Antifungal activity of Punica granatum linn extracts against Malassezia pachydermatis

Malassezia pachydermatis causes external otitis, often affecting dogs, and control methods for this microorganism have been resistant to synthetic antifungals. Therefore, this study evaluated the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Punica granatum Linn (AEP) fruit peel dehydrated (AEPd) and in natura (AEPn) against Malassezia pachydermatis. The M. pachydermatis samples were from the Microbiology Laboratory of the State University of Northern Paraná (UENP), PR, Brazil. The strains were identified and replicated after inoculation in the Sabouraud dextrose medium. Subsequently, the P. granatum extract was obtained through different extraction methods: cold, water bath, decoction, and infusion. Each test was run fivefold at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% after 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The sensitivity of isolates was determined with the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and indicated by an inhibition zone larger than 15 mm. The results were evaluated with a 2x3x6 factorial study design, ANOVA, and Tukey's test at 5% significance. AEPn showed antifungal activity on M. pachydermatis strains, and AEPd did not present an inhibitory influence at any concentration and time. Extraction by decoction was the most efficient, followed by water bath, cold, and infusion. The extracts at a 50% concentration showed the best results, but all other doses determined an inhibition zone larger than 15 mm. Thus, AEP showed a significant therapeutic potential for controlling M. pachydermatis.

Pomegranate extracts on larval inhibition of Haemonchus spp and Cooperia spp obtained from cattle / Extratos de romã sobre inibição larval de Haemonchus spp e Cooperia spp provenientes de bovinos

Consumers increasingly demand natural food and absent of toxic waste and medicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous extract of dried and in natura stem from pomegranate on the larval inhibition of Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. obtained from cattle. Dried and in natura aqueous extract from pomegranate stem (AEPS), negative control (autoclaved distilled water) and positive control (levamisole hydrochloride 0.05 mg / mL) were evaluated. Four mL of each treatment were used, and the results were evaluated in triplicate by egg counts per gram of feces (EPG), larval culture and counting of the larvae. The mean of the larvae that developed per gram of feces was submitted to logarithimic transformation log. (X + 10). The EPG had an average value of 3.620 eggs, identified in larval culture from Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. Dried AEPS presented, by the reduction of larvae, effectiveness of 92.29% for Haemonchus spp. and 96.97% for Cooperia spp. In natura, this extract showed 80% of efficacy against Cooperia larvae, being considered moderately effective; however, for Haemonchus spp. this extract was not effective. These results are specially important for organic and agroecological systems of production, that not allow the use of chemical parasiticides. In conclusion, the use of dried AEPS showed potential anthelmintic and may represent important natural therapeutic option.

Os consumidores têm exigido cada vez mais alimentos naturais e ausentes de resíduos medicamentosos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o extrato aquoso de caule de romã seco e in natura, sobre a inibição larval de Haemonchus spp. e Cooperia spp. provenientes de bovinos. Foram avaliados extrato aquoso de caule de romã (EACR) seca e in natura, controle negativo (água destilada autoclavada) e controle positivo (cloridrato de levamisol 0,05 mg/mL). Foram utilizados quatro mL de cada tratamento, e os resultados foram avaliados em triplicata, por meio de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), cultura de larvas e contagem das larvas. A média de larvas desenvolvidas por grama de fezes foi submetida à transformação logarítmica Log. (x+10). A contagem de OPG apresentou valor médio de 3.620 ovos, sendo identificadas na cultura de larvas de Haemonchus e Cooperia. EACR seca apresentou por meio da redução de larvas, eficácia efetiva de 92,29% para Haemonchus e 96,97% para Cooperia. In natura, este extrato apresentou 80% de eficácia sobre larvas de Cooperia, sendo considerado moderadamente efetivo, porém, para Haemonchus o mesmo não foi efetivo. Esses resultados são especialmente importantes para os sistemas orgânicos e agroecológicos de produção, que não permitem a utilização de parasiticidas químicos. Concluiu-se que a utilização de EACR seca apresentou potencial anti-helmíntico, podendo representar importante opção terapêutica natural.

