the experimental trial were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among different groups suggesting that the overall health of the fish was not compromised. However, respiratory burst activity and serum lysozyme activity were indicative of a better immune function in the higher protein fed groups (35P and 40P) than the lower protein groups (25P and 30P). Following challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, survival rate, blood monocyte%, respiratory burst activity, serum lysozyme activity, serum protein and globulin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 35P and 40P groups compared to the other groups. Further, fish fed lower dietary protein were not able to restore the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the liver. Conclusively, an improved disease resistance capability and immune status was observed in the fish fed a higher dietary protein (35-40%), even out-performing the daily-fed fish.

Osteosynthesis of ununited femoral neck fracture by internal fixation combined with iliac crest bone chips and muscle pedicle bone grafting.

BACKGROUND: Ununited femoral neck fracture is seen commonly in developing countries due to delayed presentation or failure of primary internal fixation. Such fractures, commonly present with partial or total absorption of femoral neck, osteonecrosis of femoral head in 8-30% cases with upward migration of trochanter posing problem for osteosynthesis, especially in younger individuals. Several techniques for treatment of such conditions are described like osteotomies or nonvascularied cortical or cancellous bone grafting provided varying degrees of success in terms of fracture union but unsatisfactory long term results occurred due to varying incidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head. Moreover, in presence of AVN of femoral head neither free fibular graft nor cancellous bone graft is satisfactory. The vascularied bone grafting by deep circumflex iliac artery based on iliac crest bone grafting, free vascularied fibular grafting and muscle pedicle periosteal grafting showed high incidence of success rate. Osteosynthesis is the preferred treatment of choice in ununited femoral neck fracture in younger individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 293 patients operated during the period from June 1977 to June 2009, 42 were lost to followup. Seven patients with gluteus medius muscle pedicle bone grafting (MPBG) were excluded. Thus, out of 244 patients, 208 (85.3%) untreated nonunion and 36 (14.7%) following failure of primary internal fixation were available for studies. Time interval between the date of injury and operation in untreated nonunion cases was mean 6.5 months and in failed internal fixation cases was mean 11.2 months. Ages of the patients varied from 16 to 55 years. Seventy patients had partial and 174 had subtotal absorption of the femoral neck. Evidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) femoral head was found histologically in 135 (54.3%) and radiologically in 48 (19.7%) patients. The patients were operated by open reduction of fracture, cannulated hip screw fixation, iliac crest bone chips and quadratus femoris MPBG. RESULTS: The mean followup is 12.5 years (range 3-35). The union of fractures occurred in 202 (82.8%), delayed union in 18 (7.3%), and established nonunion in 24 (9.8%) patients. Full weight bearing was permitted at 16-22 weeks after union of fractures. Mean Harris hip score at the longest followup was 85.5. Among the complications, superficial wound infection occurred in 20 (8.2%), deep infection in seven (2.9%), and coxa vara in 39 (16%) patients. Preoperative radiodensity of femoral head disappeared mostly after the union of fracture whereas fresh radiodensity of femoral head appeared in 20 (8%) patients; nine (45%) of them developed segmental collapse. CONCLUSION: Ununited femoral neck fractureis characterized by absorption of femoral neck, posterior cortical defect, smoothening and overriding of fracture surfaces with intervening fibrous tissues associated with or without AVN of femoral head. The above method of osteosynthesis rectified the above pathology and provided satisfactory results with union of fractures in 90.1% patients at long term followup.

Effect of sub-lethal concentration of endosulfan on lipid and fatty acid metabolism of spotted murrel, Channa punctatus.

The spotted murrel, Channa punctatuswere exposed to sub-lethal concentration of endosulfan (8.1 microg l(-1)) for 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrto elucidate the impact of pesticide on fatty acid composition of liver and muscle. After endosulfan exposure, fish from each control and experimental tanks were randomly sampled anesthetized, sacrificed and then the liver and muscle were dissected out for lipid and fatty acid (FA) profile. Results showed that total lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride and FA in liver and muscle, and phospholipid in liver were significantly affected due to pesticide exposure. In liver and muscle tissues, 28.09 and 32.57% reduction of the total lipid, and 42.82 and 49.75% reduction in triglyceride and FAwere observed at the end of 96 hrs of exposure. Reduction of total lipid, triglyceride and FA may be due to their mobilization for energy production to combat stress. In FA, oleic (25.46 to 22.48% in liver and 25.75 to 21.87% in muscle) and linoleic acids (8.04 to 6.83% in liver and 9.88 to 8.09%) were reduced in both the tissues at the end of 96 hr of exposure. It may be concluded that exposure of fish to sub-lethal concentration of endosulfan had influenced the lipid and fatty acid metabolism of Channa punctatus.

Effect of dietary supplementation of l-tryptophan on thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption rate in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings under varied stocking density.

