Water Management Interventions, Organic Fertilization, and Harvest Time in Dry Land in the Biosaline Production of Cactus Pear.

Brackish water can promote physicochemical changes in the soil. Aiming to mitigate the effect of excess salts in the soil, the use of organic matter promotes restructuring. The aim was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics of cactus pear under different brackish water depths (ID) and levels of organic matter (OM). A factorial arrangement of 4 × 4 × 4 with four replications was utilized. Plots consisted of ID (0, 12, 20, and 28% reference evapotranspiration-ETo), and subplots were composed of OM levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 t/ha) and days after planting (DAP; 180, 270, 360, and 450 days). The growth, yield, and chemical composition of cactus pear were affected by ID and OM and/or by their interaction. The regular and increasing application of ID from 192 to 456 mm/year and a rainfall of 110 mm/year in cactus pear crops in biosaline systems improves the growth, freshness, dry matter yields, accumulation capacity per unit area, and chemical composition of cactus pear. The increase in OM up to the range from 30 to 45 Mg/ha linearly increases the agronomic performance of cactus pear. Biosaline systems with cactus pear should be adopted with the combined use of regular supplementary ID and OM, measuring at 304 mm/year and 45 Mg/ha, respectively.

By-Products of the Babassu Agribusiness for Ruminant Diets.

The use of babassu agro-industrial residues in animal feed, in addition to being an economic option of great importance in reducing the environmental impact in regions of the Brazilian Cerrado, provides the production of good quality foods of animal origin due to its nutritional characteristics. However, information related to the nutritional components of babassu by-industrial residues has not yet been sufficiently explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of some by-products from the babassu production chain through chemical composition and in situ degradability analyses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design, with 4 by-products from babassu processing (cake, greasy, fine flour, and 95 µm flour) and 5 replications. The by-products differ in terms of chemical composition, except for the hemicellulose content. For the degradability of fraction "a" of dry matter, it presented a higher percentage for 95 µm flour. Fine flour and 95 µm flour presented the highest fractions "b" and "c," potential, and effective degradability of dry matter. For the degradation of crude protein, the highest percentages of potential and effective degradability were observed for greasy and 95 µm flour. The highest standardized potentially degradable fraction and the highest passage rate were obtained by 95 µm flour, which also showed greater degradation for dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber. Among the by-products studied, the babassu cake has superior chemical composition; however, the 95 µm flour presented nutritional value and satisfactory rumen degradation to be used as an additive or in partial replacement of traditional concentrates.

Nutritional strategies, performance, digestibility, and carcass traits of Santa Ines and Rabo Largo breeds in a tropical climate.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance, intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, carcass traits, and the yield of commercial cuts of Santa Ines (SI) and Rabo Largo (RL) breeds fed diets with high or low roughage-to-concentrate ratio (R:C) under a tropical climate. Twenty lambs from each breed were individually housed in covered pens and fed the experimental diets for 58 days. The diets were formulated to meet the growth requirements of lambs with a roughage-to-concentrate ratio of 70:30 and 30:70. Significant interactions of breed × diet for nutrient intake were observed (P < 0.05), with SI lambs fed low R:C diet showing higher intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates compared to RL lambs fed the same diet. SI lambs fed high R:C diet had higher intake of neutral detergent fiber than RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI lambs displayed better average daily gain and feed efficiency, regardless of diet (P < 0.05). Carcass traits and gastrointestinal components were influenced by breed and diet (P < 0.05). SI lambs fed low R:C diet showed higher subcutaneous fat thickness and better carcass finishing compared to RL lambs (P < 0.05). SI breed lambs exhibited better growth performance, carcass traits, and gastrointestinal characteristics, even when fed diets with a high roughage-to-concentrate ratio.

Analysis of variables inherent to the dynamics of the practice of vaquejada to determine its influence on the result obtained in the competition / Análise de variáveis inerentes à dinâmica da prática da vaquejada para determinação de sua influência sobre o resultado obtido na competição

