Spatial and temporal dispersion of Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in orchards infested with Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) is an endoparasitoid and promising fruit fly control agent. The objective of the study was to determine the spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal dispersion of D. areolatus in the field. To evaluate the horizontal and temporal dispersion, two peach orchards were selected. In each orchard, 50 points were marked at different distances from the central point, from where 4,100 couples of D. areolatus were released. Four hours after release, parasitism units (PU) (3 per point) were fixed to the trees at a height of 1.5 m from the ground. The PUs were composed of ripe apples artificially infested with second instar larvae of Anastrepha fraterculus (30 larvae/fruit). For the evaluation of vertical dispersion, in an olive orchard six points were selected (trees of ≈4 m in height). Each tree was divided into three heights in relation to the ground (1.17, 2.34, and 3.51 m). Doryctobracon areolatus was able to disperse horizontally at a distance >60 m from the release point. However, the highest parasitism rates [15-45% (area 1); 15-27% (area 2)] were observed up to 25 m. Higher percentages of parasitism and of recovered offspring occur in the first days after the release of the parasitoid (2 DAR). As for vertical dispersion, D. areolatus parasitized A. fraterculus larvae up to the highest attachment height of the evaluated PUs (3.51). The results showed the potential use of D. areolatus in the management of fruit flies in the field.

Lethal and sublethal effects of toxic bait formulations on Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and implications for integrated fruit fly management.

The use of toxic baits has become one of the main methods of management of fruit flies in Brazil. The application of toxic baits may cause side effects on the native parasitoid Doryctobracon areolatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Based on the results, formulations made from the food attractants 3% Biofruit, 1.5% Ceratrap, 1.25% Flyral, 3% Isca Samaritá, 3% Isca Samaritá Tradicional, and 7% sugarcane molasses associated with the Malathion 1000 EC and the ready-to-use toxic bait Gelsura (containing the active ingredient alpha-cypermethrin) were classified as harmful (class 4) to D. areolatus (mortality > 85% at 96 HAE). In contrast, for toxic baits formulated with insecticide phosmet, the mortality ranged from 38% to 72%, classified as slightly harmful or moderately harmful. However, when phosmet was added to the 3% Samaritá Tradicional bait, the mortality was only 3.9% (class 1-harmless), similar to the toxicity observed for the Success 0.02 CB ready-to-use bait (0.24 g a.i. spinosad/l) (<5% mortality). Although toxic baits were formulated with spinosyn-based insecticides, all toxic bait formulations were classified as harmless or slightly harmful (<50% mortality) to D. areolatus, with the exception of 1.5% Ceratrap + spinetoram and 7% Sugarcane molasses + spinosad (≈ 60% mortality-moderately harmful). In addition, these formulations did not show sublethal effects in reducing the parasitism and emergence rate of the F1 generation of D. areolatus in A. fraterculus larvae. The results serve as a basis for the correct use of toxic food baits without affecting the biological control.

Search hours for food attractant by Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) adults in guava orchards.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) are considered the main pests of Brazilian fruit production. Understanding the behavior of species is of great importance for the success of management strategies. This study was to determine the period and search time by attractive food for A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults by using three commercial food attractants: BioAnastrepha™ 5%; Isca Samaritá Tradicional™ 5% and Ceratrap™ 1.5%. The largest catches of A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults in McPhail traps occurred during the day between 6:30 am and 6:30 pm for both species. The BioAnastrepha™ food attractant provided the largest catches compared to Isca Samaritá Tradicional™ and Ceratrap™. In addition, there was a higher prevalence of capturing females than males, for both flies' species. The period of largest search activity for food attractant was observed from 12h:31 pm to 04:30 pm for A. fraterculus and C. capitata, time of greatest temperature on the day. The definition of the period of largest activity of A. fraterculus and C. capitata adults in the field helps in the elaboration of management strategies to be adopted.

Use of Preservatives in Vegetable Protein-Based Food Attractants for Monitoring Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Peach Orchards.

Studies have demonstrated that the addition of preservatives mixed with food attractants have provided a more expressive attractiveness for fruit fly adults. The objective of the study was to evaluate the capture of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) adults when the addition of borax and/or benzalkonium chloride preservative in BioAnastrephaTM and Isca Samaritá TradicionalTM food attractants compared to CeraTrapTM (control, no preservatives added) in peach orchards. As well as, verifying the effect over non-target insects. BioAnastrephaTM, Isca Samaritá TradicionalTM and CeraTrapTM attractants enabled the capture of A. fraterculus adults when used by themselves in McPhail traps. However, by adding borax and benzalkonium chloride, BioAnastrephaTM and Isca Samaritá TradicionalTM food attractants significantly increased the number of adults captured. Additionally, the number of A. fraterculus adults captured by BioAnastrephaTM attractant + borax was similar to CeraTrapTM attractant over time. Regarding non-target insects, the highest percentages of subjects captured belong to the Coleoptera (4.4 to 11%) and Diptera orders (24.1 to 34.6%) (Drosophilidae family). Nevertheless, insects from the Hymenoptera order [(Formicidae (0.14 to 0.96%), Vespidae (0.02 to 0.3%), and Apidae (0.04 to 0.9%)] families. Neuroptera (0.02 to 0.98%) and Lepidoptera (0.09 to 0.7%) were also captured, although those amounted to less than 1% of the A. fraterculus total. Adding borax and benzalkonium chloride to BioAnastrephaTM and Isca Samaritá TradicionalTM food attractants potentialize the effect of A. fraterculus capture in monitoring traps. Also, adding preservatives made attractants more durable, consequently, the need to replace attractants was not as frequent.