Atividade antioxidante e determinação de fenóis totais, carotenoides, betacarotenos, licopeno e zinco em variedades branca, amarela e rosada de Manihot esculenta Crantz / Antioxidant activity and determination of total phenol contents, carotenoids beta-carotene, lycopene and zinc in white, yellow and pinkish varieties of Manihot Esculenta crantz

Existem variedades de mandioca que apresentam compostos como os carotenoides, beta-caroteno, licopeno e minerais importantes para a saúde humana e animal. O presente estudo avaliou a atividade antioxidante das variedades branca, amarela e rosada de Manihot esculenta, por meio de teste de DPPH e pela atividade quelante de íons ferro. Além disso, o conteúdo de fenóis totais, carotenoides, beta-caroteno, licopeno e zinco também foram determinados. Utilizando o teste de DPPH foi possível verificar que os extratos de amostras cozidas apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante (89,53% - rosada) em comparação com as amostras frescas (1,97% - branca). Para o teste de atividade quelante de íons ferro, a maior atividade foi encontrada para o extrato da variedade rosada cozida (63,43%) e a menor foi do extrato da amarela in natura (17,34%) a amostra branca não apresentou atividade. A maior concentração de fenóis e de zinco foi obtida para o extrato da variedade rosada cozida 136,12 mg EAG/g de extrato e 0,811 ppm, respectivamente, na concentração de 1000 µg/mL. A variedade rosada apresentou também maior quantidade de pigmentos, incluindo carotenoides (29,40 µg/g); beta-caroteno (9,14 µg/100g) e licopeno (68,92%). De acordo com os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi possível concluir que as variedades amarela e rosada de M. esculenta, apresentam quantidades de compostos fenólicos e minerais suficientes para atribuir a atividade antioxidante, podendo assim, contribuir para diminuir os danos oxidativos e serem utilizadas como nutracêuticos ou diretamente ingeridas na dieta para manter a boa saúde.

There are cassava varieties that present compounds as carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene and minerals important for human and animal health. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the white, yellow and pinkish varieties of Manihot esculenta, by mean of the DPPH test and by the ferrous ion-chelating activity. Furthermore, the total phenols, carotenoids, beta-carotene, lycopene and zinc contents were also determined. Utilizing the DPPH test it was possible to find that extracts of boiled samples presented higher antioxidant activity (89.53% - pinkish) in comparison to the fresh samples (1.97% - white). For the ferrous ion-chelating test, the highest activity was found for the boiled pinkish variety extract (63.43%) and the lowest was for fresh yellow extract (17.34%) the white sample did not present activity. The highest concentration of total phenols and zinc content was obtained for the boiled pinkish variety extract 136.12 mg EAG/g of extract and 0,811ppm, respectively, in the concentration of 1000 µg/mL. The pinkish variety presented also higher quantity of pigments, including carotenoid (29.40 µg/g), beta-carotene (9.14 µg/100g) and lycopene (68.92%). According to the results obtained in this study it was possible to conclude that the yellow and pinkish varieties of M. esculenta present quantity of phenolic compounds and minerals sufficient to attribute the antioxidant activity and may thus contribute to reduce oxidative damage and be used as nutraceuticals or directly ingested in the diet to maintain good health.

