Effects and productive performance of urban agriculture on collective and environmental health in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. / Efeitos e desempenho produtivo da agricultura urbana na saúde coletiva e ambiental na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.

Urban agriculture may help promote key indicators, such as improvement of environmental health and food security and reduction of social inequality. The present article aims to help understand the current situation of urban agriculture in the city of Rio de Janeiro by focusing on the Hortas Cariocas Program (HCP). To this end, two approaches were adopted. The first one was qualitative and based on a descriptive exploratory method that was used to survey and analyze the impacts caused by the program on the communities involved. The second one was quantitative and based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which was used to assess and understand the program's productive performance from 2007 to 2019. The program's performance showed two peaks, one in 2012 with 80.21% and the other one in 2016 with 100.00% of the productive performance score. The behavior of the annual performance scores can be explained by the increases in the number of people who got directly involved (number of producers) and in the occupied area (number of seedbeds), as they reflect the socio-environmental character of the HCP.

A agricultura urbana pode auxiliar na promoção de indicadores importantes, como melhoria da saúde ambiental e da segurança alimentar e redução da desigualdade social. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo ajudar na compreensão da situação atual da agricultura urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com enfoque no Programa Hortas Cariocas (PHC). Para tanto, foram realizadas duas abordagens. Uma qualitativa, em que o método exploratório descritivo foi aplicado para reconhecer e analisar os impactos causados pelo programa nas comunidades envolvidas. E outra quantitativa, por meio de análise envoltória de dados (DEA), para avaliar e entender o desempenho produtivo do programa entre os anos de 2007 e 2019. O desempenho do programa apresentou dois picos, em 2012 com 80,21% e em 2016 com 100,00% de índice eficiência produtiva. O comportamento do desempenho anual pôde ser explicado pelos acréscimos no número de pessoas envolvidas diretamente (nº de hortelões) e na área ocupada (nº de canteiros), por refletirem o caráter socioambiental do PHC.

Efeitos e desempenho produtivo da agricultura urbana na saúde coletiva e ambiental na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Effects and productive performance of urban agriculture on collective and environmental health in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo A agricultura urbana pode auxiliar na promoção de indicadores importantes, como melhoria da saúde ambiental e da segurança alimentar e redução da desigualdade social. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo ajudar na compreensão da situação atual da agricultura urbana na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com enfoque no Programa Hortas Cariocas (PHC). Para tanto, foram realizadas duas abordagens. Uma qualitativa, em que o método exploratório descritivo foi aplicado para reconhecer e analisar os impactos causados pelo programa nas comunidades envolvidas. E outra quantitativa, por meio de análise envoltória de dados (DEA), para avaliar e entender o desempenho produtivo do programa entre os anos de 2007 e 2019. O desempenho do programa apresentou dois picos, em 2012 com 80,21% e em 2016 com 100,00% de índice eficiência produtiva. O comportamento do desempenho anual pôde ser explicado pelos acréscimos no número de pessoas envolvidas diretamente (nº de hortelões) e na área ocupada (nº de canteiros), por refletirem o caráter socioambiental do PHC.

Abstract Urban agriculture may help promote key indicators, such as improvement of environmental health and food security and reduction of social inequality. The present article aims to help understand the current situation of urban agriculture in the city of Rio de Janeiro by focusing on the Hortas Cariocas Program (HCP). To this end, two approaches were adopted. The first one was qualitative and based on a descriptive exploratory method that was used to survey and analyze the impacts caused by the program on the communities involved. The second one was quantitative and based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which was used to assess and understand the program's productive performance from 2007 to 2019. The program's performance showed two peaks, one in 2012 with 80.21% and the other one in 2016 with 100.00% of the productive performance score. The behavior of the annual performance scores can be explained by the increases in the number of people who got directly involved (number of producers) and in the occupied area (number of seedbeds), as they reflect the socio-environmental character of the HCP.

Alkaloids (emetine and cephalin) production - affected by full sunlight stress in Carapichea ipecacuanha.

This study evaluated the responses of Carapichea ipecacuanha to sunlight stress-induced changes in the electron transport chain and its extended effects on alkaloid production (emetine and cephalin). The treatments consisted of: (i). 50, 70, and 90% shading (controls) and their respective exposure to full sunlight; besides, full sunlight (55 days of direct sun exposure). Photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence transient, antioxidant enzymatic system, and quantification of cephalin and emetine were analyzed. Several changes in the Chl a fluorescence induction were observed, such as a decline in the quantum yield of the conversion of photochemical energy and photosynthetic performance and; an increase in emetine production of plants exposed to full sunlight. These results demonstrated that ipecac plants are extremely sensitive to full exposure to solar radiation, especially in periods with high temperatures, such as in summer, however with increment in emetine production.