The objective of this work was to evaluate several attempts to knock down neats and to correlate the success obtained with actions performed by the horse/rider sets through an analysis of public domain videos of vaquejadas. Approximately 300 videos were considered, and the groups were evaluated according to the competition category, that is, amateur/aspirant and professional, and the animals used in the test, that is, pulling or tracking of the neat. It was found that for the pull set in the professional competition category, only the characteristics of directing the cow on the track, and the guiding behavior and positioning in the pull were significant (p<0.01), while for the amateur/aspirant category, the characteristics of remaining in the pull after falling of the cattle and of the behavior at the gate had an effect (p<0.01). The characteristic of remaining in the pull after the fall of the neats, in the category of professional pulling athletes, exists in greater prevalence during the competition with 85.3%, while the characteristic of directing the neat to the side of the track is performed by 87.6% of the competitors. For the set used to track the cattle, the values of the dimensions 1 and 2 were 96.56% and 3.43%, respectively, which is 99.9% of the total variance of the data based on those selected for the final result of "earn the ox". The use of multiple diversity analysis in this study of variables associated with the vaquejada set proved to be quite advantageous, and there was not much variation in the elements obtained with a greater weight in the determination of the final result.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar por meio de análise de vídeos de domínio público de competições de vaquejadas, diversas tentativas de derrubada de rezes e correlacionar o êxito obtido com ações desempenhadas pelos conjuntos cavalo/ cavaleiro. Foram considerados aproximadamente 300 vídeos, sendo os grupos avaliados quanto à categoria de competição, Amador/Aspirante e Profissional, e aos animais utilizados na prova, Puxar ou Esteirar a rês. Verificou-se que para o conjunto de puxar, da categoria profissional de competição, apenas as características de direcionamento da rês na pista, comportamento na condução e posicionamento na puxada foram significativos (p<0,01), enquanto para a categoria amador/ aspirante houve efeito (p<0,01) para a característica de permanecer ou não na puxada após queda da rês e para o comportamento na porteira. A característica, permanecer na puxada após a queda da rês, na categoria de atletas puxadores profissionais, existe em maior prevalência em ações durante a prova com 85,3% dos casos, enquanto a característica de direcionar a rês para a lateral da pista é realizada por 87,6% dos competidores. Para o conjunto utilizado para esteirar a rês, os valores das dimensões 1 e 2 foram de 96,56% e 3,43%, respectivamente, totalizando 99,9% da variância total dos dados com base nos critérios selecionados para o resultado final de "Valeu o boi". O uso da análise de correspondência múltipla no estudo de variáveis associadas ao sucesso em competições de vaquejada mostrou-se bastante eficaz, no que tange a diminuição do universo de elementos com maior peso de determinação no resultado final obtido.(AU)

Physiological responses, water consumption, and feeding behaviour of lamb breeds fed diets containing different proportions of concentrate

The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.(AU)

Physiological responses, water consumption, and feeding behaviour of lamb breeds fed diets containing different proportions of concentrate

The use of adapted breeds, such as Santa Inês, is of paramount importance for regions with high temperatures because they develop efficient mechanisms for heat dissipation. Furthermore, some breeds have physiological adaptations, such as more efficient mechanisms for the digestion of fibrous foods (e.g. Rabo Largo), which can reduce the harmful effects of semiarid environments. We studied the ingestive behaviour, water consumption, and physiological parameters during feeding of two native sheep breeds fed diets containing high (700 g/kg DM; HC diet) or low (300 g/kg DM; LC diet) percentages of concentrates, based on dry matter (DM). A total of 40 uncastrated male lambs (20 Rabo Largo [breed 1] and 20 Santa Inês [breed 2], with an average body weight of 16.68 ± 2.78 kg, and 19.29 kg ± 3.28 kg, respectively), were distributed in a randomised block design in a two-by-two factorial scheme (breeds × diets) with 10 repetitions. Santa Inês lambs consumed and ruminated DM (P = 0.029 for both) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF; P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively) more efficiently than RaboLargo lambs, while the latter showed an increase in respiratory rate (+19 breaths/min) and rectal temperature (+1.3 °C) compared to the Santa Inês lambs (P = 0.001). The HC diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) the feeding behaviour of the animals, reflecting the higher (P < 0.05) water consumption. The results showed that diets rich in concentrate negatively affected the thermoregulation of lambs. Santa Inês have greater feed and thermoregulatory efficiency than Rabo Largo lambs under conditions of heat stress in the feedlot.

Rumen fermentation and metabolic profile of rams fed with diets amended cottonseed cake.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg-1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg-1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg-1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL-1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL-1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL-1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia-nitrogen without affecting the animal's health.

Fermentative profile, losses and chemical composition of silage soybean genotypes amended with sugarcane levels.

The experiment aimed to evaluate the fermentative and nutritional profile of the silage of four soybean plant genotypes (BRS 333 RR, Pampeanas: C50, C60, and C70) ensiled with levels of sugarcane (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, in factorial scheme 4 × 5 (four soybean genotypes and five levels of sugarcane inclusion) with four replicates. Silages with 100% soybean plant presented the highest levels of butyric acid (P < 0.001) and ammoniacal nitrogen (P < 0.047); however, the intermediate addition of sugarcane contributed to lactic fermentation (P < 0.001). Besides, there was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for the recovery of dry matter, which ranged from 83.28 to 95.29%, with higher values observed for silage with the same proportions of soybean plant and sugarcane. It was verified that the crude protein content exhibited decreasing linear effects (P < 0.001), varying among 4.60 to 7.48% in the silages. It was concluded that the highest recovery of dry matter, the best fermentation profile, and the highest levels of crude protein and digestibility occurred in the inclusion between 25 and 50% of sugarcane in soybean silage, with the superiority of the C50 soybean genotype.

