Encapsulation of phenolic and antioxidant compounds from spent coffee grounds using spray-drying and freeze-drying and characterization of dried powders.

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a coproduct that causes environmental impacts worldwide. Thus, consciously reusing the SCG is an eminent need. This work aimed to encapsulate phenolic compounds and antioxidants obtained from SCG extracts through spray- and freeze-drying techniques using different isolated and combined wall materials. The dried powders produced were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, bulk density, hygroscopicity, color, content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, and the results were compared. The results showed that all evaluated treatments resulted in a powdered product with low values of bulk density, moisture and water activity, especially for freeze-drying. The freeze-dried product also showed higher hygroscopicity. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, both drying methods showed high levels of these compounds in the dried product and good encapsulation efficiency, reaching 83.43%. In most cases, spray-drying and freeze-drying did not differ statistically (p > 0.05) in relation to bioactive compound content and encapsulation efficiency. In relation to wall materials, albumin showed the worst performance in the retention of bioactive compounds. On the other hand, pure gum arabic combined with maltodextrin led to better preservation of these compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spent coffee grounds are a coproduct generated in large quantities in the world. The encapsulation of phenolic and antioxidant compounds protects and enables their application in different food matrices. Therefore, the evaluation of different encapsulation methods and wall materials is important to define good process conditions.

Encapsulation of coffee silverskin extracts by foam mat drying and comparison with powders obtained by spray drying and freeze-drying.

Coffee silverskin is a coproduct that has a rich composition in bioactive compounds. However, most of these compounds are susceptible to the conditions used during food processing and storage. Encapsulation is a process of great interest to increase the stability of these bioactive compounds, and different methods can influence the final characteristics of the product. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the encapsulation methods by foam mat drying, spray drying and freeze-drying for producing powder from coffee silverskin extracts. Density, porosity, overrun, and stability foam were evaluated and the physicochemical properties of powders, such as water activity, moisture, wettability, hygroscopicity, solubility, color, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic were determined. The optimal condition required for the feed mixture for foam formation was 7.6% gum arabic, 2% maltodextrin, and 10.4% egg albumin. All methods presented powders with desirable values of water activity, moisture content, and hygroscopicity, being considered stable for storage, and high content of bioactive compounds. Higher temperatures for foam mat drying produced powders with higher encapsulation efficiency (>77%) and longer wettability than lower temperatures (50 and 60°C). Therefore, this study verified that foam mat drying can be considered an efficient and promising method for encapsulating bioactive compounds from coffee silverskin extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Foam mat drying can be considered an alternative method to conventional encapsulation by spray drying and freeze-drying. This method is simple, inexpensive, and generates high-quality products. Optimization of foam properties is necessary to ensure successful drying.

Evaluation of chemical properties of intact green coffee beans using near-infrared spectroscopy.

BACKGROUND: The chemical compounds in coffee are important indicators of quality. Its composition varies according to several factors related to the planting and processing of coffee. Thus, this study proposed to use near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) associated with partial least squares (PLS) regression to estimate quickly some chemical properties (moisture content, soluble solids, and total and reducing sugars) in intact green coffee samples. For this, 250 samples produced in Brazil were analyzed in the laboratory by the standard method and also had their spectra recorded. RESULTS: The calibration models were developed using PLS regression with cross-validation and tested in a validation set. The models were elaborated using original spectra and preprocessed by five different mathematical methods. These models were compared in relation to the coefficient of determination, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of test set validation (RMSEP), and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) and demonstrated different predictive capabilities for the chemical properties of coffee. The best model was obtained to predict grain moisture and the worst performance was observed for the soluble solids model. The highest determination coefficients obtained for the samples in the validation set were equal to 0.810, 0.516, 0.694 and 0.781 for moisture, soluble solids, total sugar, and reducing sugars, respectively. CONCLUSION: The statistics associated with these models indicate that NIR technology has the potential to be applied routinely to predict the chemical properties of green coffee, and in particular, for moisture analysis. However, the soluble solid and total sugar content did not show high correlations with the spectroscopic data and need to be improved. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Performance and carcass yield of pig fed diets containing different levels of ractopamine / Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de suínos na fase de terminação, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de ractopamina

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of finishing castrated males and females pigs, supplemented with diets containing different levels of ractopamine. Sixty animals were used, with initial body weight of 84.27 ± 2.26kg, distributed in a randomized block design, consisting of six levels of ractopamine (0; 3; 6; 9; 12 and 15ppm) and five repetitions per treatment. At the end of the trial period, it was evaluated the effect of different levels of ractopamine on the final body weight (FW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC) and carcass yield. It was observed a linear increase (P0,05). The supplementation with ractopamine in the diet of finishing castrated males and females pigs, provides greater performance to the animals, improving production yield.