The specific leaf area of forest species subjected to different degrees of shading did not differ when detached and full leaflets were compared / Folhas compostas de espécies florestais apresentam a mesma área foliar específica com folíolos destacados ou com folhas completas sob sombreamento

Studies of forest species under different environmental conditions are essential for enhancing our understanding of plant-environment relationships. Different light conditions interfere with the production of seedlings within forests, and this interference can be verified by assessing leaf area. However, several species have leaf compound that often contain numerous leaflets, which makes the direct measurement of leaf area difficult. This leads researchers to question whether these types of leaves should be separated for analysis or measured whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse specific leaf area in whole leaves and detached leaflets of six forest species subjected to different levels of shading. The forest species assessed all produced compound leaves and included Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacaranda-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) and Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático). Each species was subjected to six different degrees of shading: 0% (full sun); 20; 40; 60; 80 and 90%. Sombrite netting was used to shade plants. The analysis of the specific leaf area was performed using two different methods, which included the analysis of separate leaflets and whole leaves. To analyse leaflet area,50 leaflets per plant were assessed three times, and six plants per treatment were assessed. To assess whole leaves, data were obtained from the whole leaves of six plants per treatment. This process was repeated for all aforementioned species. Data obtained from both analysis methods indicated that all species assessed were similarly affected by shade, and leaf area varied according to the level of shading. This similarity of data demonstrates that, for these species, itis not necessary to use complex methods to obtain specific leaf area measurements. Thus, determining specific [...].

Estudos com espécies florestais, em diferentes condições ambientais são essenciais para o entendimento da relação planta-ambiente. Diferentes condições de luminosidade podem interferir na produção de mudas florestais e o reflexo dessa interferência pode ser verificado pela análise da área foliar. No entanto, muitas espécies apresentam folhas compostas, sendo muitas vezes com inúmeros folíolos, o que dificulta as análises com mensuração direta da área foliar, proporcionando dúvidas durante a análise, se devem ser separados para análise ou mensurados com a folha inteira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a área foliar específica em folhas inteiras e folíolos destacados de folhas compostas de seis espécies florestais submetidas à diferentes níveis de sombreamento. As espécies florestais utilizadas foram Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacarandá-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A.St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) e Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático), todas com folhas compostas. Cada espécie foi submetida a seis tratamentos de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol); 20;40; 60; 80 e 90%, com a utilização de "sombrites" para os tratamentos sombreados. A análise da área foliar específica foi realizada de duas maneiras: folíolos separados e folha inteira. Para a análise dos folíolos esses foram obtidos de três medidas (repetições) de 50 folíolos por planta, realizada em seis plantas por tratamento. Para a análise da folha inteira os dados foram obtidos de folhas inteiras de seis plantas por tratamento. Esse processo se repetiu em todas as espécies supramencionadas. Para todas as espécies, os dados indicaram um padrão de resposta semelhante em ambos os métodos de análise, [...].

The specific leaf area of forest species subjected to different degrees of shading did not differ when detached and full leaflets were compared / Folhas compostas de espécies florestais apresentam a mesma área foliar específica com folíolos destacados ou com folhas completas sob sombreamento

Studies of forest species under different environmental conditions are essential for enhancing our understanding of plant-environment relationships. Different light conditions interfere with the production of seedlings within forests, and this interference can be verified by assessing leaf area. However, several species have leaf compound that often contain numerous leaflets, which makes the direct measurement of leaf area difficult. This leads researchers to question whether these types of leaves should be separated for analysis or measured whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse specific leaf area in whole leaves and detached leaflets of six forest species subjected to different levels of shading. The forest species assessed all produced compound leaves and included Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacaranda-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A. St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) and Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático). Each species was subjected to six different degrees of shading: 0% (full sun); 20; 40; 60; 80 and 90%. Sombrite netting was used to shade plants. The analysis of the specific leaf area was performed using two different methods, which included the analysis of separate leaflets and whole leaves. To analyse leaflet area,50 leaflets per plant were assessed three times, and six plants per treatment were assessed. To assess whole leaves, data were obtained from the whole leaves of six plants per treatment. This process was repeated for all aforementioned species. Data obtained from both analysis methods indicated that all species assessed were similarly affected by shade, and leaf area varied according to the level of shading. This similarity of data demonstrates that, for these species, itis not necessary to use complex methods to obtain specific leaf area measurements. Thus, determining specific [...].(AU)

