Perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase no período de 2011 a 2018 no município de Campinas - SP / Epidemiological profile of leprosy in the period from 2011 to 2018 in the municipality of Campinas - SP

Objetivo ­ Descrever o perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em Campinas através do levantamento do número de casos da doença, registrados de 2011 a agosto de 2018 no município. Métodos ­ Tratou-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem transversal retrospectiva, quantitativa do tipo descritiva com a coleta de dados registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) a respeito dos casos de hanseníase notificados no período de agosto de 2011 a agosto de 2018. Resultados ­ Foram encontrados 213 novos casos de hanseníase em Campinas no período estudado, com uma taxa de incidência de 2,47 casos para cada 100 mil habitantes. A população masculina apresentou-se com 57% dos casos registrados e a população feminina com 43%. A hanseníase mostrou-se prevalente em populações com idade acima de 14 anos com 96% das notificações. As formas clínicas iniciais mais encontradas foram a Virchowiana e a Dimorfa, com 31% e 26% respectivamente. O distrito residencial com o maior número de casos foi o Sul, com 28% dos casos registrados e o grau de incapacidade mais prevalente no momento do diagnóstico, foi o grau 0 da patologia com 59% dos casos notificados. Quanto a classificação operacional da notificação, notou-se que a classificação multibacilar apresentou 69% dos casos. Conclusão ­ Conclui-se que apesar da taxa de incidência da hanseníase no município de Campinas estar em declínio nas últimas décadas, é necessário manter o afinco dos órgãos de saúde do município na luta contra a doença, pois esta, ainda é considerada como um grave problema de saúde pública

Objective ­ To describe the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Campinas by surveying the number of cases of disease, recorded from 2011 to August 2018 in the city. Methods ­ This is a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive retrospective research with data collection recorded in the Notification Recording Information System (Sinan) and respect for unreported leprosy cases from August 2011 to August 2018. Results ­ A total of 213 new leprosy cases were found in Campinas during the study period, with an incidence rate of 2.47 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The male population shows up with 57% of registered cases and the female population with 43%. Leprosy was prevalent at ages over 14 years with 96% of notifications. The most recent clinical forms found were Virchowiana and Dimorfa, with 31% and 26%, respectively. The residential district with the largest number of cases was the South, with 28% of the cases registered and the most prevalent degree of disability at the time of diagnosis, was the degree 0 pathology with 59% of the reported cases. Regarding the operational classification of the notification, there is no multibacillary classification Displaying 69% of cases. Conclusion ­ It was concluded that, although leprosy incidence rates in the city of Campinas have been declining in the last decades, it is necessary to maintain the commitment of public agencies of the city in the fight against the disease, since it is still considered as a serious public health problem.

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide disrupts maternal behavior, reduces nest odor preference in pups, and induces anxiety: studies of F1 and F2 generations.

The present study analyzed the transgenerational effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 µg/kg) administration on gestational day 18 (GD18) of parental generation on maternal-pups interaction of F1 and F2 generations. Also the long term behavioral effects were observed in male of F2 generation. In F1 generation, the reproductive performance, maternal behavior, maternal aggressive behavior, and general activity in the open field in adulthood were analyzed. In F2 generation, body weight at birth and at weaning, nest odor preference, and general activity in the open field and elevated plus maze in adulthood were assessed. Compared to controls, results showed that in the F1 generation, prenatal LPS exposure (1) increased the latency to full maternal behavior, but all of the females grouped the pups and presented full maternal behavior, (2) reduced the total time boxing and fighting, increased the frequency of retrieving the pups, and increased the number of bites, and (3) did not affect reproductive performance or general activity. In F2 generation, compared with controls, the LPS group exhibited (1) a decrease in body weight at weaning, (2) a decrease in nest odor preference, (3) a decrease in the percentage of time spent in the open arms, a decrease in the percentage of time spent in the center, and an increase in the time spent in the closed arms in the elevated plus maze, and (Huang et al.) no affect behavior in the open field. Prenatal LPS exposure improved maternal care in the F1 generation with regard to nursing and pup survival but did not improve the motivational parameters of maternal behavior likely because of a reduction of maternal stimulation by the pups. In the F2 generation, the reduction of nest odor preference in the pups suggests a less maternal recognition. In adulthood, these rats exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior. These data did not result from motor alterations because rats in both the F1 and F2 generations did not show alterations in open field behavior. This transfer of information across generations likely occurred through nongenetic means because the endotoxin was administered at the end of pregnancy. These results may have implications for clinical therapeutics in human disorders and evolution.

