A review of the mesotheliogenic potency of cleavage fragments found in talc.

It has long been recognized that amphibole minerals, such as cleavage fragments of tremolite and anthophyllite, may exist in some talc deposits. We reviewed the current state of the science regarding the factors influencing mesotheliogenic potency of cleavage fragments, with emphasis on those that may co-occur in talc deposits, including dimensional and structural characteristics, animal toxicology, and the most well-studied cohort exposed to talc-associated cleavage fragments. Based on our review, multiple lines of scientific evidence demonstrate that inhaled cleavage fragments associated with talc do not pose a mesothelioma hazard.

Assessment of worst-case potential airborne asbestos exposure associated with the use of cosmetic talc: application of an exponential decay model.

Talc is used in cosmetic products to confer desirable properties, such as moisture absorption and smooth texture, to the finished products. Concerns have been raised about the potential presence of asbestos in products containing cosmetic talc. Reconstruction of potential asbestos exposure from the use of cosmetic talc products (assuming a trace level of asbestos) requires consideration of consumer use patterns. Although application generally only lasts seconds, exposure theoretically may continue if the consumer remains in the immediate vicinity. Most published exposure measurements have not adequately characterized the potential for continued exposure. In this analysis, estimates and measurements of airborne asbestos fiber concentrations associated with cosmetic talc use from 10 published studies were used as inputs to an exponential decay model to estimate "worst-case" exposure during and following application. The resulting geometric mean 30-min time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were 0.006 f/cc for both puff and shaker application, for diapering, 0.0001 f/cc (adult applying baby powder) and 0.0002 f/cc (infant), and for makeup application, 0.0005 f/cc. Application of an exponential decay model to measured or estimated asbestos concentrations associated with the use of cosmetic talc products yields a conservative means to comprehensively reconstruct such exposures. Moreover, our results support that, if a cosmetic talc powder product contained a trace level of asbestos fibers, the "worst-case" airborne asbestos exposure associated with its application is low.

Evaluation of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from memory foam mattresses and potential implications for consumer health risk.

Chemical emissions from two new memory foam mattresses were evaluated in a simulated consumer use environment over the course of 32 days. Passive 12- and 24-h samples (n = 62) were collected for various VOCs. Airborne concentrations of chemicals associated with the mattresses (2-propanol, acetone, chloromethane, toluene, and ΣVOC) peaked during the first day after installation and progressively decayed over the course of the following 31 days. Emission rates were derived using a two-phase, double exponential source decay model paired with a one-compartment generalized indoor air quality model; short- and long-term emission half-lives for individual chemicals were on the order of hours (approximately 4 or 12 h) and days (approximately 24 days), respectively. Model-estimated average ΣVOC concentrations for the 32-day period of the study were approximately 20 and 33 µg/m3 for Mattress 1 and 2, respectively, while the modeled one-year average concentrations were 2.7 and 4.2 µg/m3, respectively. First-year trends for both mattresses were qualitatively similar, with the sum of 2-propanol, acetone, chloromethane, and toluene contributing to approximately 81% and 95% of the first-year ΣVOC concentration of Mattress 1 and 2, respectively. The airborne concentrations of individual chemicals and ΣVOC measured and modeled in this study were well below available health-based benchmarks for individual chemicals and within available indoor air quality recommendations for ΣVOC, suggesting that it is unlikely that the use of the models of mattresses evaluated in this study would pose a health risk to consumers.

Characterization of formaldehyde exposure resulting from the use of four professional hair straightening products.