Isotherapic for the control of the cattle tick

Parasitism constitutes one of the major problems that affect the livestock. Commercial acaricides can propitiate drug resistance and residues in the environment and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the control of cattle ticks by using the isotherapics. These drugs were prepared using Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The dilution and agitations were performed according to the homeopathic pharmacopoeia. By the immersion technique of adults, 50 teleogines were distributed into five treatments: 12cH and 32cH isotherapic, negative control, positive (ivermectin 1%) and vehicle control. The results were evaluated by the rate of mortality, egg production, hatchability rate, estimated reproduction, and the efficacy of the products. In addition, 16 Jersey females cows were subjected to 15mL pour on, of the following treatments: 12cH and 32cH isotherapic and vehicle control. The count of ticks was performed by the simple method on days 0, 15, 21, 42, 63, 84 and 105, post treatments. It was used the Wilcoxon test and Bonferroni method. Both isotherapics treatments showed efficacy at in vitro tests. The 12cH medication presented better results: 10% of mortality rate on the first day of life, maintaining 20% from the second to the 13th day. Additionally, it was observed 20% of egg production, hatching rate of 0.0038% and 99.39% of product effectiveness. However, the in vivo tests showed no satisfactory results for these evaluated conditions, although it was verified a tendency to decreasing the infestation.(AU)

Isotherapic for the control of the cattle tick

Parasitism constitutes one of the major problems that affect the livestock. Commercial acaricides can propitiate drug resistance and residues in the environment and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the control of cattle ticks by using the isotherapics. These drugs were prepared using Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The dilution and agitations were performed according to the homeopathic pharmacopoeia. By the immersion technique of adults, 50 teleogines were distributed into five treatments: 12cH and 32cH isotherapic, negative control, positive (ivermectin 1%) and vehicle control. The results were evaluated by the rate of mortality, egg production, hatchability rate, estimated reproduction, and the efficacy of the products. In addition, 16 Jersey females cows were subjected to 15mL pour on, of the following treatments: 12cH and 32cH isotherapic and vehicle control. The count of ticks was performed by the simple method on days 0, 15, 21, 42, 63, 84 and 105, post treatments. It was used the Wilcoxon test and Bonferroni method. Both isotherapics treatments showed efficacy at in vitro tests. The 12cH medication presented better results: 10% of mortality rate on the first day of life, maintaining 20% from the second to the 13th day. Additionally, it was observed 20% of egg production, hatching rate of 0.0038% and 99.39% of product effectiveness. However, the in vivo tests showed no satisfactory results for these evaluated conditions, although it was verified a tendency to decreasing the infestation.

Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extrato de Punica granatum L. sobre Staphylococcus aureus isolado em leite bovino / Antimicrobial activity in vitro of extracts of Punica granatum L. over Staphylococcus aureus isolated in bovine milk

Mastite bovina é considerada principal doença causadora de grandes perdas econômicas nos rebanhos leiteiros. Antimicrobianos químicos promovem resistência farmacológica, resíduos no alimento e contaminação ambiental. Este estudo objetivou verificar a atividade antibacteriana, in vitro, do extrato de romã em Staphylococcus aureus isolado de leite bovino, avaliar sua atividade antioxidante, e quantificar teores de fenóis e flavonoides totais nos diferentes extratos utilizados. Utilizou-se para tanto extratos aquosos da casca do fruto (EAC) e folhas (EAF), secos e in natura de romã. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se atividade antioxidante (AA%), teores de fenóis e flavonóides totais. Amostras de leite foram semeadas, incubadas, e as colônias de Staphylococcus aureus foram ajustadas a 1,0x106 UFC/mL ao padrão nº6 da escala de MacFarland. A sensibilidade dos isolados microbianos foi determinada, em quintuplicata, pela técnica de difusão em discos. A Concentração Inibitória Mínima foi determinada pelo halo de inibição superior a 15 mm. Os resultados foram avaliados pelo método ANOVA, teste de Tukey 5%, utilizando-se o programa SISVAR 5.3 - DEX/UFLA. EACseco inibiu crescimento bacteriano a partir de 3%. EAFseco, EACin natura e EAFin natura, só apresentaram esta atividade a partir de 15%, 20% e 30% respectivamente. A ação antioxidante do EACseco foi verificada a partir de 75µg/mL, com valores correspondentes a 14,2%, atingindo um platô de 65,9% na concentração de 250µg/mL. Entretanto, essa atividade não foi correlacionada aos teores de fenóis totais e flavonoides. Provavelmente outras substâncias alcalóides, podem ter sido responsáveis por esta atividade. Conclui-se que os extratos de Punica granatum L., principalmente aquele obtido pela casca do fruto seco, demonstraram atividade inibitória sobre S. aureus, evidenciando a potencialidade de seu uso para o controle da mastite bovina.