Effects of the dietary inclusion of babassu oil or buriti oil on lamb performance, meat quality and fatty acid composition.

The effects of adding babassu oil (BAO) or buriti oil (BUO) to lamb diets, on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated. Feeding BAO reduced (P = .02) dry matter intake, kidney fat and dressing percentage, but did not change energy intake and performance. Meat pH, color, protein content and sensorial evaluation were not affected by diet. However, BUO increased (P = .02) intramuscular and subcutaneous fat contents, but decreased shear force. BAO increased (P < .05) trans-monounsaturated FA, total biohydrogenation intermediates (BHI) and the t10:t11 ratio, in meat and subcutaneous fat, but decreased total FA and cis-monounsaturated FA, did not change SFA, and increased (P = .04) PUFA in meat. BUO supplementation promoted the highest (P < .05) SFA and total FA content in subcutaneous fat but did not change PUFA. BAO can be used as an alternative energy source for growing lambs, but does not improve the meat FA composition.

Nutritional value of dehydrated maize straw ammoniated with urea / Valor nutricional da palha da espiga de milho desidratada amonizada com ureia

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradation dry matter of maize straw ammoniated with urea. This was a completely randomized design with five levels of ammoniation (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8% dry matter), with five repetitions. There was effect (P<0.05) of the ammoniation process on the retention of nitrogen in maize straw. For each 1% utilization of urea, we observed a reduction of 1.57% nitrogen retention. The dry matter content was not influenced (P>0.05) by the ammoniation; straw presented a mean value of 75%. In turn, the crude protein content increased (P<0.05) with ammoniation, increasing from 2.74% in the straw without treatment to 10 and 11% with the levels of 6 and 8% urea, respectively. For each 1% urea used, we found a reduction (P<0.05) of 0.65% in the neutral detergent fiber content of maize straw. The acid detergent fiber presented effect (P<0.05) in response to ammoniation. The technique provided a reduction of 0.69% acid detergent fiber for each 1% urea used. For dry matter degradation, we observed an increase in the soluble fraction up to the level of 6% urea. The ammoniation process favored the increase in the dry matter degradation rate of maize straw. It is recommended to conduct the ammoniation process in maize straw with 6% urea.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico bromatológica e degradação in situ da matéria seca da palha de milho amonizada com ureia. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de amonização (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8% da matéria seca), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se efeito (P<0,05) do processo de amonização sobre a retenção de nitrogênio na palha de milho. Para cada 1% de utilização da uréia foi observado redução de 1,57% de retenção de nitrogênio. O teor de matéria seca não foi influenciada (P>0,05) pelo processo de amonização, a palha apresentou valor médio de 75%. Já o teor de proteína bruta aumentou (P<0,05) com a amonização, elevando valores de 2,74% da palha sem tratamento para 10 e 11% com os níveis de 6 e 8% de uréia, respectivamente. Para cada 1% de uréia utilizado foi observado redução (P<0,05) de 0,65% no teor de fibra em detergente neutro da palha do milho. A fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeito (P<0,05) em resposta à amonização. A técnica proporcionou redução de 0,69% de fibra em detergente ácido para cada 1% de ureia utilizada. Para a degradação da matéria seca foi observado aumento na fração solúvel até o nível de 6% de ureia. O processo de amonização favoreceu o aumento na taxa de degradação da matéria seca da palha de milho. Recomenda-se que o processo de amonização na palha de milho seja realizado com níveis de 6% de ureia.(AU)

Nutritional value of dehydrated maize straw ammoniated with urea / Valor nutricional da palha da espiga de milho desidratada amonizada com ureia

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and in situ degradation dry matter of maize straw ammoniated with urea. This was a completely randomized design with five levels of ammoniation (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8% dry matter), with five repetitions. There was effect (P0.05) by the ammoniation; straw presented a mean value of 75%. In turn, the crude protein content increased (P<0.05) with ammoniation, increasing from 2.74% in the straw without treatment to 10 and 11% with the levels of 6 and 8% urea, respectively. For each 1% urea used, we found a reduction (P<0.05) of 0.65% in the neutral detergent fiber content of maize straw. The acid detergent fiber presented effect (P<0.05) in response to ammoniation. The technique provided a reduction of 0.69% acid detergent fiber for each 1% urea used. For dry matter degradation, we observed an increase in the soluble fraction up to the level of 6% urea. The ammoniation process favored the increase in the dry matter degradation rate of maize straw. It is recommended to conduct the ammoniation process in maize straw with 6% urea.