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide increases maternal behavior, decreases maternal odor preference, and induces lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness

The present study investigated whether late maternal inflammation disrupts the mother/pup interaction, resulting in long-lasting effects on pup behavior and alterations in biological pathways, thereby programming prepubertal behavior and the pups' inflammatory responses after bacterial endotoxin treatment. Female rats received 100 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or .9% saline solution on gestation day 18. Reproductive performance was observed at birth. On lactation days (LD) 5 and LD 6, respectively, maternal behavior and maternal aggressive behavior were assessed. In pups, maternal odor preference on LD 7, open field behavior on LD 21, and serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels after LPS challenge on LD 21 were investigated. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure improved maternal care and reduced maternal aggressive behavior but did not alter maternal reproductive performance. Male offspring exhibited increased body weights at birth and reduced maternal odor preference. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the duration of immobility in the open field and induced a slight increase in serum TNF-α levels. Prenatal exposure to LPS during late pregnancy improved maternal care, reduced maternal olfactory preference, and induced TNF-α hyporesponsiveness to a single dose of LPS in pups.(AU)

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide increases maternal behavior, decreases maternal odor preference, and induces lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness

The present study investigated whether late maternal inflammation disrupts the mother/pup interaction, resulting in long-lasting effects on pup behavior and alterations in biological pathways, thereby programming prepubertal behavior and the pups' inflammatory responses after bacterial endotoxin treatment. Female rats received 100 μg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or .9% saline solution on gestation day 18. Reproductive performance was observed at birth. On lactation days (LD) 5 and LD 6, respectively, maternal behavior and maternal aggressive behavior were assessed. In pups, maternal odor preference on LD 7, open field behavior on LD 21, and serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels after LPS challenge on LD 21 were investigated. The results showed that prenatal LPS exposure improved maternal care and reduced maternal aggressive behavior but did not alter maternal reproductive performance. Male offspring exhibited increased body weights at birth and reduced maternal odor preference. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased the duration of immobility in the open field and induced a slight increase in serum TNF-α levels. Prenatal exposure to LPS during late pregnancy improved maternal care, reduced maternal olfactory preference, and induced TNF-α hyporesponsiveness to a single dose of LPS in pups.

Análise morfológica de amostras de útero de cães fixados em formaldeído em diferentes concentrações e durações de tempo / Comparative morphological analysis of uterus of dogs in fixed buffered formaldehyde in different concentrations and time of fixation

Objetivo - A fixação é um dos pontos críticos para a realização de diversas técnicas laboratoriais, sendo o formaldeído amplamente utilizado na rotina e pesquisa científica com a finalidade de preservar a integridade morfológica das amostras especialmente para análise pela microscopia de luz. Mesmo com sua ampla utilização, não existem dados na literatura com protocolos padronizados que assegurem o tempo mínimo de fixação assim como a concentração ideal de formaldeído a ser utilizada. Métodos - Neste estudo foram analisadas amostras de útero de 20 cadelas hígidas, sem raça definida (SRD) e em idade reprodutiva (1-5 anos), fragmentados a uma espessura de 0,5 cm3. As amostras foram coletadas por cirurgia eletiva de ovário-salpingo-histerectomia (OSH), fixadas em formaldeído tamponado nas concentrações de 4%, 8% e 10% e retiradas nos tempos de 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas pós-fixação. Seguiu-se o processamento histológico de rotina e a análise pela microscopia de luz na coloração de hematoxilina e eosina (H/E) em diferentes aumentos. Resultados - A análise morfológica qualitativa pela microscopia de luz não demonstrou alterações morfológicas significativas entre as amostras fixadas em diferentes tempos e concentrações de formaldeído. Conclusão - Estes resultados corroboram com a rotina e a pesquisa permitindo a padronização do tempo mínimo de fixação de amostras (com espessura de até 0,5 cm3) em formaldeído para 12 horas quando utilizado nas concentrações 4%, 8% e 10%.

Objective - Fixation is a critical point for the performance of several diagnostic techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and DNA analysis. Formaldehyde is the fixation solution most commonly used in laboratories to preserve the morphological integrity of tissue. However, there are no reports of a protocol that ensures the minimum time and optimal concentration of formaldehyde. Methods - Analysis of the preservation of the uterus of 20 dogs with a fixed solution of buffered formaldehyde 4%, 8%, and 10%, during 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of fixation. The uterus, included in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, was evaluated in light microscopy. Results - The fixation with formaldehyde doesnït showed significant alteration in the tissue architecture of the uterus. Conclusion - This comparison indicates that the formaldehyde is a suitable solution for the system preservation, allowing its use in routine laboratory asa good protocol of fixation.

Prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure affects maternal behavior and male offspring sexual behavior in adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effects of prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on the maternal behavior of pregnant rats and the physical development and sexual behavior of their male offspring in adulthood. METHODS: For two experiments, pregnant rats were injected with LPS (250 microg/kg, i.p.) on gestation day (GD) 21. In the first experiment, the maternal behavior (postnatal day, PND, 6) and the dam's open-field general activity (PND7) were evaluated. In the second experiment, the maternal pre- and postnatal parameters, the pup's development, the offspring's sexual behavior in adulthood, and the pup's organ weights were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, the LPS-treated dams presented reduced maternal behavior, decreased general activity, a smaller body weight difference between GD21 and PND1, a greater number of perinatal deaths, and smaller litters. For the male pups, LPS treatment resulted in a decreased body weight on PND2, whereas the anogenital distance and the day of testis descent were not modified. The male sexual behavior was impaired by prenatal LPS. Particularly the number of ejaculating animals was reduced. The testis weight was also lower in the prenatally LPS-treated rats than in the control rats. CONCLUSION: We propose that prenatal LPS exposure on GD21 acts as an imprinting factor that interferes with the programming of brain sexual determination in offspring.

Embryotoxic effects of prenatal treatment with Ipomoea carnea aqueous fraction in rats / Efeitos embriotóxicos do tratamento pré-natal com extrato aquoso de Ipomoea carnea em ratos

The embryotoxic effects of prenatal daily exposure to 0.0, 0.7, 3.0 or 15.0 mg/kg of the aqueous extract (AQE) from Ipomoea carnea (I. carnea) dried leaves on gestational days 5û21 were studied in rats. Maternal reproductive performance, skeletal and visceral abnormalities, and malformations were evaluated. Moreover, anatomopathological findings in dams following the treatment were recorded. Regarding the dams, our results show that body weight, weight gain, food and water consumption, and reproductive performance were all unaffectedby exposure to the different doses of the AQE. Nonetheless, dams treated with AQE presented a dose-dependent cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver, kidneys, thyroid and adrenal glands. Fetal examination did not show external abnormalities or malformations. Evidences of several skeletal and visceral abnormalities were found, particularly after the higher dose of AQE. A reduced ossification centers were also detected. The present data show that prenatal ingestion of the I. carnea AQE in rats induces embryotoxicity. These effects are attributed to an active principle from I. carnea acting on maternal homeostasis, or directly in the conception.(AU)

Os efeitos embriotóxicos da exposição diária pré-natal a 0,0, 0,7, 3,0 ou 15,0mg/kg do extrato aquoso da I. carnea nos dias 5 a 21 de gestação foram estudados. Foram avaliados a performance reprodutiva materna, anormalidades esqueléticas e viscerais e malformações. Além disso, após o tratamento foram encontrados achados anatomopatológicos. Em relação às ratas mães, nossos resultados mostraram que a exposição às diferentes doses não afetou o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumos de água e ração e performance reprodutiva. Apesar disso, apresentaram vacuolização citoplasmática de forma dose-dependente em fígado, rins, tireóide e glândula adrenal. Exames fetais não mostraram anormalidades externas ou malformações, sendo somente encontradas evidências de anormalidades esqueléticas e viscerais após altas doses do extrato. Foi observada redução dos centros de ossificação. Os presentes dados mostram que a ingestão prenatal do extrato de I. carnea induz embriotoxicidade. Estes efeitos são atribuídos à ação na homeostase maternal ou diretamente na concepção.(AU)

Embryotoxic effects of prenatal treatment with Ipomoea carnea aqueous fraction in rats / Efeitos embriotóxicos do tratamento pré-natal com extrato aquoso de Ipomoea carnea em ratos

The embryotoxic effects of prenatal daily exposure to 0.0, 0.7, 3.0 or 15.0 mg/kg of the aqueous extract (AQE) from Ipomoea carnea (I. carnea) dried leaves on gestational days 5û21 were studied in rats. Maternal reproductive performance, skeletal and visceral abnormalities, and malformations were evaluated. Moreover, anatomopathological findings in dams following the treatment were recorded. Regarding the dams, our results show that body weight, weight gain, food and water consumption, and reproductive performance were all unaffectedby exposure to the different doses of the AQE. Nonetheless, dams treated with AQE presented a dose-dependent cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver, kidneys, thyroid and adrenal glands. Fetal examination did not show external abnormalities or malformations. Evidences of several skeletal and visceral abnormalities were found, particularly after the higher dose of AQE. A reduced ossification centers were also detected. The present data show that prenatal ingestion of the I. carnea AQE in rats induces embryotoxicity. These effects are attributed to an active principle from I. carnea acting on maternal homeostasis, or directly in the conception.

