Etiopatogenia, diagnóstico e tratamento da otite externa canina: revisão / Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine external otitis: review

A otite externa é a inflamação do conduto auditivo externo que resulta de uma complicada etiologia multifatorial. Dentro dessa variada etiologia podemos destacar os fatores predisponentes, os fatores primários e os fatores perpetuantes. Em casos de doença aguda a eliminação da causa primária pode ser suficiente, mas na doença crônica é necessária uma pesquisa cautelosa em busca de fatores predisponentes e perpetuantes que agravam a condição e impedem sua resolução. Cerca de 40% dos cães são acometidos por essa afecção. As principais características clínicas incluem eritema, edema, crostas alopecia, otorréia, odor desagradável e dor à palpação da cartilagem auricular. O tratamento pode ser apenas tópico, em casos de otites agudas e simples, mas também pode englobar o uso de antibióticos e glicocorticóidessistêmicos para os casos crônicos e recidivantes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a etiopatogenia,o diagnóstico e os tratamentos mais atuais para otite externa canina.

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the ear canal that results from a complex multifactorial etiology. Within this varied etiology can highlight the predisposing factors, the primary factors and perpetuating factors. In acute cases the elimination of the primary cause may be sufficient, but in chronic disease requires a careful search for predisposing and perpetuating factors that aggravate the condition and prevent its resolution. If the onset is gradual and unilateral otitis, it is important to evaluate the possibility of neoplasia. About 40% of dogs are affected by this condition. The main clinical features include erythema,edema, crusting, alopecia, ear discharge, unpleasant odor and pain on palpation of the auricular cartilage.Treatment may be just topic, in cases of acue ear infections, but can also encompass the use of antibioticsand glucocoticoids for chronic and recurrent cases. This study aimed to review the pathogenesis,diagnosis and the most current treatments for canine otitis externa.

Etiopatogenia, diagnóstico e tratamento da otite externa canina: revisão / Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of canine external otitis: review

A otite externa é a inflamação do conduto auditivo externo que resulta de uma complicada etiologia multifatorial. Dentro dessa variada etiologia podemos destacar os fatores predisponentes, os fatores primários e os fatores perpetuantes. Em casos de doença aguda a eliminação da causa primária pode ser suficiente, mas na doença crônica é necessária uma pesquisa cautelosa em busca de fatores predisponentes e perpetuantes que agravam a condição e impedem sua resolução. Cerca de 40% dos cães são acometidos por essa afecção. As principais características clínicas incluem eritema, edema, crostas alopecia, otorréia, odor desagradável e dor à palpação da cartilagem auricular. O tratamento pode ser apenas tópico, em casos de otites agudas e simples, mas também pode englobar o uso de antibióticos e glicocorticóidessistêmicos para os casos crônicos e recidivantes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a etiopatogenia,o diagnóstico e os tratamentos mais atuais para otite externa canina. (AU)

Otitis externa is an inflammation of the ear canal that results from a complex multifactorial etiology. Within this varied etiology can highlight the predisposing factors, the primary factors and perpetuating factors. In acute cases the elimination of the primary cause may be sufficient, but in chronic disease requires a careful search for predisposing and perpetuating factors that aggravate the condition and prevent its resolution. If the onset is gradual and unilateral otitis, it is important to evaluate the possibility of neoplasia. About 40% of dogs are affected by this condition. The main clinical features include erythema,edema, crusting, alopecia, ear discharge, unpleasant odor and pain on palpation of the auricular cartilage.Treatment may be just topic, in cases of acue ear infections, but can also encompass the use of antibioticsand glucocoticoids for chronic and recurrent cases. This study aimed to review the pathogenesis,diagnosis and the most current treatments for canine otitis externa. (AU)

Displasia folicular dos pelos pretos: Relato de caso / Black hair follicular dysplasia: Case report

A Displasia Folicular dos Pelos Pretos é uma doença de rara ocorrência, de etiologia pouco elucidada, que acomete cães jovens. Não há predisposição racial ou sexual e a sintomatologia clínica consiste na presença de alopecia progressiva nas áreas de pelagem preta. O diagnóstico é realizado atravésdo tricograma e da biopsia cutânea seguida do exame histopatológico. O tratamento se restringe ao controle das alterações secundárias tais como a piodermite. O presente relato teve como objetivos a descrição das lesões dermatológicas, diagnóstico e tratamento em um cão SRD.