Effects of insecticides used in strawberries on stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

The use of pesticides is considered one of the most important threats to pollinators, especially since they are widely used in agriculture for pest control. In the last years, several studies have reported severe secondary effects on various bee species, including exotic and native bees. In this study, lethal (mortality) and sublethal (locomotor activity) effects of insecticides and acaricides used in strawberries in Brazil (abamectin, novaluron, spinetoram, and thiamethoxam) were evaluated on the native stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata and Tetragonisca fiebrigi. The results showed that the effects varied significantly according to the pesticide, type of exposure (oral or topical), and bee species. Through oral exposure, M. quadrifasciata was more susceptible to all insecticides except for abamectin, while in topical exposure, T. fiebrigi was more sensitive. Thiamethoxam followed by spinetoram and abamectin were the most lethal, regardless of species or exposure route; novaluron was not harmful at the highest tested dose. The locomotor activity of bees was altered in the presence of sublethal doses (LC10 and LC50) of all insecticides. Spinetoram and abamectin can be as much as toxic as thiamethoxam against M. quadrifasciata and T. fiebrigi in laboratory experiments. These findings should be confirmed in field experiments to define possibilities to combine pest control and pollinator management. In crops like strawberries, the selectivity of native pollinators should be considered.

Toxicity, attraction, and repellency of toxic baits to stingless bees Plebeia emerina (Friese) and Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini).

Toxic bait formulations have been one of the main strategies used in apple orchards in southern Brazil for the control of South American fruit fly. However, its effects on the stingless bees Plebeia emerina (Friese) and Tetragonisca fiebrigi (Schwarz) are unknown. This study aimed to assess the toxicity, attraction and repellency of food lures and toxic baits on P. emerina and T. fiebrigi. We evaluated the food lures Anamed® (pure), Biofruit® (3%), Flyral® (1.25%), Sugarcane molasses (7%) and Samaritá Tradicional® (3%), in toxic baits formulations associated with spinosad (Tracer® 480SC) and malathion (Malathion® 1000EC), and the ready-to-use toxic baits Success® 0.02CB and Gelsura®. We obtained the mean lethal concentration (LC50) and the mean survival of workers after exposure to toxic bait formulations. In the field, we carried out attraction and repellency tests of toxic baits to foraging. The food lures associated with malathion and spinosad showed different levels of toxicity to P. emerina and T. fiebrigi. Sugarcane molasses and Samaritá Tradicional® associated with spinosad showed high toxicity, with LC50 values of 6.92 and 10.61 ng/µL diet to P. emerina, and of 4.37 and 15.48 ng/µL diet to T. fiebrigi, respectively. Gelsura® and food lures with malathion caused rapid workers mortality, with mean survival less than 3 h after exposure. No toxic bait formulation was attractive to P. emerina foragers in the field. Anamed®, Gelsura®, and Success® were repellent to P. emerina foragers.

Uso de clomazone associado ao safener dietholate para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes na cultura do trigo / Use of clomazone associated with dietholate safener for the management of weeds in wheat crop

O uso intensivo e repetido do método químico de controle na cultura do trigo selecionou populações de nabo (Raphanus raphanistrum e R. sativus) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum) resistentes a alguns herbicidas, em especial aos inibidores das enzimas ALS, ACCase e EPSPs. Para manejar as populações de plantas daninhas resistentes, é importante rotacionar os mecanismos de ação de herbicidas, tanto na dessecação como nas aplicações realizadas após a implantação da cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia do herbicida clomazone no controle de azevém e nabo, associado ou não ao protetor dietholate, na cultura do trigo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro repetições. No ensaio 1 foram testadas doses de dietholate (0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 g para 100 kg de sementes de trigo cultivar TBIO Itaipu) e de clomazone (0, 198, 396 e 594g ha-¹) aplicado em pré-emergência. No ensaio 2, instalado de modo simultâneo ao ensaio 1, os tratamentos foram constituídos pela testemunha infestada, testemunha capinada, clomazone + dietholate (396 g ha-1 + 240 g para 100 kg de semente) aplicado em pré-emergência, iodosulfuron-methyl (5 g ha-¹) e pyroxsulam (18 g ha-¹) –aplicados em pós-emergência. O tratamento das sementes de trigo com dietholate não interferiu no controle de azevém e nabo pelo clomazone aplicado em pré-emergência. O clomazone, mesmo aplicado em baixas doses, apresentou controle de azevém acima de 80%, podendo ser utilizado para o controle de biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da EPSPs, ALS e ACCase. O iodosulfuron-methyl e o pyroxsulam apresentaram excelente controle de nabo e satisfatório de azevém.(AU)