An exposure simulation study was conducted to characterize potential formaldehyde exposures of salon workers and clients during keratin hair smoothing treatments. Four different hair treatment brands (Brazilian Blowout, Coppola, Global Keratin, and La Brasiliana) were applied to separate human hair wigs mounted on mannequin heads. Short-term (6-16 min) and long-term (41-371 min) personal and area samples (at distances of 0.5 to 3.0 m from the source) were collected during each treatment for the 1-day simulation. A total of 88 personal, area, and clearance samples were collected. Results were analyzed based on task sampling (blow-dry, flat-iron), treatment sampling (per hair product), and time-weighted averages (per hair treatment, four consecutive treatments). Real-time monitoring of tracer gas levels, for determining the air exchange rate, and formaldehyde levels were logged throughout the simulation. Bulk samples of each hair treatment were collected to identify and quantify formaldehyde and other chemical components that may degrade to formaldehyde under excessive heat. Mean airborne concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 0.08-3.47 ppm during blow-dry and 0.08-1.05 ppm during flat-iron. During each treatment, the mean airborne concentrations ranged from 0.02-1.19 ppm throughout different zones of the salon. Estimated 8-hr time-weighted averages for one treatment per day ranged from 0.02 ppm for La Brasiliana to 0.08-0.16 ppm for Brazilian Blowout. For four treatments per day, means ranged from 0.04-0.05 ppm for La Brasiliana to 0.44-0.75 ppm for Brazilian Blowout. Using all four products in one day resulted in estimated 8-hr time-weighted averages ranging from 0.17-0.29 ppm. Results from bulk sampling reported formaldehyde concentrations of 11.5% in Brazilian Blowout, 8.3% in Global Keratin, 3% in Coppola, and 0% in La Brasiliana. Other products that degrade into formaldehyde were detected in Global Keratin, Coppola, and La Brasiliana. The results of this study show that professional hair smoothing treatments--even those labeled "formaldehyde-free"--have the potential to produce formaldehyde concentrations that meet or exceed current occupational exposure limits.

Enhanced tumor cures after Foscan photodynamic therapy combined with the ceramide analog LCL29. Evidence from mouse squamous cell carcinomas for sphingolipids as biomarkers of treatment response.

To improve anticancer therapeutic success of photodynamic therapy (PDT), combination treatments represent a viable strategy. Sphingolipid analogs combined with anticancer drugs can enhance tumor response. We have shown that LCL29, a C6-pyridinium ceramide, promotes therapeutic efficacy of Photofrin-PDT in mouse SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma tumors. The long-term effect of the combination PDT + LCL29 is unknown. In this study we used the same model to test the long-term curative potential of Foscan-PDT + LCL29. We show that treatment of SCCVII tumors with the combination led to enhanced long-term tumor cure compared to PDT alone. LCL29 itself did not prevent tumor growth. All treatments triggered early increases in tumor-associated C16-ceramide, C18-ceramide, dihydrosphingosine, and global levels of dihydroceramides. PDT-evoked increases in tumor-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate and dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate remained elevated or were attenuated after the combination, respectively; in contrast, LCL29 had no effect on these two sphingolipids. Our data demonstrate that adjuvant LCL29 improves PDT long-term therapeutic efficacy, implying translational potential of the combination. Furthermore, our findings indicate that changes in the sphingolipid profile might serve as predictive biomarkers of tumor response to treatments.

Increased tumour dihydroceramide production after Photofrin-PDT alone and improved tumour response after the combination with the ceramide analogue LCL29. Evidence from mouse squamous cell carcinomas.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proven effective for treatment of several types of cancer. Photodynamic therapy alone, however, attains limited cures with some tumours and there is need for its improved efficacy in such cases. Sphingolipid (SL) analogues can promote tumour response in combination with anticancer drugs. In this study, we used mouse SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma tumours to determine the impact of Photofrin-PDT on the in vivo SL profile and the effect of LCL29, a C6-pyridinium ceramide, on PDT tumour response. Following PDT, the levels of dihydroceramides (DHceramides), in particular C20-DHceramide, were elevated in tumours. Similarly, increases in DHceramides, in addition to C20:1-ceramide, were found in PDT-treated SCCVII cells. These findings indicate the importance of the de novo ceramide pathway in Photofrin-PDT response not only in cells but also in vivo. Notably, co-exposure of SCCVII tumours to Photofrin-PDT and LCL29 led to enhanced tumour response compared with PDT alone. Thus, we show for the first time that Photofrin-PDT has a distinct signature effect on the SL profile in vitro and in vivo, and that the combined treatment advances PDT therapeutic gain, implying translational significance of the combination.

Designing a successful HMD-based experience.

For entertainment applications, a successful virtual experience based on a head-mounted display (HMD) needs to overcome some or all of the following problems: entering a virtual world is a jarring experience, people do not naturally turn their heads or talk to each other while wearing an HMD, putting on the equipment is hard, and people do not realize when the experience is over. In the Electric Garden at SIGGRAPH 97, we presented the Mad Hatter's Tea Party, a shared virtual environment experienced by more than 1,500 SIGGRAPH attendees. We addressed these HMD-related problems with a combination of back story, see-through HMDs, virtual characters, continuity of real and virtual objects, and the layout of the physical and virtual environments.

