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Aims The aim of the present study was to investigate the preoperative Trail Making Test (TMT) and its association with postoperative delirium. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, observational study consisted of 51 patients admitted to the surgical ward for any planned operative procedure. Consenting patients provided their sociodemographic information, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test, and Trail Making Test (TMT) were applied. Results A total of 51 patients (66.7% male and 33.3% female) were categorized as the "normal" group (n=34), completing TMT in time, and the "slow" group (n=17). The mean age was 45.05 ± 13.69 for the normal group and 44.29 ± 10.95 for the slow group. The HADS score mean was 15.02 ± 9.52 and 11.64 ± 5.73, respectively, for these two groups (t = -1.577; degrees of freedom {df} = 47.11; p = 0.121). However, the "normal" group scored significantly higher MoCA scores in comparison to the slow group (26.35 ± 1.06 and 24.29 ± 1.10, respectively) (t = -6.410; df = 49; p = 0.000). Conclusions The study shows that the TMT can indicate effectively the cognitive decline in preoperative patients, which predicts postoperative delirium.
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The prevalence of depression among visually impaired or blind children and adolescents has not been systematically reviewed. This study aims to provide the prevalence of depression among visually impaired or blind children and adolescents. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) (2020) and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. A systematic search of various online databases was done to identify and include studies reporting the prevalence of depression among visually impaired or blind children and adolescents (aged up to 20 years). A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 to explain heterogeneity meta-regressive analysis and subgroup analyses were done. With the finally selected 13 studies consisting of 822 participants, the overall pooled prevalence of depression or dysthymia among visually impaired children or adolescents was 14% (137/822 individuals, 95% CI = 9% to 20%), with high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 80.11%; P < 0.001). Five studies that expressed gender distribution showed a cumulative prevalence of diagnosed depressive disorders was 6.85% and 18.96%, respectively, for male (n = 219, I2 = 47.52) and female (n = 116, I2 = 60.6%) participants. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we selected and analyzed 13 studies and estimated pooled prevalence of depression was 14% (95% CI = 9% to 20%), among visually impaired or blind children and adolescents.
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BACKGROUND: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been found to be associated with increased psychosocial problems such as depression, anxiety, stress, and stigma. Many health-related stigma instruments that have been developed are condition-specific; these should be adapted and validated for generic use, across different health conditions. This study was conducted to measure stigma, stress, anxiety, and depression using the COVID-19 Stigma Scale-Modified (CSS-M), a modified version of the HIV Stigma Scale, among the Indian population. METHODS: A weblink-based online survey was conducted using the adapted CSS-M, along with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. Collected data were analyzed with correlation analysis, reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and convergent and divergent validity. RESULTS: With a sample size of 375, the modified scale for COVID-19 stigma showed internal consistency and a good inter-item correlation (Cronbach's alpha 0.821). Principal axis factoring with varimax rotation along with alternative parallel analysis established the two factorial structure and had valid composite reliability, discriminate validity, and partial convergent validity. CONCLUSION: We found that COVID-19 Stigma Scale-Modified is a valid measure to assess COVID-19-related stigma. The scale was found to be internally consistent with a good inter-item correlation, composite reliability, valid discriminate validity, and partial convergent validity. Specific COVID-related validated scales for stigma should be developed in the future.
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INTRODUCTION: Being ignorant or unaware is not expected in a situation like the pandemic of COVID-19 with modern internet connectivity and the era of social media. However, information overload may itself lead to health anxiety. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the predictability of health anxiety with information overload and sociodemographic profiles during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done among 400 caretakers of non-covid patients in a tertiary healthcare medical college. The consenting participants provided their sociodemographic details and responded to the short health anxiety inventory (SHAI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) and Information overload scale (IOS) for COVID-19. RESULTS: A total number of 400 participants aged 35.58 ± 10.57 years participated and out of which 88.2% acknowledged health-related anxiety and 56.8% for excessive use of social media. BAI measured anxiety was mild for 19.8%, moderate for 3.5% and severe for 3%. The linear regression analysis predicted health anxiety by three variables only: total anxiety as measured by the Beck anxiety inventory [ß = 0.416, t = 9.318, p = 0.000], information overload (rejection of information) [ß = 0.171, t = 3.126, p = 0.002], and excessive use of social media [ß = 0.124, t = 2.888, p = 0.004]. CONCLUSION: Information overload, its rejection and excessive use of social media were found to be predictive of health-related anxiety.