Os efeitos embriotóxicos da exposição diária pré-natal a 0,0, 0,7, 3,0 ou 15,0mg/kg do extrato aquoso da I. carnea nos dias 5 a 21 de gestação foram estudados. Foram avaliados a performance reprodutiva materna, anormalidades esqueléticas e viscerais e malformações. Além disso, após o tratamento foram encontrados achados anatomopatológicos. Em relação às ratas mães, nossos resultados mostraram que a exposição às diferentes doses não afetou o peso corporal, ganho de peso, consumos de água e ração e performance reprodutiva. Apesar disso, apresentaram vacuolização citoplasmática de forma dose-dependente em fígado, rins, tireóide e glândula adrenal. Exames fetais não mostraram anormalidades externas ou malformações, sendo somente encontradas evidências de anormalidades esqueléticas e viscerais após altas doses do extrato. Foi observada redução dos centros de ossificação. Os presentes dados mostram que a ingestão prenatal do extrato de I. carnea induz embriotoxicidade. Estes efeitos são atribuídos à ação na homeostase maternal ou diretamente na concepção.

Atitudes dos professores de educação física do ensino regular com relação a alunos portadores de deficiência / Attitudes of physical education teachers from regular schools toward handicapped children

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atitudes de professores de educação física da rede regular de ensino, a respeito da inclusão de alunos portadores de deficiências nas aulas. Para tanto, 10 professores de educação física, cinco da rede pública e cinco da particular, responderam a um questionário adaptado dos modelos originais da literatura especializada. Este questionário abordou três aspectos: como o professor avaliava seus conhecimentos para lidar com crianças especiais, como o professor percebia a aceitação dessas crianças pelos colegas ditos “normais” e como o professor avaliava as condições de sua escola para aderir à proposta do ensino inclusivo. Os resultados indicaram que 50% dos professores acreditavam que seus conhecimentos para lidar com crianças especiais eram insuficientes e que também não gostavam ou não gostariam de trabalhar com proposta de ensino inclusiva. Por outro lado, 90% dos professores acreditavam nos benefícios da proposta inclusiva para todas as crianças, entretanto também 90% julgaram que suas escolas não estão preparadas para receber crianças especiais. O número pequeno da amostra não permitiu que se observassem tendências de respostas diferenciadas entre os professores da rede pública e os da rede particular de ensino.

The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of physical education teachers working in general schools, toward the inclusion of handicapped children in the classes. For that, 10 physical education teachers, five from public schools and five from private ones, answered a questionnaire, adapted from the original models of the literature. This questionnaire covered three aspects: how teacher evaluated his knowledge to work with special children, how teacher perceived the children’s attitudes toward his handicapped peers and how teacher evaluated the school conditions to apply the inclusive teaching purpose. The results indicated that 50% of the teachers believed treir knowledge were insufficient to work with special children and that they didn’t like to work with the inclusive purpose either. By the other hand, 90% of the teachers believed in the benefits of the inclusive education for all the children, nevertheless also 90% judged that their schools were not prepared to recieve special children. Results indicated no tendencies in responses between the teachers from public and private schools.

Resenha psicanalítica: sobre inveja e gratidão / Psychoanalytic Review: Envy and gratitude on

Os autores sintetizam os principais conceitos presentes em Inveja e gratidão (1957), de Melanie Klein, considerado o livro de sua importância da obra para a prática clínica. Dentre os aspectos resenhados, são enfatizadas as questões edípicas

Resenha psicanalítica: quadros psicopatológicos a luz do Edipo Freudiano

Este trabalho é uma tentativa de apontar para diferenciais de estrutura entre a histeria e a neurose obsessiva e de empreender uma correlaçäo teórica remetida ais campos de fobia, da pranóia e da homossexualidade, destacadas as duas últimas num segundo momento. Aqui o Édipo freudiano é referencial para a compreensäo dos quadros

Resenha psicanalitica: quadros psicopatologicos a luz do Edipo freudiano

Este trabalho e uma tentativa de apontar para diferenciais de estrutura entre a histeria e a neurose obsessiva e de empreender uma correlacao teorica remetida aos campos da fobia, da paranoia e da homossesualidade, destacadas as duas utltimas num segundo momento. Aqui o Edipo freudiano e referencial para a compreensao psicopatologica dos quadros.