A model of parasagittal controlled cortical impact in the mouse: cognitive and histopathologic effects.

Controlled cortical impact (CCI), using a pneumatically driven impactor to produce traumatic brain injury, has been characterized previously in both the ferret and in the rat. In the present study, we applied this technique to establish and characterize the CCI model of brain injury in another species, the mouse, evaluating cognitive and histopathologic outcome. In anesthetized (sodium pentobarbital, 65 mg/kg) male C57BL mice, we performed sham treatment (no injury, n = 12) or CCI injury (n = 12) at a velocity of 5.7-6.2 m/sec and depth of 1 mm, using a 3-mm diameter rounded-tip impounder, positioned over the left parietotemporal cortex (parasagittal). At this level of injury, we observed highly significant deficits in memory retention of a Morris water maze task 2 days following injury (p < 0.001). Postmortem histopathologic analysis performed at 48 h following injury revealed substantial cortical tissue loss in the region of impact and selective hippocampal neuronal cell loss in the CA2, CA3, and CA3c regions, using Nissl staining. Analysis of degenerating neurons using modified Gallyas silver staining techniques demonstrated consistent ipsilateral injury of neurons in the cortex adjacent to the impact site and in the dentate gyrus of the ipsilateral hippocampus. Bilateral degeneration was observed at the gray matter-white matter interface along the corpus callosum. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry revealed extensive reactive gliosis appearing diffusely through the bilateral cortices, hippocampi, and thalami at 48 h postinjury. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier was demonstrated with antimouse IgG immunohistochemistry, revealing extravasation of endogenous IgG throughout the ipsilateral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. These results suggest that this new model of parasagittal CCI in the mouse mimics a number of well-established sequelae observed in previously characterized brain injury models using other rodent species. This mouse model may be a particularly useful experimental tool for comparing behavioral and histopathologic characteristics of traumatic brain injury in wild-type and genetically altered mice.

Breast cancer surgery: understanding the story.

1. Research has shown that mastectomy, with or without reconstruction, is no more effective in the long run than breast conservation and irradiation. Therefore, the important factor seems to be choice. 2. A Halsted radical mastectomy involves the removal of the whole breast along with the pectoralis major and minor muscles and a complete axillary dissection. A modified radical mastectomy involves removal of the whole breast and most or all of the axillary lymph nodes, but preserves the pectoralis major muscle. 3. Breast preserving strategies remove the malignant cells and minimal surrounding tissue. These segmental resections include lumpectomy, quadranectomy, and wedge resection along with axillary node dissection.

Effect of ionic strength on the binding of Sindbis virus to chick cells.

Sindbis virus can adsorb to chicken embryo fibroblasts in two different ways. "Loosely" bound virus can be washed off the cell with buffers of ionic strength 0.2 or greater, whereas "tightly" bound virus remains attached under these conditions. When Sindbis virus is adsorbed to chick cells at 4 C from a buffer of ionic strength 0.17, 40 to 50% of the adsorbed virus is loosely bound, the remainder tightly bound. Infection of chick cells by Sindbis virus has only small effects on the total amount of virus that can be bound to the cells. However, the amount of Sindbis virus that can be tightly bound declines rapidly beginning at 2 to 3 h after infection. By 7 h after infection, the amount of virus that can be tightly bound is only 10 to 20% of the amount bound to uninfected cells. The adsorption (and penetration) of virus at 37 C is most efficient at an ionic strength of 0.15 to 0.17; at this ionic strength most of the adsorbed virus is tightly bound. At higher ionic strengths the virus adsorbs poorly. At lower ionic strengths most of the virus is loosely bound. A second enveloped virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, has been studied for the purposes of comparison; its adsorption behavior differs from that of Sindbis virus.

Thermal inactivation of Newcastle disease virus. I. Coupled inactivation rates of hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities.

The thermal stability of Newcastle disease virus has been characterized in terms of the rate constants for inactivation of hemagglutinating activity (HA), neuraminidase activity (NA), and infectivity. Inactivation of HA results in the concomitant loss of NA. Infectivity, however, is much more thermolabile. Disintegration of the virus particle is not responsible for the identical rate constants for inactivation of HA and NA, nor is their parallel inactivation uncoupled in envelope fragments produced by pretreating the virus with phospholipase-C. The data indicate that a common envelope factor(s) can influence the thermal stability of both activities.