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição químico bromatológica e degradação in situ da matéria seca da palha de milho amonizada com ureia. Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco níveis de amonização (0; 2; 4; 6 e 8% da matéria seca), com cinco repetições. Verificou-se efeito (P0,05) pelo processo de amonização, a palha apresentou valor médio de 75%. Já o teor de proteína bruta aumentou (P<0,05) com a amonização, elevando valores de 2,74% da palha sem tratamento para 10 e 11% com os níveis de 6 e 8% de uréia, respectivamente. Para cada 1% de uréia utilizado foi observado redução (P<0,05) de 0,65% no teor de fibra em detergente neutro da palha do milho. A fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeito (P<0,05) em resposta à amonização. A técnica proporcionou redução de 0,69% de fibra em detergente ácido para cada 1% de ureia utilizada. Para a degradação da matéria seca foi observado aumento na fração solúvel até o nível de 6% de ureia. O processo de amonização favoreceu o aumento na taxa de degradação da matéria seca da palha de milho. Recomenda-se que o processo de amonização na palha de milho seja realizado com níveis de 6% de ureia.

Digestibility markers of sheep diets containing hydrolyzed sugarcane-top hay / Indicadores de digestibilidade de dietas para ovinos contendo feno de ponta de canade-açúcar hidrolisado

This experiment evaluated the correlation between the estimates of fecal digestibility and dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nutrients obtained using internal (indigestibles dry materiDM, neutral detergent fiber-iNDF, acid detergent fiber-iADF and acid detergent ligniniADL) and external (chromium oxide-Cr2O3, titanium dioxide-TiO2, and purified and enriched lignin from eucalyptus-LIPE®) markers and the values obtained by the total feces collection method. Twenty uncastrated male sheep, with 29.64±5.53 kg average live weight; approximately 12 months old, were kept in metabolic cages and fed diets containing untreated sugarcane-top hay or sugarcane-top hay hydrolyzed with 3 and 6% urea or 1.5 and 3% calcium oxide (CaO). There was a positive correlation (P<.05) between the fecal production estimated by the markers and via total feces collection, with coefficients higher than 90% for iDM, Cr2O3, and TiO2. The DMD and nutrients estimated with the use of markers was positively correlated (P<.05) with that obtained by total feces collection. Coefficients of correlation for digestibility obtained by total collection were higher than those obtained with Cr2O3, but close to those obtained using TiO2. The coefficient of correlation between the digestibility of protein and fiber fraction estimated with iDM and iNDF and that obtained by total collection was higher than 70%. Internal marker iDM and external markers Cr2O3 and TiO2 are effective in estimating fecal production and DMD and nutrients.

Avaliou-se a correlação das estimativas de produção fecal e digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) e nutrientes obtidas por indicadores internos (matéria seca-MSi, fibra em detergente neutro-FDNi, fibra em detergente ácido-FDAi e lignina em detergente ácido-LDAi indigestíveis) e externos (óxido de cromo-Cr2O3, dióxido de titânio-TiO2 e lignina purificada e enriquecida de eucalipto-LIPE®) com valores obtidos pelo método de coleta total de fezes. Utilizaram-se 20 ovinos, machos, não castrados, com 29,64 ± 5,53 kg de peso vivo médio e aos 12 meses de idade, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas e alimentados com rações compostas por feno de ponta de cana-de-açúcar não tratado ou hidrolisado com 3 e 6% de ureia ou 1,5 e 3% de óxido de cálcio (CaO). Houve correlação positiva (P<0,05) da produção fecal estimada pelos indicadores com a coleta total de fezes, com coeficientes maiores de 90% para MSi, Cr2O3 e TiO2. A digestibilidade da MS e de nutrientes estimada a partir do uso de indicadores correlacionou-se positivamente com a obtida pela coleta total de fezes. Maiores coeficientes de correlação foram obtidos para a digestibilidade por coleta total em relação ao Cr2O3, com valores aproximados aos obtidos para TiO2. Quanto aos indicadores internos MSi e FDNi, a digestibilidade da proteína e fração fibrosa apresentou coeficiente de correlação com a digestibilidade por coleta total superior a 70%. O indicador interno MSi e os externos Cr2O3 e TiO2 são eficazes na estimativa da produção fecal e digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes.