Black hair follicular dysplasia is a rare disease that affects young dogs, which etiology remains unclear. There is no breed or sexual predisposition. The clinical signs consists in a progressive baldness in black colored hair areas. The diagnosis is made by atrichogram and a skin biopsy followed by histopathological examination. The treatment involves the control of secondary disease such as pyoderma.The aim of this report was to describe the skin lesions, diagnosis and treatment in a mongrel dog.

Displasia folicular dos pelos pretos: Relato de caso / Black hair follicular dysplasia: Case report

A Displasia Folicular dos Pelos Pretos é uma doença de rara ocorrência, de etiologia pouco elucidada, que acomete cães jovens. Não há predisposição racial ou sexual e a sintomatologia clínica consiste na presença de alopecia progressiva nas áreas de pelagem preta. O diagnóstico é realizado atravésdo tricograma e da biopsia cutânea seguida do exame histopatológico. O tratamento se restringe ao controle das alterações secundárias tais como a piodermite. O presente relato teve como objetivos a descrição das lesões dermatológicas, diagnóstico e tratamento em um cão SRD. (AU)

Black hair follicular dysplasia is a rare disease that affects young dogs, which etiology remains unclear. There is no breed or sexual predisposition. The clinical signs consists in a progressive baldness in black colored hair areas. The diagnosis is made by atrichogram and a skin biopsy followed by histopathological examination. The treatment involves the control of secondary disease such as pyoderma.The aim of this report was to describe the skin lesions, diagnosis and treatment in a mongrel dog. (AU)

Furunculose eosinofílica canina / Canine eosinophilic furunculosis

Background: The eosinophilic furunculosis is an uncommon skin disease that affects young dogs aged between two and five years. Sex predilections are not noted. Most reported cases have been in large breeds with abundant access to the outdoors like public gardens and parks. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown but the pattern of lesions development suggests involvement reaction to insect bites and arthropods. The time between contact with the agent and the appearance of lesions is short, often less than 24 h. The skin lesions appear suddenly in the face, usually on the dorsal muzzle and/ or periocular region, pinnae and lips. More rarely on the trunk, chest and legs and it is characterized by predominantly hemorrhagic ulcers with edema. Pustules, nodules and plaques rapidly fistulate and drain serosanguinous exudates. Pruritus is variable, but may be severe. Severely affected dogs may be febrile, lethargic and anoretic. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is seen in the majority of cases. Clinical differential diagnosis include demodicosis, dermatophytosis, nasal deep bacterial folliculitis and furunculosis, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus and drug reactions. None of these diseases share the fulminant rapid onset of eosinophilic furunculosis. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, cytology and skin biopsies. The treatment involves oral steroids until complete remission of lesions and the antibiotic therapy is indicated in cases of associated bacterial infection. Case: The patient was a 4-year-old, male Pit Bull dog attended in a small animal clinic in Niteroi-Rio de Janeiro, which presented ulcerated, exudative lesions on the dorsal muzzle and right leg. After sedation, clinical examination was performed and an exudate was collected from the ulcerated skin lesion for cytopathological analysis .The slide containing the lesion impression was stained by a quick panoptic method. In order to collect samples, the dog was sedated with a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and acepromazine and a skin fragment was collected from the nasal bridge lesion with a 6 mm punch after local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride. The specimen was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and sent for histopathological analysis. The cytopathological exam revealed a marked eosinophilic inflammation. Histopathological examination revealed ulcerated skin. The epidermis was moderately acanthotic with mild espongiosis and the dermis was characterized by intense eosinophilic folliculocentric inflammations. An extensive folicular rupture, eosinophilic mural foliculitis were presented and PAS staining did not identify fungal structures. Oral prednisone (2 mg/Kg) at 24h intervals was prescribed until complete remission of the lesions. After fifteen days of glucocorticoids therapy, involution of the skin lesions was observed by physical examination and was also reported by the owner. Discussion: The eosinophilic furunculosis is an acute, severe predominantly facial disease of outdoor dogs, which occurrence is rare. The diagnosis and treatment of this disease are frequently neglected because they are not included in the differential diagnosis of diverse cutaneous infections. In view of the scarcity of reports and to alert veterinarians that the disease should be included in the differential diagnosis with other bacterial diseases, this report described a case of canine eosinophilic furunculosis.

