Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis

Objectives: To present evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice regarding religiosity and spirituality in mental health care in Brazil. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify potentially eligible articles indexed in the PubMed, PsycINFO, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. A summary of recommendations and their levels of evidence was produced in accordance with Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. Results: The systematic review identified 6,609 articles, 41 of which satisfied all inclusion criteria. Taking a spiritual history was found to be an essential part of a compassionate and culturally sensitive approach to care. It represents a way of obtaining relevant information about the patient's religiosity/spirituality, potential conflicts that could impact treatment adherence, and improve patient satisfaction. Consistent evidence shows that reported perceptual experiences are unreliable for differentiating between anomalous experiences and psychopathology. Negative symptoms, cognitive and behavioral disorganization, and functional impairment are more helpful for distinguishing pathological and non-pathological anomalous experiences. Conclusion: Considering the importance of religiosity/spirituality for many patients, a spiritual history should be routinely included in mental health care. Anomalous experiences are highly prevalent, requiring a sensitive and evidence-based approach to differential diagnosis.

Brazilian Psychiatric Association guidelines on the integration of spirituality into mental health clinical practice: Part 1. Spiritual history and differential diagnosis.

OBJECTIVES: To present evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice regarding religiosity and spirituality in mental health care in Brazil. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to identify potentially eligible articles indexed in the PubMed, PsycINFO, SciELO, LILACS, and Cochrane databases. A summary of recommendations and their levels of evidence was produced in accordance with Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. RESULTS: The systematic review identified 6,609 articles, 41 of which satisfied all inclusion criteria. Taking a spiritual history was found to be an essential part of a compassionate and culturally sensitive approach to care. It represents a way of obtaining relevant information about the patient's religiosity/spirituality, potential conflicts that could impact treatment adherence, and improve patient satisfaction. Consistent evidence shows that reported perceptual experiences are unreliable for differentiating between anomalous experiences and psychopathology. Negative symptoms, cognitive and behavioral disorganization, and functional impairment are more helpful for distinguishing pathological and non-pathological anomalous experiences. CONCLUSION: Considering the importance of religiosity/spirituality for many patients, a spiritual history should be routinely included in mental health care. Anomalous experiences are highly prevalent, requiring a sensitive and evidence-based approach to differential diagnosis.

Feasibility trial of the dialectical behavior therapy skills training group as add-on treatment for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to explore the feasibility, and efficacy of a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skill Training Group (DBT-ST) as an add-on treatment for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Latin America. METHOD: Adults with ADHD (n = 31) with stable medication treatment for ADHD and residual symptoms (ASRS > 20) were randomly assigned to DBT-ST (n = 16) or treatment as usual (TaU; n = 15) for 12 weeks. Feasibility was accessed by attendance and completion rates at 12 weeks. Efficacy outcomes were measured with the ASRS, and performed at 0, 6, 12, and 16 weeks. RESULTS: The DBT-ST protocol had 81.25% completion rate, with a mean attendance of 87.25% of the sessions. No significant interactions between group and time were detected for outcome measures. DISCUSSION: The DBT-ST was feasible as add-on treatment for adult patients with ADHD in Latin America. Replicating previous findings, DBT-ST has shown no significantly higher improvement in ADHD symptoms in comparison with TaU. Registered at the Clinical Trials database (NCT03326427).

Evaluation of Breathworks' Mindfulness for Stress 8-week course: Effects on depressive symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, affects, self-compassion, and mindfulness facets in Brazilian health professionals.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of the Breathworks' Mindfulness for Stress 8-week course on depressive and psychiatric symptoms, and on positive and negative affects, compared with active control and wait list. METHOD: A total of 84 primary care health professionals enrolled in the study, in quasi-experimental research design. The scales Beck Depression Inventory, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, Self-Compassion Scale, and Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire were applied before and after the interventions. RESULTS: Depressive symptoms, psychiatric symptoms, and negative affects had a statistically significant decrease before postintervention evaluations in Mindfulness for Stress group, and the levels of self-compassion and observe and non-reactivity dimensions of mindfulness improved after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The Mindfulness for Stress program can be considered a feasible group intervention to improve the mental health of healthcare professionals.

6-Sulfatoxymelatonin predicts treatment response to fluoxetine in major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: To date, no biomarker has been able to predict antidepressant response at an early blockade of norepinephrine or serotonin uptake. The transient nocturnal increase in plasma melatonin levels is upregulated by blocking these uptakes. The aim of this study was to test whether fluoxetine increase in urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) is an indicator of serotonin uptake blockade. METHODS: A total of 20 women (35-45 years of age) recruited from the community had a diagnosis of major depressive disorder confirmed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Depressive symptoms were evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Participants were instructed to take 20 mg of fluoxetine every morning. Every 4 weeks, the dose could be increased by 20 mg until symptom remission. The concentration of aMT6s was evaluated in overnight urine samples collected 1 day before and 1 day after the first fluoxetine dose. RESULTS: An increase in aMT6s correlated to a decrease in BDI score evaluated on day 45 (ρ = -0.67, p = 0.024) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Nocturnal increase in urinary aMT6s after the first day of medication use links the early mechanism of action of fluoxetine to its clinical output 45 days later. Thus, the relationship between urinary aMT6s excretion 1 day before/1 day after is a biomarker for predicting clinical output earlier, reducing illness burden and health care costs.

A consciência: algumas concepções atuais sobre sua natureza, função e base neuroanatômica / Consciousness: some current conceptions on its nature, function and neuroanatomic basis

Após um século da ênfase nos processos mentais inconscientes dada por Freud, estes se tornaram largamente aceitos, e, nos últimos anos, na verdade tem se verificado que o maior mistério reside na natureza da consciência. A distinção entre a consciência no sentido de coma/vigília, no sentido de consciência moral e no sentido da sensação de existir e estar vivenciando algo, encontrou respaldo nos avanços da neurociência. Esta última acepção, o "sentimento do que acontece" nas palavras de Damásio, presente durante o sonhar e ausente em certos estados de vigília como nas crises de ausência, é a propriedade de certos processos mentais que mais tem sido alvo de estudo. Evidências recentes sugerem que tanto a sensação de continuidade da consciência quanto a impressão de que ela preceda a tomada de decisão seriam ilusórias. Também a antiga crença de que a consciência fosse uma função dependente de um funcionamento cortical global tem sido questionada. A evolução da consciência a partir dos mecanismos de homeostase, como um feed-back sofisticado dos processos mentais que permite a detecção de erros nas predições realizadas pelo cérebro sobre o self e o ambiente, com a possibilidade de correções em partes do processo mental sem a necessidade de descartá-lo por inteiro, são exemplos das modernas compreensões sobre este tema, e que têm importantes implicações para a clínica psicoterápica. Neste trabalho, os autores revisam algumas das principais teorias recentes sobre a consciência, sua natureza, funções, aspectos evolucionistas, relação com a linguagem, com os sistemas de memória e com a questão da integração dos diferentes inputs e registros mnêmicos numa cena unificada do self interagindo com o ambiente, salientando que, embora já tenhamos alguns desenvolvimentos muito interessantes, a compreensão do tema ainda está nos seus primórdios.

Estudo epidemiológico da contracepçäo em Santa Maria / Epidemiologic study of contraception in Santa Maria

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento e o uso de métodos contraceptivos pelas mulheres, entre 15 e 44 anos, da zona urbana de Santa Maria, RS. Estudo transversal e analítico da prevalência da contracepçäo em uma amostra de 355 mulheres, com amostragem de 22 setores censitários da cidade. A média de idade foi de 28,7 anos (dp 8,7). Das mulheres entreveistadas, 47 por cento (n=168) tinham um companheiro sexual definido e destas, 88,6 por cento usavem algum método contraceptivo. Entre as mulheres que näo tinham um companheiro sexual definido (n=187), 48,6 por cento usavam algum método contraceptivo. Afirmaram ir regularmente ao ginecologista, 72,2 por cento e usavam algum método, 68 por cento. Os mais usados foram: pílula 60 por cento, laqueadura 21,7 por cento, camisinha 7,9 por cento DIU 5,4 por cento e tabelinha 2,9 por cento. Das mulheres que engravidaram (n=213), 33 por cento referiram estar usando algum método contraceptivo. Com relaçäo à pílula e fatores de risco a seu uso, observou-se que 25 por cento de usuárias eram fumantes, 10,4 por cento eram hipertensas e 21,5 por cento tinham problemas circulatórios. Observa-se, pelos resultados, que cinco métodos säo conhecidos por 3/4 das mulheres de Santa Maria. Contraceptivo oral e laqueadura tubária säo os métodos mais usados. Mulheres com companheiro sexual definido utilizam 1,6 vezes mais métodos ...