Degradabilidade ruminal de casca de vagem de feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L. ) amonizada com ureia / Ruminal degradability of shell of pods of the lima bean (“Phaseolus lunatus” L. ) ammoniated with urea

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro de casca de vagem de feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) não amonizada (controle) ou amonizada com três níveis de ureia (2; 4 e 6%, com base na matéria seca). Foram utilizados três bovinos Girolandos providos de cânula ruminal, com peso vivo médio 400±5,3 kg, cada. A amonização das cascas de feijão-fava com 6% de ureia resultou em maiores teores de proteína bruta (15,7%) e degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (91,7%). A degradação potencial da matéria seca aumentou (P<0,05) com o tempo de incubação, atingindo 85,1% às 48 h de incubação, embora a amonização não tenha promovido alterações relevantes na cinética de degradação ruminal deste constituinte. Quanto à cinética de degradação ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro, a amonização com 6% de ureia reduziu em cerca de 1 h o tempo de latência (lag time), no entanto, este efeito não influenciou os demais parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro, com taxa de degradação compatível com as características de alimentos fibrosos. A casca de feijão-fava apresenta elevada taxa de degradação, consistindo em um alimento volumoso de boa qualidade, apesar de consistir resíduo de cultura. A amonização de casca de feijão-fava com ureia não promove melhoria na degradabilidade da matéria seca, embora proporcione elevação do teor de nitrogênio total disponível aos microrganismos do rúmen e melhore a degradabilidade da fibra em detergente neutro, sendo o nível de 6 % mais indicado para o tratamento desse volumoso.

This study aimed to evaluate the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ruminal degradability of shell pods of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) ammoniated with four levels of urea (0; 2; 4 and 6% in dry matter basis). Three adult cattle Girolando breed, with 400±5,3kg of body weight fistulated with ruminal cannula were utilized. Ammoniation of shell of pods of the lima bean as 6% urea resulted in higher crude protein content (15.7%) of shell pods and degradability of crude protein (91.7%). Potential degradation of dry matter increased (P<0.05) with the incubation time, reaching 85.1% at 48 h of incubation, although the ammoniation not promoted significant changes in ruminal degradation kinetics of this constituent. Regarding the kinetics of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber, ammoniation with 6% urea decreased by approximately 1 h in the lag time, although no influence has verified to other parameters of neutral detergent fiber degradation, with degradation rate compatible with the characteristics of fibrous feeds (about 3% h−1). The lima bean shell pods of presents high degradation rate, consisting in a bulky feed of good quality, although considered a waste of culture. Ammoniation of shell pods of lima bean with urea does not promote improvement in dry matter degradability, although result in improvement of total nitrogen available to microrganisms in the rumen, with improve the neutral detergent fiber degradability, and the level of 6% more suitable for treatment in this bulky.

Degradabilidade ruminal de casca de vagem de feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L. ) amonizada com ureia / Ruminal degradability of shell of pods of the lima bean (“Phaseolus lunatus” L. ) ammoniated with urea

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro de casca de vagem de feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) não amonizada (controle) ou amonizada com três níveis de ureia (2; 4 e 6%, com base na matéria seca). Foram utilizados três bovinos Girolandos providos de cânula ruminal, com peso vivo médio 400±5,3 kg, cada. A amonização das cascas de feijão-fava com 6% de ureia resultou em maiores teores de proteína bruta (15,7%) e degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (91,7%). A degradação potencial da matéria seca aumentou (P<0,05) com o tempo de incubação, atingindo 85,1% às 48 h de incubação, embora a amonização não tenha promovido alterações relevantes na cinética de degradação ruminal deste constituinte. Quanto à cinética de degradação ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro, a amonização com 6% de ureia reduziu em cerca de 1 h o tempo de latência (lag time), no entanto, este efeito não influenciou os demais parâmetros de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro, com taxa de degradação compatível com as características de alimentos fibrosos. A casca de feijão-fava apresenta elevada taxa de degradação, consistindo em um alimento volumoso de boa qualidade, apesar de consistir resíduo de cultura. A amonização de casca de feijão-fava com ureia não promove melhoria na degradabilidade da matéria seca, embora proporcione elevação do teor de nitrogênio total disponível aos microrganismos do rúmen e melhore a degradabilidade da fibra em detergente neutro, sendo o nível de 6 % mais indicado para o tratamento desse volumoso.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ruminal degradability of shell pods of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) ammoniated with four levels of urea (0; 2; 4 and 6% in dry matter basis). Three adult cattle Girolando breed, with 400±5,3kg of body weight fistulated with ruminal cannula were utilized. Ammoniation of shell of pods of the lima bean as 6% urea resulted in higher crude protein content (15.7%) of shell pods and degradability of crude protein (91.7%). Potential degradation of dry matter increased (P<0.05) with the incubation time, reaching 85.1% at 48 h of incubation, although the ammoniation not promoted significant changes in ruminal degradation kinetics of this constituent. Regarding the kinetics of ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber, ammoniation with 6% urea decreased by approximately 1 h in the lag time, although no influence has verified to other parameters of neutral detergent fiber degradation, with degradation rate compatible with the characteristics of fibrous feeds (about 3% h−1). The lima bean shell pods of presents high degradation rate, consisting in a bulky feed of good quality, although considered a waste of culture. Ammoniation of shell pods of lima bean with urea does not promote improvement in dry matter degradability, although result in improvement of total nitrogen available to microrganisms in the rumen, with improve the neutral detergent fiber degradability, and the level of 6% more suitable for treatment in this bulky.(AU)