Bovine mastitis is considered important disease causing major economic losses in dairy herds. Antimicrobial drug can promote resistance, chemical residues in food and environmental contamination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of pomegranate extract on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk, evaluate its antioxidant activity, and quantify levels of total phenols and fravonoides of the different extracts used. Aqueous extracts were used in nature and dry, from the peel of the fruit (EAC) and leaves (EAF). Additionally, it was evaluated the antioxidant activity (AA%), total phenols and flavonoids. Milk samples were inoculated, incubated, and the colonies were characterized as Staphylococcus aureus were adjusted to 1.0x106 UFC/mL in the 6 standard of the MacFarland scale. The sensitivity of the microbial isolates were determined in quintuplicate, in disk diffusion test. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by visible inhibition zone greater than 15mm. The results were evaluated by ANOVA, Tukey 5%, using the program SISVAR 5.3 - DEX / UFLA. Results implied that the aqueous extract from the bark of dried fruit was capable of inhibiting bacterial growth at concentrations of 3%. The other treatments only showed this activity, from the concentrations of 15%, 20% and 30% for dry EAF, in nature EAC and in nature EAF, respectively. Regarding the action antioxidant of dry EAC, was not correlated with total phenols and flavonoids. Probably other alkaloids substances present in the extract studied, may have been responsible for this activity. It is concluded that extracts of Punica granatum L., especially those obtained by the shell of the fruit, showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus, indicating your use potential for the control of bovine mastitis.

Extrato de própolis no controle de helmintoses em bezerros / Extract of propolis in the control of helminthiasis in calves

Anti-helmínticos convencionais representam preocupação crescente por parte do consumidor cada vez mais exigente quanto à ausência de resíduos medicamentosos em produtos de origem animal. Objetivou-se avaliar o extrato alcoólico de própolis (EAP) a 30% em bezerros naturalmente infestados. Foram utilizados 12 animais, apresentando peso médio de 60 kg e 90 dias de idade. Administraram-se por via oral direta, 10 mL de EAP, a cada oito horas, por quatro dias consecutivos. Os resultados foram avaliados pela pesquisa de ovos leves, pesados e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), imediatamente antes e após tratamento, calculando-se seu percentual de redução. Procedeu-se análise estatística pelo teste unilateral dos pontos sinalizados de Wilcoxon a 5% de probabilidade. O método de Willis detectou ovos de Trichostrongylus sp. e Strongyloides sp, e verificou-se diminuição média de 48,48% dos valores de OPG, em 83% dos animais. Dessa forma, a própolis pode representar importante terapêutica complementar para o controle de helmintoses em bovinos, principalmente para os sistemas agroecológicos, orgânicos e biológico-dinâmicos de criação, cujo uso de parasiticidas químicos é fator limitante e proibitivo para certificação.

The use of conventional anthelmintic has been a growing concern among consumers who have become more and stricter toward drug residues in products of animal origin. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of alcoholic extract of propolis, at 30% of concentration, in naturally infected calves. Twelve calves weighting 60 kg and aging 90 days old were used. The treatments were performed by direct oral administration of 10 mL of EAP. The calves received the extract at every 8 h intervals, for five consecutive days. The results were evaluated comprising the detection of light and heavy eggs counted per gram of feces (EPG), immediately before and after treatment, calculating the percentage of reduction. For the statistical analysis, the results were evaluated by Wilcoxon unilateral test of signed points at 5% probability. Trichostrongylus sp. and Strongyloides sp. were found. After treatment, 83% of animals showed an average decrease of 48.48% per counting of EPG. Therefore, propolis may represent an important adjunctive therapy to control helminthiasis in cattle. It was particularly important in ecological organic and biological-dynamic systems of production, whose use of chemicals is prohibitive and limiting factor for certification.