A 60 day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary l-tryptophan on thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption rate of freshwater fish, mrigala, Cirrhinus mrigala reared under ambient temperature at low and high stocking density. Four hundred eighty fingerlings were distributed into eight experimental groups. Four groups each of low density group (10 fishes/75L water) and higher density group (30 fishes/75L water) were fed a diet containing 0, 0.68, 1.36 or 2.72% l-tryptophan in the diet, thus forming eight experimental groups namely, Low density control (LC) (basal feed +0% l-tryptophan); LT1 (basal feed+0.68% l-tryptophan); LT2 (basal feed+1.36% l-tryptophan); LT3 (basal feed+2.72% l-tryptophan); high density control (HC) (basal feed+0% l-tryptophan); HT1 (basal feed+0.68% l-tryptophan); HT2 (basal feed+1.36% l-tryptophan); and HT3 (basal feed+2.72% l-tryptophan) were fed at 3% of the body weight. The test diets having crude protein 34.33±0.23 to 35.81±0.18% and lipid 423.49±1.76 to 425.85±0.31KCal/100g were prepared using purified ingredients. The possible role of dietary l-tryptophan on thermal tolerance and oxygen consumption rate was assessed in terms of critical thermal maxima (CTMax), critical thermal minima (CTMin), lethal thermal maxima (LTMax) and lethal thermal minima (LTMin). The CTMax, CTMin, LTMax and LTMin values were found to be significantly higher (p<0.05) in the treatment groups with CTMax 42.94±0.037 (LT2); LT Max 43.18±0.070 (LT2); CTMin 10.47±0.088 (LT2) and LTMin 9.42±0.062 (LT3), whereas the control group showed a lower tolerance level. The same trend was observed in the high density group (CTMax 42.09±0.066 (LT3); LTMax 43 23±0.067 (HT3); CTMin 10.98±0.040 (HT3) and LTMin 9.74±0.037 (HT3). However, gradual supplementation of dietary l-tryptophan in the diet significantly reduced the oxygen consumption rate in both the low density group (Y=-26.74x+222.4, r²=0.915) and the high density group (Y=-32.96x+296.5, r²=0.8923). Dietary supplementation of l-tryptophan at a level of 1.36% improved the thermal tolerance level and reduced the oxygen consumption rate in C. mrigala fingerlings.

Stress mitigating and growth enhancing effect of dietary tryptophan in rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton, 1822) fingerlings.

An experiment was conducted to study the stress mitigation and growth enhancing role of dietary L-tryptophan (TRP) under thermal stress in rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings for 45 days. Seven hundred and twenty fishes were distributed in three major groups that are ambient temperature (26 °C), 34 and 38 °C in triplicate following a complete randomized design. Acclimation of fishes to 34 and 38 °C over average ambient temperatures were carried out at 1 °C/day. Each group was fed with a diet supplemented with 0, 0.36, 0.72 or 1.42 % L-TRP. Results showed that blood glucose and serum cortisol level were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the higher temperature groups than the ambient temperature group. Similarly, aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, CAT, superoxide dismutase activities were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control groups (0 % L-TRP) and decreasing activities of these enzymes were observed with the increasing level of dietary L-TRP. In different temperature groups, L-TRP-supplemented groups were found to have higher (p < 0.05) growth, RGR and PER. The results obtained in the present study indicate that dietary L-TRP mitigates thermal stress and enhances growth. From the present study, we can conclude that dietary supplementation of L-TRP at the 0.72 % level in the diet is found to be optimum to reduce thermal stress even up to 38 °C in rohu, L. rohita. The baseline data obtained here could be useful for the farmers to formulate feeds to culture the fish in different agro-climatic zones.

Acclimation of brackish water pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to various salinities: relative changes in abundance of branchial Na(+)/K (+)-ATPase and Na (+)/K (+)/2Cl (-) co-transporter in relation to osmoregulatory parameters.

The present study was conducted to elucidate the osmoregulatory ability of the fish pearl spot (Etroplus suratensis) to know the scope of this species for aquaculture under various salinities. Juvenile pearl spot were divided into three groups and acclimated to freshwater (FW), brackish water (BW) or seawater (SW) for 15 days. The fish exhibited effective salinity tolerance under osmotic challenges. Although the plasma osmolality and Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) levels increased with the increasing salinities, the parameters remained within the physiological range. The muscle water contents were constant among FW-, BW- and SW-acclimated fish. Two Na+/K+-ATPase α-isoforms (NKA α) were expressed in gills during acclimation in FW, BW and SW. Abundance of one isoform was up-regulated in response to seawater acclimation, suggesting its role in ion secretion similar to NKA α1b, while expression of another isoform was simultaneously up-regulated in response to both FW and SW acclimation, suggesting the presence of isoforms switching phenomenon during acclimation to different salinities. Nevertheless, NKA enzyme activities in the gills of the SW and FW individuals were higher (p < 0.05) than in BW counterparts. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactive (NKA-IR) cells were mainly distributed in the interlamellar region of the gill filaments in FW groups and in the apical portion of the filaments in BW and SW groups. The number of NKA-IR cells in the gills of the FW-acclimated fish was almost similar to that of SW individuals, which exceeded that of the BW individuals. The NKA-IR cells of BW and SW were bigger in size than their FW counterparts. Besides, the relative abundance of branchial Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) co-transporter showed stronger evidence in favor of involvement of this protein in hypo-osmoregulation, requiring ion secretion by the chloride cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the wide salinity tolerance of E. suratensis involving differential activation of ion transporters and thereby suggesting its potential as candidate for fish farming under different external salinities.

Ultrastructural alterations in the gills of Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to thermal extremes.

This study aimed to determine the cellular alterations in the gill of Labeo rohita exposed to lethal temperature maxima (LTM ax ) and lethal temperature minima (LTM in ) by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Acclimation of advanced fingerlings of L. rohita was carried out at 26°C for 30 days. Acclimated fish were subjected to a constant rate of increase or decrease in temperature (0.3°C/min) until the LTM ax and LTM in values were reached. Dissected gills were processed for TEM, both at the end of acclimation period at ambient temperature (26°C) and at lethal temperatures. Results indicated that at ambient temperature, the gill tissues appeared normal. However, significant changes were observed at lethal temperatures. The gill tissues at lethal temperature maxima showed severely damaged lamellae, with more vacuolated space. At lethal temperature minima, gill tissues showed increased density of mitochondria. Our prima-facie report indicated that L. rohita exposed to lethal temperatures exhibited marked ultrastructural changes in the gills.