Human Competence to Transmit Leishmania infantum to Lutzomyia longipalpis and the Influence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a lethal disease transmitted by sand flies. Although, considered a zoonosis with dogs held as the main reservoirs, humans are also sources of infection. Therefore, control policies currently focused on dog culling may need to consider that VL and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/VL patients may also be infectious, contributing to transmission. Reservoir competence of patients with VL without and with HIV infection and of persons asymptomatically infected with Leishmania was assessed by xenodiagnosis with the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasites in sand fly's guts were identified by using optical microscopy and by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Leishmania infantum blood parasite burden was determined by quantitative PCR. Among the 61 participants, 27 (44%) infected sand flies as seen by microscopy or PCR. When infectiousness was assessed by microscopy, xenodiagnosis was positive in five (25%) patients not infected with HIV, whereas nine (45%) of those harboring HIV were positive. Among the 19 asymptomatic patients four (21%) infected sand flies only demonstrated by PCR. One (50%) asymptomatic patient with HIV had a positive xenodiagnosis by microscopy. 9/372 (2.4%) and 37/398 (9.2%) sand flies were infected when feeding in patients without and with HIV, respectively. Infectiousness was poorly correlated with quantitative PCR. The study shows that asymptomatic humans are capable of transmitting L. infantum, that ill persons with HIV infection are more infectious to sand flies, and that humans are more important reservoirs than previously thought. This fact may be considered when designing control policies for zoonotic VL.

Delirium pós-operatório em pacientes críticos: fatores de risco e resultados / Postoperative delirium in intensive care patients: factores de riesgo y resultados / risk factors and outcome / Delirio postoperatorio en pacientes en cuidados intensivos

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O delirium pós-operatório (DPO) em pacientes cirúrgicos em terapia intensiva é um resultado independente importante e determinante. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar a incidência e os determinantes do DPO. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo de coorte realizado durante um período de 10 meses em uma unidade de recuperação pós-anestesia (URPA) com cinco leitos especializados em terapia intensiva. Todos os consecutivos pacientes adultos submetidos à cirurgia de grande porte foram incluídos. Os dados demográficos, as variáveis perioperatórias, o tempo de internação (TI) e a mortalidade na URPA, no hospital e nos 6 meses de acompanhamento foram registrados. Delirium pós-operatório foi avaliado utilizando o Checklist para triagem de delirium em terapia intensiva (Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist - ICDSC). Análises descritivas foram realizadas e o teste de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher foram usados para comparações. Análise de regressão logística avaliou os fatores determinantes do DPO com o cálculo da razão de chances (RC) e seu intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: Houve admissão de 775 pacientes adultos na URPA e 95 pacientes não atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Dos 680 pacientes restantes, 128 (18,8%) desenvolveram DPO. Os determinantes independentes de DPO identificados foram a idade, ASA-PS, cirurgia de emergência e a quantidade total de plasma fresco congelado (PFC) administrada durante a cirurgia. Os pacientes com delirium tiveram taxas mais elevadas de mortalidade, estavam mais gravemente doente e permaneceram mais tempo na URPA e no hospital. DPO foi um fator de risco independente para mortalidade hospitalar. DISCUSSÃO: A incidência de delirium foi elevada nos pacientes cirúrgicos em terapia intensiva. DPO foi associado a uma pior pontuação de gravidade da doença, tempo de permanencia mais longo no hospital e na URPA e a taxas mais elevadas de mortalidade. Os fatores de risco independentes para DPO foram a idade, ASA-PS, cirurgia de emergência e quantidade de plasma administrado durante a cirurgia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative delirium (POD) in Surgical Intensive Care patients is an important independent outcome determinant. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence and determinants of POD. METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted during a period of 10 months in a Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) with five intensive care beds. All consecutive adult patients submitted to major surgery were enrolled. Demographic data, perioperative variables, length of stay (LOS) and the mortality at PACU, hospital and at 6-months follow-up were recorded. Postoperative delirium was evaluated using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Descriptive analyses were conducted and the Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used for comparisons. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the determinants of POD with calculation of odds ratio (OR) and its confidence interval 95% (95% CI). RESULTS: There were 775 adult PACU admissions and 95 patients had exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 680 patients, 128 (18.8%) developed POD. Independent determinants of POD identified were age, ASA-PS, emergency surgery and total amount of fresh frozen plasma administered during surgery. Patients with delirium had higher mortality rates, were more severely ill and stayed longer at the PACU and in the hospital. POD was an independent risk factor for hospital mortality DISCUSSION: There was a high incidence of delirium had a high incidence in intensive care surgical patients. POD was associated with worse severity of disease scores, longer LOS in hospital, and in PACU and higher mortality rates. The independent risk factors for POD were age, ASA-PS, emergency surgery and the amount of plasma administered during surgery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El delirio postoperatorio (DPO) en pacientes quirúrgicos en cuidados intensivos es un resultado independiente y un importante determinante. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar la incidencia y los determinantes del DPO. MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo de cohorte realizado durante un período de 10 meses en una unidad de recuperación de postanestesia (URPA) con cinco camas especializadas en cuidados intensivos. Todos los pacientes adultos consecutivos que fueron sometidos a cirugía mayor fueron incluidos. Los datos demográficos, las variables perioperatorias, el tiempo de ingreso (TI) y la mortalidad en la URPA en el hospital y en los 6 meses de seguimiento quedaron registrados. El delirio postoperatorio se evaluó utilizando el Checklist para la selección de delirio en cuidados intensivos (Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist - ICDSC). Los análisis descriptivos fueron realizados y el test de Mann-Whitney, Xi-Cuadrado (Xi²) y el test exacto de Fisher fueron usados para las comparaciones. El análisis de regresión logística evaluó los factores determinantes del DPO con el cálculo de la razón de chances (RC) y su intervalo de confianza de 95% (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: La admisión fue de 775 pacientes adultos en la URPA y 95 pacientes no respetaron los criterios de inclusión. De los 680 pacientes restantes, 128 (18,8%) desarrollaron DPO. Los determinantes independientes de DPO identificados fueron la edad, ASA-PS, cirugía de emergencia y la cantidad total de plasma fresco congelado (PFC) administrado durante la cirugía. Los pacientes con delirio tuvieron tasas más elevadas de mortalidad, estaban más gravemente enfermos y permanecieron más tiempo en la URPA y en el hospital. El DPO fue un factor de riesgo independiente para la mortalidad hospitalaria. DISCUSIÓN: La incidencia de delirio fue elevada en los pacientes quirúrgicos en cuidados intensivos. El DPO estuvo asociado con una peor puntuación de gravedad de la enfermedad, tiempo de permanencia más largo en el hospital y en la URPA y tasas más elevadas de mortalidad. Los factores de riesgo independientes para DPO fueron la edad, ASA-PS, cirugía de emergencia y cantidad de plasma administrado durante la cirugía.