Estudos com espécies florestais, em diferentes condições ambientais são essenciais para o entendimento da relação planta-ambiente. Diferentes condições de luminosidade podem interferir na produção de mudas florestais e o reflexo dessa interferência pode ser verificado pela análise da área foliar. No entanto, muitas espécies apresentam folhas compostas, sendo muitas vezes com inúmeros folíolos, o que dificulta as análises com mensuração direta da área foliar, proporcionando dúvidas durante a análise, se devem ser separados para análise ou mensurados com a folha inteira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a área foliar específica em folhas inteiras e folíolos destacados de folhas compostas de seis espécies florestais submetidas à diferentes níveis de sombreamento. As espécies florestais utilizadas foram Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira), Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (braúna), Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Fr. All. ex Benth. (jacarandá-da-bahia), Chorisia speciosa A.St.-Hil (paineira), Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth (sibipiruna) e Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático), todas com folhas compostas. Cada espécie foi submetida a seis tratamentos de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol); 20;40; 60; 80 e 90%, com a utilização de "sombrites" para os tratamentos sombreados. A análise da área foliar específica foi realizada de duas maneiras: folíolos separados e folha inteira. Para a análise dos folíolos esses foram obtidos de três medidas (repetições) de 50 folíolos por planta, realizada em seis plantas por tratamento. Para a análise da folha inteira os dados foram obtidos de folhas inteiras de seis plantas por tratamento. Esse processo se repetiu em todas as espécies supramencionadas. Para todas as espécies, os dados indicaram um padrão de resposta semelhante em ambos os métodos de análise, [...].(AU)

Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs’ positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.

Behavior of swine hosted in facilities with different construction typologies

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of pigs housed in facilities with different building typologies in terms of the floor and partitions. Two treatments were compared: a pen containing an area with a depth of water, and a pen floor with leaked on the sides. Data on swine behavior were collected over seven days, and the pigs positions (standing, sitting, and lying down) and activities (eating, drinking, digging, interacting, walking and idling) were observed for five animals in each pen. Data were collected via visual measurement every 10 minutes and an ethogram was constructed. Measurements of environmental data were taken (dry bulb temperature, globe temperature and relative humidity), and were used to calculate the black globe temperature and humidity index. Although the pens showed differences in terms of the dry bulb temperature, this temperature can be considered thermoneutral for creation in the growth and termination phases. Animals housed in the pens with an area of water depth stood for longer, possibly due to the environmental enrichment caused by the presence of the water slide.(AU)

Expolinear model on soybean growth in Argentina and Brazil / Modelo expolinear na cultura da soja cultivada na Argentina e no Brasil

Predicting crop growth and yield with precision are one of the main concerns of the agricultural science. For these purpose mechanistic models of crop growth have been developed and tested worldwide. The feasibility of an expolinear model for crop growth was evaluated on predicting growth modification on soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) of determined and undetermined growth cultivars, submitted to water restrictions imposed on different phenological stages. An experiment was carried out in Azul/Argentina and in Viçosa/Brazil during the growing seasons (1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 2002/2003). The expolinear model was adjusted to the dry-matter data obtained from each treatment. The model showed sensibility of Rm (maximum relative growth rate of the culture - g g-1 day-1) to variation in air temperature; of Cm (maximum growth rate of the culture - g m-2 day-1) to solar radiation and of Tb (lost time -day) to water stress. Cm values were higher without water restriction presenting, in both countries, a direct correlation with solar radiation. Without water restrictions, Rm values were lower when the average air temperature during the cycle was lower. It was observed that under water stress the culture had a bias to present higher Rm values. Tb was lower in the irrigated treatments than in those with water deficits. The analysis of the outputs clearly shows the feasibility of the expolinear model to explain the differential growth rates of soybean as a consequence of climatic conditions.

Prever o crescimento e a produtividade das culturas com precisão é uma das principais preocupações das ciências agrícolas. Com esse propósito, modelos mecanísticos de crescimento de culturas têm sido desenvolvidos e testados. A adequação do modelo expolinear de crescimento de culturas foi avaliada para prever as modificações de crescimento de cultivares de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) de crescimento determinado e indeterminado, submetidas a déficit hídrico em diferentes estádios fenológicos. Um experimento foi conduzido em Azul/Argentina e outro em Viçosa/Brasil durante as estações de cultivo (1997/1998, 1998/1999 e 2002/2003). O modelo expolinear foi ajustado aos dados de fitomassa seca obtidos de cada tratamento. O modelo apresentou sensibilidade do parâmetro Rm (taxa máxima de crescimento relativo da cultura - g g-1 day-1) à variação na temperatura do ar; do parâmetro Cm (taxa máxima de crescimento da cultura - g m-2 day-1) à radiação solar; e do parâmetro Tb (perda em tempo - dias) ao estresse hídrico. Os valores de Cm foram maiores sem restrições hídricas, apresentando, em ambos os países, uma correlação direta com a radiação solar. Sem restrições hídricas, os valores de Rm foram menores quando a temperatura média do ar durante o ciclo foi menor. Sob estresse hídrico, a cultura mostrou uma tendência a apresentar valores de Rm maiores. Os valores de Tb foram menores nos tratamentos irrigados e maiores nos tratamentos com deficiência hídrica. A análise dos resultados mostrou claramente a capacidade do modelo expolinear para simular as diferentes taxas de crescimento da cultura da soja como uma consequência das condições climáticas.