The intensive and repeated use of the chemical control method in the wheat crop selected populations of turnip (Raphanus raphanistrum and R. sativus) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) resistant to herbicides, especially from the groups of ALS-, ACCase- and EPSPS-inhibitors. It is important to rotate the herbicide mechanisms of action to manage populations of resistant weeds, both in burndown and after planting.Thus, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of the herbicide clomazone in the control of ryegrass and turnip associated or not to dietholate safener protection in wheat crop. The first experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), with four replications. Dietholate doses (0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 g per 100 kg of seeds of wheat cultivar TBIO Itaipu) were associated to clomazone doses (0,198, 396 and 594 g ha-¹) sprayed pre-emergence. The second experiment comprised infested and weeded control treatments, the pre-emergence application of clomazone + dietholate (396 g ha-1 + 240 g per 100 kg seed) and post-emergence application of iodosulfuron-methyl (5 g ha-¹) or pyroxsulam (18 g ha-¹). The treatment of wheat seeds with dietholate did not affect the control of ryegrass and turnip by clomazone when applied pre-emergence. Clomazone, even when sprayed at low doses, presented ryegrass control above 80% and can be used to control resistant biotypes of this weed to EPSPs-, ALS- and ACCase-inhibitors. Iodosulfuron-methyl and pyroxsulam showed excellent control of turnip and satisfactory control of ryegrass.(AU)

Uso de clomazone associado ao safener dietholate para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestantes na cultura do trigo / Use of clomazone associated with dietholate safener for the management of weeds in wheat crop

O uso intensivo e repetido do método químico de controle na cultura do trigo selecionou populações de nabo (Raphanus raphanistrum e R. sativus) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum) resistentes a alguns herbicidas, em especial aos inibidores das enzimas ALS, ACCase e EPSPs. Para manejar as populações de plantas daninhas resistentes, é importante rotacionar os mecanismos de ação de herbicidas, tanto na dessecação como nas aplicações realizadas após a implantação da cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia do herbicida clomazone no controle de azevém e nabo, associado ou não ao protetor dietholate, na cultura do trigo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com quatro repetições. No ensaio 1 foram testadas doses de dietholate (0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 g para 100 kg de sementes de trigo cultivar TBIO Itaipu) e de clomazone (0, 198, 396 e 594g ha-¹) aplicado em pré-emergência. No ensaio 2, instalado de modo simultâneo ao ensaio 1, os tratamentos foram constituídos pela testemunha infestada, testemunha capinada, clomazone + dietholate (396 g ha-1 + 240 g para 100 kg de semente) – aplicado em pré-emergência, iodosulfuron-methyl (5 g ha-¹) e pyroxsulam (18 g ha-¹) –aplicados em pós-emergência. O tratamento das sementes de trigo com dietholate não interferiu no controle de azevém e nabo pelo clomazone aplicado em pré-emergência. O clomazone, mesmo aplicado em baixas doses, apresentou controle de azevém acima de 80%, podendo ser utilizado para o controle de biótipos resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da EPSPs, ALS e ACCase. O iodosulfuron-methyl e o pyroxsulam apresentaram excelente controle de nabo e satisfatório de azevém.

The intensive and repeated use of the chemical control method in the wheat crop selected populations of turnip (Raphanus raphanistrum and R. sativus) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) resistant to herbicides, especially from the groups of ALS-, ACCase- and EPSPS-inhibitors. It is important to rotate the herbicide mechanisms of action to manage populations of resistant weeds, both in burndown and after planting.Thus, this work aimed to assess the effectiveness of the herbicide clomazone in the control of ryegrass and turnip associated or not to dietholate safener protection in wheat crop. The first experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), with four replications. Dietholate doses (0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 g per 100 kg of seeds of wheat cultivar TBIO Itaipu) were associated to clomazone doses (0,198, 396 and 594 g ha-¹) sprayed pre-emergence. The second experiment comprised infested and weeded control treatments, the pre-emergence application of clomazone + dietholate (396 g ha-1 + 240 g per 100 kg seed) and post-emergence application of iodosulfuron-methyl (5 g ha-¹) or pyroxsulam (18 g ha-¹). The treatment of wheat seeds with dietholate did not affect the control of ryegrass and turnip by clomazone when applied pre-emergence. Clomazone, even when sprayed at low doses, presented ryegrass control above 80% and can be used to control resistant biotypes of this weed to EPSPs-, ALS- and ACCase-inhibitors. Iodosulfuron-methyl and pyroxsulam showed excellent control of turnip and satisfactory control of ryegrass.