Postoperative delirium in intensive care patients: risk factors and outcome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative delirium (POD) in Surgical Intensive Care patients is an important independent outcome determinant. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidence and determinants of POD. METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted during a period of 10 months in a Post-Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) with five intensive care beds. All consecutive adult patients submitted to major surgery were enrolled. Demographic data, perioperative variables, length of stay (LOS) and the mortality at PACU, hospital and at 6-months follow-up were recorded. Postoperative delirium was evaluated using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). Descriptive analyses were conducted and the Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used for comparisons. Logistic regression analysis evaluated the determinants of POD with calculation of odds ratio (OR) and its confidence interval 95% (95% CI). RESULTS: There were 775 adult PACU admissions and 95 patients had exclusion criteria. Of the remaining 680 patients, 128 (18.8%) developed POD. Independent determinants of POD identified were age, ASA-PS, emergency surgery and total amount of fresh frozen plasma administered during surgery. Patients with delirium had higher mortality rates, were more severely ill and stayed longer at the PACU and in the hospital. POD was an independent risk factor for hospital mortality DISCUSSION: There was a high incidence of delirium had a high incidence in intensive care surgical patients. POD was associated with worse severity of disease scores, longer LOS in hospital, and in PACU and higher mortality rates. The independent risk factors for POD were age, ASAPS, emergency surgery and the amount of plasma administered during surgery.

Estudo quimiométrico qualitativo da polimerização de resina composta / A qualitative chemometric study of resin composite polymerization

Objetivo: O experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito que diferentes técnicas de polimerização produzem na cor da resina composta quando esta é submetida à pigmentação por solução de café. Métodos: Corpos de prova de resina TPH Spectrum foram confeccionados, polimerizando-se a resina com equipamentos de luz halógena convencional, por dois períodos de tempo (10 e 40 segundos), a zero e dez milímetros de distância da superfície da resina. Após a confecção, alguns corpos de prova foram imersos em solução de café por 24 horas, e outros, por sete dias, para avaliar a suscetibilidade ao manchamento. Dez avaliadores classificaram os corpos de prova em ordem decrescente de manchamento. Resultados: Os corpos de prova que foram polimerizados por 10 segundos mostraram-se mais suscetíveis ao manchamento pelo café que aqueles que foram polimerizados por 40 segundos. Os corpos de prova que ficaram imersos em café por sete dias mostraram-se mais suscetíveis ao manchamento pelo café que aqueles cujo período de imersão foi de 24 horas. Conclusão: As variáveis tempo de polimerização e tempo de imersão em café foram determinantes na estabilidade de cor da resina composta estudada. Entretanto, a distância entre a ponta emissora da fonte de luz e a superfície da resina não se mostrou significativa quanto à estabilidade de cor

Objective: An experiment was carried out to assess the effect produced by different polymerization techniques on resin composite color after it has been immersed in coffee. Methods: Samples were manufactured using TPH Spectrum composite. It was polymerized for 10 or 40 seconds, with the light tip at one or zero millimeters from the resin surface, and afterwards the samples were immersed in coffee for 24 hours or 7 days. Ten different evaluators classified the samples according to their degree of staining. Results: The samples that were polymerized for 10 seconds were more susceptible to staining than the ones polymerized by 40 seconds. Samples immersed in coffee for 7 days were more susceptible to staining than the ones immersed for 24 hours. Conclusion: The variables polymerization time and immersion time were determinant in the staining susceptibility of the studied composite by coffee. However, there was no significant difference, irrespective of whether the resin was polymerized 10 or zero millimeters away from the resin surface.