Pênfigo foliáceo em felinos - relato de três casos / Pemphigus foliaceus in felines - three cases report

O pênfigo foliáceo é uma dermatopatia auto-imune de rara ocorrência na clínica dermatológica felina que acomete gatos adultos a idosos, sem predileção sexual e racial. O diagnóstico é realizado pelo histórico, exame clínico e histopatológico cutâneo. O tratamento consiste no uso de doses imunosupressoras de glicocorticóidesorais e em casos onde este não oferece resultados satisfatórios, o clorambucil pode ser utilizado. O uso daprednisolona na dosagem de 4 mg/kg a cada 24 horas foi eficaz em dois dos casos aqui descritos, sendo essamedicação preconizada na manutenção desses animais. No caso refratário ao tratamento com a prednisolona,instituiu-se o uso da dexametasona (0,2 mg/kg a cada 24 horas) e posteriormente o protocolo terapêutico com o clorambucil (0,1 mg/kg a cada 24 horas),ambos demonstrando pobre resposta terapêutica. O uso do deflazacort na dosagem de 0,3 mg/kg a cada 24 horas foi preconizado com excelente resposta terapêutica neste caso. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar três casos de pênfigo foliáceo em felinos pela rara ocorrência da doença no Brasil, ressaltando a importância do exame clínico-dermatológico, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento.

Pemphigus foliaceus is an auto-immune skin disease of rare occurrence in feline dermatology practice that affects middle-aged and older cats. Sex and breed predilections are not noted. The diagnosis is based on the history, clinical examination and histopathology of skin biopsies. The treatment involves oral immunosuppressivedoses of corticosteroids and in cases where it does not give satisfactory results, chlorambucil may be used. The prednisolone use in dosage of 0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours was effective in two of the described cases being successful in the maintenance of these animals. When treating the disease with prednisolone, the dexamethasone dosage was 0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours and afterwards chlorambucil at 0.1 mg/kg every 24 hours, both of them showed poor therapeutic response. The use of deflazacort in dosage of 0.3 mg/kg at 24 hours was successful with excellent therapeutic response. The purpose of the current work is to relate three pemphigus foliaceus cases in felines, a disease which rarely occurs in Brazil. We highlight the importance of the clinical-dermatologic examination, the precocious diagnosis and the treatment.

Pênfigo foliáceo em felinos - relato de três casos / Pemphigus foliaceus in felines - three cases report

O pênfigo foliáceo é uma dermatopatia auto-imune de rara ocorrência na clínica dermatológica felina que acomete gatos adultos a idosos, sem predileção sexual e racial. O diagnóstico é realizado pelo histórico, exame clínico e histopatológico cutâneo. O tratamento consiste no uso de doses imunosupressoras de glicocorticóidesorais e em casos onde este não oferece resultados satisfatórios, o clorambucil pode ser utilizado. O uso daprednisolona na dosagem de 4 mg/kg a cada 24 horas foi eficaz em dois dos casos aqui descritos, sendo essamedicação preconizada na manutenção desses animais. No caso refratário ao tratamento com a prednisolona,instituiu-se o uso da dexametasona (0,2 mg/kg a cada 24 horas) e posteriormente o protocolo terapêutico com o clorambucil (0,1 mg/kg a cada 24 horas),ambos demonstrando pobre resposta terapêutica. O uso do deflazacort na dosagem de 0,3 mg/kg a cada 24 horas foi preconizado com excelente resposta terapêutica neste caso. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar três casos de pênfigo foliáceo em felinos pela rara ocorrência da doença no Brasil, ressaltando a importância do exame clínico-dermatológico, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento. (AU)

Pemphigus foliaceus is an auto-immune skin disease of rare occurrence in feline dermatology practice that affects middle-aged and older cats. Sex and breed predilections are not noted. The diagnosis is based on the history, clinical examination and histopathology of skin biopsies. The treatment involves oral immunosuppressivedoses of corticosteroids and in cases where it does not give satisfactory results, chlorambucil may be used. The prednisolone use in dosage of 0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours was effective in two of the described cases being successful in the maintenance of these animals. When treating the disease with prednisolone, the dexamethasone dosage was 0.2 mg/kg every 24 hours and afterwards chlorambucil at 0.1 mg/kg every 24 hours, both of them showed poor therapeutic response. The use of deflazacort in dosage of 0.3 mg/kg at 24 hours was successful with excellent therapeutic response. The purpose of the current work is to relate three pemphigus foliaceus cases in felines, a disease which rarely occurs in Brazil. We highlight the importance of the clinical-dermatologic examination, the precocious diagnosis and the treatment. (AU)