Mastite bovina por Staphylococcus aureus: sensibilidade às drogas antimicrobianas e ao extrato alcoólico de própolis / Bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs and the alcoholic extract of propolis

A mastite é um dos fatores que mais gera prejuízos à produção e industrialização do leite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar a espécie Staphylococcus aureus das amostras de leite provenientes de 63 animais portadores de mastite, e verificar o seu perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana aos antibióticos comerciais e ao extrato de própolis à 30%. Dos 63 animais avaliados, 38 (60,32%) apresentaram crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus. Quanto ao teste de sensibilidade antimicrobiana, os antibióticos mais eficientes foram gentamicina (10 µg), cefalexina (30 µg) e ciprofloxacina (10 µg) com 100% de eficácia, seguida de norfloxacina (94,6%). Houve 35 (92,10%) animais com sensibilidade ao extrato alcoólico de própolis a 30%, com diâmetros de inibição entre 6 e 18 mm frente a volumes de 40µL e 60 µL. A investigação da sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro para cepas de Staphylococcus aureus isoladas de mastite bovina é de grande importância antes da indicação do seu tratamento terapêutico. O uso do extrato alcoólico de própolis a 30% na terapia antimicrobiana pode ser uma alternativa, pois seus componentes conferem-lhe grande valor na medicina natural popular e preventiva.

Mastitis is one of the factors that cause damage to production and processing milk. The aim of this study was to isolate the species Staphylococcus aureus from milk samples from 63 animals with mastitis, and check your profile antimicrobial sensitivity to antibiotics and the extract of propolis at 30%. Of 63 animals evaluated, 38 (60.32%) showed growth of Staphylococcus aureus. As for testing of antimicrobial sensitivity test, the most efficient antibiotics were gentamicin (10 µg), cephalexin (30 µg) and ciprofloxacin (10 µg) with 100% efficiency, followed by norfloxacin (94.6%). There were 35 (92.10%) animals with sensitivity to the extract of propolis 30% with inhibition diameters between 6 and 18 mm in 40 µL and 60 µL. The investigation of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis is extremely valuable to their treatment. The use of extract of propolis 30% in the antimicrobial therapy may be an alternative, because its components gives it excellent value in natural medicine and preventive.

Uretrostomia peniana e perineal em felinos domésticos / Penile and perineal urethrostomy in domestic cats

O conteúdo do presente trabalho é o resultado de diferentes técnicas de uretrostomia em felinos domésticos. Foram utilizados vinte e quatro gatos sem raça definida, machos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de seis animais cada e submetidos a orquiectomia e aos seguintes procedimentos cirúrgicos: uretrostomia peniana cranial (grupo I), uretrostomia peniana caudal (grupo II), uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal (grupo III) e uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial (grupo IV). Os resultados foram avaliados através de exame clínico geral, realizado do primeiro dia ao nonagésimo dia após intervençäo cirúrgica. O aspecto macroscópico da ferida cirúrgica, grau de contraçäo e aspecto estético foram inspecionados diariamente até a retirada dos pontos externos. Foram realizados exame de urina tipo I e urocultura, apenas nos animais que apresentaram melhores resultados: aqueles submetidos a uretrostomia peniana craniocaudal e a uretrostomia perineal associada à penectomia cranial. Esses exames foram realizados 24h antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), 15 (T1) e 30 (T2) do período pós-operatório. Os animais do primeiro grupo apresentaram fechamento completo da uretra peniana, os do segundo grupo apresentaram intensa retraçäo cicatricial pós-operatória que promoveu exposiçäo peniana permanente. Os animais do grupo III, também desenvolveram exposiçäo peniana permanente, porém em menor grau. Os resultados apresentados por todos os indivíduos do grupo IV foram os melhores, sendo a técnica recomendada para desobstruçäo uretral em gatos.