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de suínos na fase de terminação de machos castrados e fêmeas, recebendo dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 60 animais, com peso inicial de 84,27 ± 2,26kg, aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seis dietas experimentais compostas por diferentes níveis de ractopamina (zero; três; seis; nove; 12 e 15ppm) e cinco repetições por tratamento. Ao final do período experimental, foi avaliado o efeito dos diferentes níveis de ractopamina sobre o peso final (PF), consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), conversão alimentar (CA) e rendimento de carcaça. Observou-se aumento linear (P0,05). A adição de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e fêmeas em terminação proporcionou melhor desempenho aos animais, promovendo melhoras nos parâmetros produtivos.

Performance and carcass yield of pig fed diets containing different levels of ractopamine / Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de suínos na fase de terminação, recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de ractopamina

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of finishing castrated males and females pigs, supplemented with diets containing different levels of ractopamine. Sixty animals were used, with initial body weight of 84.27 ± 2.26kg, distributed in a randomized block design, consisting of six levels of ractopamine (0; 3; 6; 9; 12 and 15ppm) and five repetitions per treatment. At the end of the trial period, it was evaluated the effect of different levels of ractopamine on the final body weight (FW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC) and carcass yield. It was observed a linear increase (P<0,05) in the levels of ractopamine for final weight, as well as for the average daily weight gain. For feed conversion (P<0,05), it was evident a decrease of 25.50% in animals supplemented with 15ppm of ractopamine in the diet. For average daily feed intake and carcass yield there was no significant effect (P>0,05). The supplementation with ractopamine in the diet of finishing castrated males and females pigs, provides greater performance to the animals, improving production yield.(AU)

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça de suínos na fase de terminação de machos castrados e fêmeas, recebendo dietas contendo diferentes níveis de ractopamina. Foram utilizados 60 animais, com peso inicial de 84,27 ± 2,26kg, aleatoriamente distribuídos para uma das seis dietas experimentais compostas por diferentes níveis de ractopamina (zero; três; seis; nove; 12 e 15ppm) e cinco repetições por tratamento. Ao final do período experimental, foi avaliado o efeito dos diferentes níveis de ractopamina sobre o peso final (PF), consumo de ração médio diário (CRMD), ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD), conversão alimentar (CA) e rendimento de carcaça. Observou-se aumento linear (P<0,05) para peso final e ganho de peso médio diário, à medida que houve aumento dos níveis de ractopamina. Para a conversão alimentar (P<0,05), evidenciou-se decréscimo de 25,50% nos animais que receberam 15ppm de ractopamina na dieta. Para o consumo de ração médio diário e rendimento de carcaça, não foram observados efeitos significativos (P>0,05). A adição de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos castrados e fêmeas em terminação proporcionou melhor desempenho aos animais, promovendo melhoras nos parâmetros produtivos.(AU)

Use of different extracts of coffee pulp for the production of bioethanol.

Coffee is one of the most important agricultural products in Brazil. More than 50 % of the coffee fruit is not used for the production of commercial green coffee and is therefore discarded, usually ending up in the environment. The goal of this work was to select an efficient process for obtaining coffee pulp extract and to evaluate the use of this extract in bioethanol production. The effects of heat treatment and trituration on the yield and composition of the extract were investigated by measuring the amounts of reducing sugars, starch, pectin, and phenolic compounds. The extraction process was most efficient at room temperature using grinding followed by pressing. Five different fermentation media were tested: sugarcane juice or molasses diluted with water or with coffee pulp extract and a medium with only coffee pulp extract. Batch fermentations were carried out at 30 °C for 24 h, and samples were taken to obtain measurements of the total reducing sugars, cell count, and ethanol concentration. The addition of coffee pulp extract did not influence the fermentation or yeast viability, and it can thus be mixed with sugarcane juice or molasses for the production of bioethanol, with a yield of approximately 70 g/L.

