Analgesia by fascia manipulation is mediated by peripheral and spinal adenosine A1 receptor in a mouse model of peripheral inflammation.

The role of adenosine receptors in fascial manipulation-induced analgesia has not yet been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in the antihyperalgesic effect of plantar fascia manipulation (PFM), specifically in mice with peripheral inflammation. Mice injected with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) underwent behavioral, i.e. mechanical hyperalgesia and edema. The mice underwent PFM for either 3, 9 or 15 min. Response frequency to mechanical stimuli was then assessed at 24 and 96 h after plantar CFA injection. The adenosinergic receptors were assessed by systemic (intraperitoneal, i.p.), central (intrathecal, i.t.), and peripheral (intraplantar, i.pl.) administration of caffeine. The participation of the A1R was investigated using the 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX), a selective A1R subtype antagonist. PFM inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia induced by CFA injection and did not reduce paw edema. Furthermore, the antihyperalgesic effect of PFM was prevented by pretreatment of the animals with caffeine given by i.p., i.pl., and i.t. routes. In addition, i.pl. and i.t. administrations of DPCPX blocked the antihyperalgesia caused by PFM. These observations indicate that adenosine receptors mediate the antihyperalgesic effect of PFM. Caffeine's inhibition of PFM-induced antihyperalgesia suggests that a more precise understanding of how fascia-manipulation and caffeine interact is warranted.

Evaluation of Two Protocols for Analgesia during Total Unilateral Mastectomy in Bitches

Background: Proper evaluation of pain is essential to select effective anesthetic protocols in surgical procedures in animals. Pain assessment can be accomplished during the perioperative period by measuring several physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates. Measuring serum levels of cortisol and glucose is one of the most commonly used methods to assess the effectiveness of protocols for pain control. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing unilateral total mastectomy, a surgery that can cause moderate-to-severe pain in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, were recruited for this study, without stratification by breed and age, except for brachycephalic breeds. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) FLK group, in which the animals received preoperative ketamine (5 mg/ kg, IM) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IM), an IV bolus of fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), and then a combination of fentanyl (0.008 mg/kg/h), ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) diluted in normal saline solution were infused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h until the end of the surgical procedure; 2) AM group, in which the animals received preoperative morphine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/k

Evaluation of Two Protocols for Analgesia during Total Unilateral Mastectomy in Bitches

Background: Proper evaluation of pain is essential to select effective anesthetic protocols in surgical procedures in animals. Pain assessment can be accomplished during the perioperative period by measuring several physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates. Measuring serum levels of cortisol and glucose is one of the most commonly used methods to assess the effectiveness of protocols for pain control. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing unilateral total mastectomy, a surgery that can cause moderate-to-severe pain in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, were recruited for this study, without stratification by breed and age, except for brachycephalic breeds. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) FLK group, in which the animals received preoperative ketamine (5 mg/ kg, IM) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IM), an IV bolus of fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), and then a combination of fentanyl (0.008 mg/kg/h), ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) diluted in normal saline solution were infused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h until the end of the surgical procedure; 2) AM group, in which the animals received preoperative morphine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/k

Evaluation of Two Protocols for Analgesia during Total Unilateral Mastectomy in Bitches

Background: Proper evaluation of pain is essential to select effective anesthetic protocols in surgical procedures in animals. Pain assessment can be accomplished during the perioperative period by measuring several physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates. Measuring serum levels of cortisol and glucose is one of the most commonly used methods to assess the effectiveness of protocols for pain control. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing unilateral total mastectomy, a surgery that can cause moderate-to-severe pain in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, were recruited for this study, without stratification by breed and age, except for brachycephalic breeds. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) FLK group, in which the animals received preoperative ketamine (5 mg/ kg, IM) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IM), an IV bolus of fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), and then a combination of fentanyl (0.008 mg/kg/h), ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) diluted in normal saline solution were infused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h until the end of the surgical procedure; 2) AM group, in which the animals received preoperative morphine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/k

Evaluation of Two Protocols for Analgesia during Total Unilateral Mastectomy in Bitches

Background: Proper evaluation of pain is essential to select effective anesthetic protocols in surgical procedures in animals. Pain assessment can be accomplished during the perioperative period by measuring several physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates. Measuring serum levels of cortisol and glucose is one of the most commonly used methods to assess the effectiveness of protocols for pain control. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing unilateral total mastectomy, a surgery that can cause moderate-to-severe pain in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, were recruited for this study, without stratification by breed and age, except for brachycephalic breeds. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) FLK group, in which the animals received preoperative ketamine (5 mg/ kg, IM) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IM), an IV bolus of fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), and then a combination of fentanyl (0.008 mg/kg/h), ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) diluted in normal saline solution were infused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h until the end of the surgical procedure; 2) AM group, in which the animals received preoperative morphine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/k

Evaluation of Two Protocols for Analgesia during Total Unilateral Mastectomy in Bitches

Background: Proper evaluation of pain is essential to select effective anesthetic protocols in surgical procedures in animals. Pain assessment can be accomplished during the perioperative period by measuring several physiological parameters, such as heart and respiratory rates. Measuring serum levels of cortisol and glucose is one of the most commonly used methods to assess the effectiveness of protocols for pain control. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesic protocols in dogs undergoing unilateral total mastectomy, a surgery that can cause moderate-to-severe pain in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen female dogs seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Southern Santa Catarina, Brazil, were recruited for this study, without stratification by breed and age, except for brachycephalic breeds. The animals were divided into two groups: 1) FLK group, in which the animals received preoperative ketamine (5 mg/ kg, IM) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg, IM), an IV bolus of fentanyl (0.004 mg/kg), lidocaine (2 mg/kg) and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg), and then a combination of fentanyl (0.008 mg/kg/h), ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg/h) diluted in normal saline solution were infused at a rate of 10 mL/kg/h until the end of the surgical procedure; 2) AM group, in which the animals received preoperative morphine (0.5 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/k