Digestibility markers of sheep diets containing hydrolyzed sugarcane-top hay / Indicadores de digestibilidade de dietas para ovinos contendo feno de ponta de canade-açúcar hidrolisado

This experiment evaluated the correlation between the estimates of fecal digestibility and dry matter digestibility (DMD) and nutrients obtained using internal (indigestibles dry materiDM, neutral detergent fiber-iNDF, acid detergent fiber-iADF and acid detergent ligniniADL) and external (chromium oxide-Cr2O3, titanium dioxide-TiO2, and purified and enriched lignin from eucalyptus-LIPE®) markers and the values obtained by the total feces collection method. Twenty uncastrated male sheep, with 29.64±5.53 kg average live weight; approximately 12 months old, were kept in metabolic cages and fed diets containing untreated sugarcane-top hay or sugarcane-top hay hydrolyzed with 3 and 6% urea or 1.5 and 3% calcium oxide (CaO). There was a positive correlation (P<.05) between the fecal production estimated by the markers and via total feces collection, with coefficients higher than 90% for iDM, Cr2O3, and TiO2. The DMD and nutrients estimated with the use of markers was positively correlated (P<.05) with that obtained by total feces collection. Coefficients of correlation for digestibility obtained by total collection were higher than those obtained with Cr2O3, but close to those obtained using TiO2. The coefficient of correlation between the digestibility of protein and fiber fraction estimated with iDM and iNDF and that obtained by total collection was higher than 70%. Internal marker iDM and external markers Cr2O3 and TiO2 are effective in estimating fecal production and DMD and nutrients.(AU)

Avaliou-se a correlação das estimativas de produção fecal e digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) e nutrientes obtidas por indicadores internos (matéria seca-MSi, fibra em detergente neutro-FDNi, fibra em detergente ácido-FDAi e lignina em detergente ácido-LDAi indigestíveis) e externos (óxido de cromo-Cr2O3, dióxido de titânio-TiO2 e lignina purificada e enriquecida de eucalipto-LIPE®) com valores obtidos pelo método de coleta total de fezes. Utilizaram-se 20 ovinos, machos, não castrados, com 29,64 ± 5,53 kg de peso vivo médio e aos 12 meses de idade, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas e alimentados com rações compostas por feno de ponta de cana-de-açúcar não tratado ou hidrolisado com 3 e 6% de ureia ou 1,5 e 3% de óxido de cálcio (CaO). Houve correlação positiva (P<0,05) da produção fecal estimada pelos indicadores com a coleta total de fezes, com coeficientes maiores de 90% para MSi, Cr2O3 e TiO2. A digestibilidade da MS e de nutrientes estimada a partir do uso de indicadores correlacionou-se positivamente com a obtida pela coleta total de fezes. Maiores coeficientes de correlação foram obtidos para a digestibilidade por coleta total em relação ao Cr2O3, com valores aproximados aos obtidos para TiO2. Quanto aos indicadores internos MSi e FDNi, a digestibilidade da proteína e fração fibrosa apresentou coeficiente de correlação com a digestibilidade por coleta total superior a 70%. O indicador interno MSi e os externos Cr2O3 e TiO2 são eficazes na estimativa da produção fecal e digestibilidade da MS e nutrientes.(AU)

Supplementation of sheep with increasing levels of crude protein: performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae in Brachiaria brizantha Xaraés pasture / Suplementação de ovinos com teores crescentes de proteína bruta: desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos em pasto de capim-Xaraés

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of protein (15, 25, and 35%) on Xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha ‘Xaraés) pastures. Fifteen Santa Inês crossbred sheep, with an average age of approximately five months and average initial weight of 14.63 kg, were used in the experiment. The feeding behavior (grazing and idle times) of animals was found to be influenced by the supplementation provided. The highest level of supplementation provided to the animals reduced their grazing time. The different levels of supplementation influenced the average daily gain and total final body weight gain of the sheep in Xaraés grass pastures. A significant difference was observed in the presence of parasitic larvae in the Xaraés grass pastures depending on different protein levels throughout the regrowth period. The number of larvae in feces was influenced by the protein content of the supplement, and varied throughout the pasture rest period. Animals showed a decrease in the number of larvae as their dietary crude protein (CP) content was increased. Supplementation with high protein, together with the action of vermifuge, increased the performance of sheep and reduced their parasite load and grazing time in Xaraés grass pastures.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos de ovinos suplementados com níveis crescentes de proteína em pasto de capim-Xaraés. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (níveis de proteína 15, 25 e 35%). Foram utilizados 15 ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente cinco meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 14,63 kg. As atividades de comportamento ingestivo (tempo de pastejo e ócio) dos animais foram influenciadas pela suplementação fornecida. O maior nível de suplementação fornecido aos animais reduziu o tempo de pastejo. Os diferentes níveis de suplementações fornecida aos animais influenciou o ganho médio diário e o ganho de peso total final corporal, dos ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-Xaraés. Observou-se influência das suplementações sobre a presença e número de larvas no pasto. Os animais apresentaram redução do número de larvas com o aumento do teor de PB na dieta. A suplementação com alto teor proteico, juntamente com a ação do vermífugo, aumentou o desempenho dos ovinos e reduziu a carga parasitária e o tempo de pastejo dos animais mantidos em capim-Xaraés, contudo, há a necessidade de uma análise econômica, visto que o alto teor de compostos nitrogenados na dieta pode tornar o sistema inviável.(AU)

Supplementation of sheep with increasing levels of crude protein: performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae in Brachiaria brizantha Xaraés pasture / Suplementação de ovinos com teores crescentes de proteína bruta: desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos em pasto de capim-Xaraés

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of protein (15, 25, and 35%) on Xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha ‘Xaraés’) pastures. Fifteen Santa Inês crossbred sheep, with an average age of approximately five months and average initial weight of 14.63 kg, were used in the experiment. The feeding behavior (grazing and idle times) of animals was found to be influenced by the supplementation provided. The highest level of supplementation provided to the animals reduced their grazing time. The different levels of supplementation influenced the average daily gain and total final body weight gain of the sheep in Xaraés grass pastures. A significant difference was observed in the presence of parasitic larvae in the Xaraés grass pastures depending on different protein levels throughout the regrowth period. The number of larvae in feces was influenced by the protein content of the supplement, and varied throughout the pasture rest period. Animals showed a decrease in the number of larvae as their dietary crude protein (CP) content was increased. Supplementation with high protein, together with the action of vermifuge, increased the performance of sheep and reduced their parasite load and grazing time in Xaraés grass pastures.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos de ovinos suplementados com níveis crescentes de proteína em pasto de capim-Xaraés. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (níveis de proteína 15, 25 e 35%). Foram utilizados 15 ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente cinco meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 14,63 kg. As atividades de comportamento ingestivo (tempo de pastejo e ócio) dos animais foram influenciadas pela suplementação fornecida. O maior nível de suplementação fornecido aos animais reduziu o tempo de pastejo. Os diferentes níveis de suplementações fornecida aos animais influenciou o ganho médio diário e o ganho de peso total final corporal, dos ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-Xaraés. Observou-se influência das suplementações sobre a presença e número de larvas no pasto. Os animais apresentaram redução do número de larvas com o aumento do teor de PB na dieta. A suplementação com alto teor proteico, juntamente com a ação do vermífugo, aumentou o desempenho dos ovinos e reduziu a carga parasitária e o tempo de pastejo dos animais mantidos em capim-Xaraés, contudo, há a necessidade de uma análise econômica, visto que o alto teor de compostos nitrogenados na dieta pode tornar o sistema inviável.

Supplementation of sheep with increasing levels of crude protein: performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae in Brachiaria brizantha Xaraés pasture / Suplementação de ovinos com teores crescentes de proteína bruta: desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos em pasto de capim-Xaraés

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance, animal behavior, and contamination and spread of nematode larvae of sheep supplemented with increasing levels of protein (15, 25, and 35%) on Xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha Xaraés) pastures. Fifteen Santa Inês crossbred sheep, with an average age of approximately five months and average initial weight of 14.63 kg, were used in the experiment. The feeding behavior (grazing and idle times) of animals was found to be influenced by the supplementation provided. The highest level of supplementation provided to the animals reduced their grazing time. The different levels of supplementation influenced the average daily gain and total final body weight gain of the sheep in Xaraés grass pastures. A significant difference was observed in the presence of parasitic larvae in the Xaraés grass pastures depending on different protein levels throughout the regrowth period. The number of larvae in feces was influenced by the protein content of the supplement, and varied throughout the pasture rest period. Animals showed a decrease in the number of larvae as their dietary crude protein (CP) content was increased. Supplementation with high protein, together with the action of vermifuge, increased the performance of sheep and reduced their parasite load and grazing time in Xaraés grass pastures.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho, comportamento animal e a contaminação e distribuição de larvas de nematódeos de ovinos suplementados com níveis crescentes de proteína em pasto de capim-Xaraés. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (níveis de proteína 15, 25 e 35%). Foram utilizados 15 ovinos mestiços da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente cinco meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 14,63 kg. As atividades de comportamento ingestivo (tempo de pastejo e ócio) dos animais foram influenciadas pela suplementação fornecida. O maior nível de suplementação fornecido aos animais reduziu o tempo de pastejo. Os diferentes níveis de suplementações fornecida aos animais influenciou o ganho médio diário e o ganho de peso total final corporal, dos ovinos mantidos em pastos de capim-Xaraés. Observou-se influência das suplementações sobre a presença e número de larvas no pasto. Os animais apresentaram redução do número de larvas com o aumento do teor de PB na dieta. A suplementação com alto teor proteico, juntamente com a ação do vermífugo, aumentou o desempenho dos ovinos e reduziu a carga parasitária e o tempo de pastejo dos animais mantidos em capim-Xaraés, contudo, há a necessidade de uma análise econômica, visto que o alto teor de compostos nitrogenados na dieta pode tornar o sistema inviável.

Intake, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, and Ruminal Constituents of Crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês Sheep Fed Diets with Babassu Mesocarp Flour.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal constituents of sheep in response to the addition of increasing levels of babassu mesocarp flour (BMF) to the diet. Twenty crossbred sheep (29.17 ± 2.23 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design. Lambs were confined for 21 days, with 16 days for diet adaptation and 5 days for data collection, in which they were fed an isonitrogenous diet (16.5 ± 0.2 CP, DM basis) containing 70% of concentrate and 30% (DM basis) of Tifton 85 hay. Increasing levels of BMF were 0, 10, 20, and 30% (DM basis). There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) on the DM intake, nutrients intake, and digestibility of CP and NFC. The digestibility of DM, OM, TC, and NDF decreased linearly, while EE digestibility increased linearly with increasing levels of BMF. The high NDF content presented in the chemical composition of the babassu mesocarp flour ranked the same as fibrous food, which can limit the inclusion in the diet of high production animals. So, babassu mesocarp flour is an alternative for energy source in lambs feed and can be added at levels up to 10%.

Increasing levels of concentrate digestibility, performance and ingestive behavior in lambs / Teores de concentrado sobre a digestibilidade, desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros

The objectives of this research were to determine the effects increasing levels of concentrate on nutrients digestibility, performance, economic viability of diets and ingestive behavior of lambs. Fifteen crossbred lambs were used in a randomized complete block design according to initial body weight and age. Lambs were penned individually during 55 days, being 10 days for adaptation of diets and 45 days for data collection. The treatments consisted in three isonitrogenous diets with increasing levels of concentrate: 40, 60, or 80%, in dry matter basis. No effect (P >  0.05) were observed on dry matter intake, crude protein intake, crude protein digestibility and neutral detergent fiber digestibility, whereas the dry matter digestibility was lower (P 0.01) for lambs fed diets with 40% of concentrate. The addition of 80% concentrate decreased (P 0.05) neutral detergent fiber intake, however this treatment provided higher average daily gain, followed by 60 and 40% of concentrate. In relation to feeding behavior, the animals fed 80% concentrate spent more time with feeding

Os objetivos com este experimento foram avaliar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o desempenho produtivo, viabilidade econômica das dietas, assim como o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros terminados em confinamento recebendo dietas com a inclusão de três teores de concentrado. Quinze cordeiros machos não-castrados, sem padrão racial definido (SPRD) foram distribuídos em blocos casualizados de acordo com a idade e peso inicial. Os animais foram confinados por um período de 55 dias, sendo dez dias de adaptação e 45 para coleta dos dados. Os tratamentos consistiram em três dietas isonitrogenadas com diferentes teores de concentrado: 40%; 60% e 80%, com base na matéria seca. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB), assim como a digestibilidade da PB e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) não foram alterados (P>0,05) com a inclusão de concentrado na dieta. Os animais alimentados com 40% de concentrado apresentaram menor (P 0,01) digestibilidade da MS. A adição de 80% de concentrado na dieta reduziu (P 0,01) o consumo de FDN, porém proporcionou maior (P 0,01) ganho de peso médio diário dos animais, seguido pelos tratamentos com 60% e 40% de concentrado. Em relação ao comportamento ingestivo, os animais alimentados com 80% de concentrado apresentaram maior tempo gasto com alimentação (P 0,05). Dietas com altos teores de concentrado (60 80%) aument