Caracterização físico-química da mucilagem de inhame liofilizada / Physical and chemical characteristics of the mucilage of lyophilized yam

A mucilagem do inhame desempenha papel de interesse na indústria de alimentos em razão das suas propriedades como espessante, estabilizante e emulsificante. Neste estudo, objetivou-se caracterizar a mucilagem liofilizada do inhame por meio de análises físicas, químicas e reológicas. Foram determinados a composição centesimal, valor calórico, pH, acidez, sais minerais, vitamina C, açúcares totais, polifenóis, pectinametilesterase, poligalacturonase, termogravimétrica, análise térmica diferencial, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, espectroscopia infravermelho e viscosidade aparente. A mucilagem de inhame liofilizada apresentou elevados teores de proteína bruta e fibra alimentar e baixos teores de fração glicídica e de valor calórico. Quanto à análise termogravimétrica a mucilagem de inhame demonstrou maior perda de massa cerca de 60 por cento à temperatura média de 200º C, o que inviabiliza o seu uso acima desta temperatura.

The mucilage of yam is of interest in the food industry due to its properties as a thickener, stabilizer and emulsifier. The aim of this study was to characterize the freeze-dried mucilage of yam through physical analysis, chemical and rheological properties. The study measured the proximate composition, caloric value, pH, acidity, minerals, vitamin C, sugars, polyphenols, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy and viscosity. The lyophilized yam mucilage showed high levels of crude protein and dietary fiber content and low fraction of glucose and calories. A thermogravimetric analysis mucilage of the yam showed a higher weight loss (about 60 percent) at an average temperature of 200º C, thus precluding their use above this temperature.

Influência do processamento por via úmida e tipos de secagem sobre a composição, físico química e química do café (Coffea arabica L) / Influence of the wet processing and drying types on chemical and physicochemical composition of coffee (Coffea arabica L. )

O café (Coffea arabica L.) é um importante produto de exportação brasileira, por fazer parte do hábito alimentar da população de diversos países. Sua produção vem passando por transformações tecnológicas que têm como objetivo agregar valores qualitativos ao produto destinado tanto para mercado interno como externo. A exportação do café e de produtos alimentícios deve se adequar aos programas de qualidade estabelecidos por acordos políticos internacionais. Assim sendo, objetivou-se, nesse estudo, verificar a influência do método de preparo via úmida com tipos distintos de secagens, na obtenção do café cereja descascado, sobre a composição, físico-química e química do café. Houve influência da forma, preparo e tipo de secagem sobre as principais características estudadas. O café cereja descascado apresentou diferenças nos principais indicadores químicos físico-químicos e com uma superioridade para esse método de preparo com secagem exclusiva no terreiro, em diversos aspectos. Houve redução na condutividade elétrica, lixiviação de potássio e aumento da atividade da polifenoloxidase.

Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important Brazilian export product, being part of the eating habit in several countries. Its production has experienced technological transformations, with the aim at adding quality values to the product destined to internal as well as to external market. The export of coffee and food products must adjust to the quality programs established by international political agreements. In this context, this work was carried out to verify the influence of the wet processing using different drying types on the obtentainment of the husked coffee cherry on the chemical and physicochemical composition of the coffee. There was influence of the preparation and the drying type methods on the main studied characteristics. The peeled red cherry coffee presented differences in the main chemical and physicochemical indicators, with a superiority in the preparation method with exclusive drying on the patio, in several aspects. Reduction in the electric conductivity and potassium leaching was observed as well as increase in the polyphenoloxidase activity.

Desempenho produtivo e digestibilidade pela tilápia do NILO (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) alimentada com dietas suplementadas com níveis crescentes de silagem ácida de pescado / Yielo and digestibility performance by the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) fed with diets with increasing levels of acid silage of fishing

Conduziram-se estes experimentos para avaliar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e da energiabruta da silagem ácida de resíduos da filetagem de tilápias e o desempenho produtivo da tilápia alimentada com dietas contendo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) da silagem ácida em substituição à farinha de peixe. Na digestibilidade foram utilizados 200 alevinos revertidos sexualmente, com peso médio de 5,0 g e acondicionados em aquários de 40 litros. A coleta de fezes foi feita pormetodologia indireta, utilizando-se 1,0% de Cr2O3 como indicador, incorporado à ração. No desempenho foram utilizados 2000 alevinos de tilápia nilótica, com peso médio inicial de 0,525g, acondicionados em hapas de 1m2, dispostos em 1 viveiro escavado. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso final (GPF), consumo de ração total (CRT), conversão alimentaraparente (CAA) e acréscimo em comprimento (AC). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os valores de digestibilidade encontrados foram: coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (CDA), 95,5%; CDA da proteína bruta, 96,7%; CDA do extrato etéreo, 97,2% e CDA da energia bruta, 95,4%. Não houve diferença significativa no consumo de ração total. Observou-se efeito quadrático para ganho de peso final, conversão alimentar aparente e acréscimo em comprimento. Conclui-se que este alimento pode ser eficientemente utilizado pela tilápia nilótica.

The experiments were carried out in order to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients and gross energy of acid silage of filetage residues of the Nile tilapia. The treatments were based on the increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%)of the acid silage by substitution of fish meal in the diets. In the digestibility assay a total of 200 sexually inverted juveniles were used. The average weight was 2.0 g and were kept in 40 liter aquariums. Feces collect was made during seven subsequent days andthe apparent digestibility coefficients and apparent digestible energy were determined by indirect method, using 1.0% of Cr203 as an indicator. In the performance assay 2000 sexually inverted juveniles were used, with average weight of 0.45g, kept in 1m²hapas, in a fish crawl. The analyzed variables were: final weight (FWG), total feed intake (TFI), apparent feed conversion (AFC) and length increase (LI). The randomized outline was used with five treatments and four repetitions. The values for apparentdigestibility were: apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, 95.49%; apparent digestibility coefficient of gross protein, 96.66%; apparent digestibility coefficient of ether extract, 97.18%; apparent digestibility coeficient of gross energy, 95.44%.There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for total feed intake (TFI). One observed a quadratic effect (P<0.01) in the final weight (FWG), apparent feed conversion (AFC) and length increase. One concluded that the acid silage of filetage residues shouldbe efficiently used by the Nile tilapia.

Silagem ácida de resíduos da filetagem de tilápias para girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802): Digestibilidade e desempenho / Acid silage of filetage from tilapia residues for frog-bull tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana Shaw, 1802): (Digestibility and performance assays)

Os experimentos foram realizados para avaliar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e da energia bruta da silagem ácida de resíduos da filetagem de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), para girinos de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) e o desempenho dos girinos recebendo níveis crescentes (0, 15, 30 por cento) da silagem ácida em substituição à farinha de peixe na ração. Na digestibilidade foram utlizados 200 girinos, medindo em média 7 cm e peso médio de 3 g, acondicionados em aquários de 40 litros. A coleta de fezes foi feita em 7 dias e a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparentes e energia digestível aparente foi feita por metodologia indireta, tendo sido utilizado 1,0 por cento de Cr2O3 como indicador incorporado à ração. No desempenho foram utilizados 240 girinos, com peso médio de 2,5 g acondicionados em aquários de 40 litros. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso final (GPF); consumo de ração total (CRT); e conversão alimentar aparente (CAA). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com 3 tratamentos e 16 repetições. Os valores de digestibilidade encontrados foram: coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca 95,48; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta 95,90; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo 99,25; coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da energia bruta 95,75 e o coeficiente da energia digestível aparente (kcal/kg) 2418,04. Observou-se uma diminuição linearmente (P<0,01) para o ganho de peso final e consumo de ração total. Concluiu-se que este alimento prejudicou o desempenho, apesar dos altos coeficientes de digestibilidade.

The experiments were conduct in order to evaluate the nutrients apparent digestibility coefficients and gross energy and performance assay by using the acid silage from tilapia filetage residues of Nile's tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for frog-bull tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) using increasing levels (0, 15, 30 percent) of acid silage residues in substitution to the fish meal in the ration of frog-bull tadpoles. For the digestibility assay were utilized 200 tadpoles, measuring on an average 7 cm, packed in aquaria of 40 liters. The feces collection was made in 7 days and the coefficients apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy digestible determination were made by indirect methodology and using 1,0 percent of Cr2O3 as diet indicator. In the performance assay a total of 240 tadpoles were utilized , with middleweight of 2,5 g packed in aquaria of 40 liters. The variables analyzed were: weight gain (WG); total feed intake (TFI); and apparent feed conversion (AFC). The experimental was in the entirely randomized design, with 3 treatments and 16 repetitions. The digestibility values were: Apparent coefficient of Dry Matter 95.48; Apparent coefficient of crude protein 95.90; Apparent coefficient of ethereal extract 99.25; Apparent crude energy digestibility coefficient 95.75 and digestible energy (kcal DE / kg) 2418. The results shown linearly decreased (P<0,01) for the weight gain and feed intake. It was conclude that the acid silage from tilapia filetage residues shown low performance, therefore high nutrients digestibility of diets for bull tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana).