New Body Mass Index Cut-Off Point for Obesity Diagnosis in Young Thai Adults.

Obesity is a global health threat affecting people of all ages, especially young adults. Early diagnosis of obesity allows for effective treatments and the prevention of its consequences. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity in Thai young adults, evaluate the extent to which BMI values indicate excess adiposity, and identify the most appropriate BMI diagnostic cut-point based on body fat percentage. The study included 186 young adults aged 20 to 35 years. The diagnosis of obesity using body mass index (BMI) was compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived body fat percentage, considered the gold standard. The appropriate BMI cut-point was established using ROC curve analysis and the Youden index. Obesity was more common in women and in urban areas. BMI and body fat were significantly correlated; however, there was a high rate of false-negative obesity diagnosis based on the conventional BMI cut-off, a condition known as normal weight obesity (NWO). The newly proposed BMI cut-off points that best correlated with body fat and corrected false negatives were 22.1 kg/m2 for men and 22.5 kg/m2 for women. These new BMI cut-points should be applied together with clinical evaluations for obesity assessment in this particularly high-risk group.

Trends in osteoporosis prevalence at a tertiary care referral center hospital in Northeastern Thailand: a 20-year analysis (2003-2022).

The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence trends of osteoporosis from 2003 to 2022 using data from the largest tertiary care referral center hospital in Northeastern Thailand. We reviewed 36,306 bone mineral density measurements of community-dwelling individuals aged > 45 years from the medical record database of Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand, between 2003 and 2022. We observed a significant increase in the crude prevalence of osteoporosis from 2003 to 2022. Meanwhile, the age-standardized prevalence increased more gradually. PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence trends of osteoporosis from 2003 to 2022 using data from the largest tertiary care referral center in Northeastern Thailand. METHODS: Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of community-dwelling individuals aged > 45 years were reviewed from the medical record database of Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand, between 2003 and 2022. Osteoporosis was defined by a T-score of ≤ - 2.5. For each year, crude and age-standardized prevalence rates for osteoporosis stratified by site of measurement were calculated. Trend analysis was performed using the joinpoint regression method. RESULTS: A total of 36,306 BMD measurements were identified between 2003 and 2022. The crude prevalence of femoral neck (FN) osteoporosis increased from 2.4% to 9.2% in men and from 2.5% to 11.2% in women, while the age-standardized prevalence increased less, from 2.6% to 8.3% in men, and slightly decreased from 8.7% to 7.6% in women. Trend analysis revealed increased crude and age-standardized prevalence rates of FN osteoporosis in men, with an annual percent change (APC) of 4.0 (95%CI: - 4.1 to 14.7) and 2.3 (95%CI: - 4.9 to 10.0), respectively. In women, the crude prevalence increased significantly from 2003 to 2011 (APC: 20.8, 95%CI: 5.8-249.3) and plateaued from 2011 to 2022 (APC: 0.8, 95%CI: - 30.3 to 5.9). The age-standardized prevalence was relatively unchanged (APC: 0.1, 95%CI: - 4.2 to 5.4). CONCLUSION: We observed a significant increase in the crude prevalence of osteoporosis from 2003 to 2022 among individuals receiving BMD measurements in a tertiary care referral center in Northeastern Thailand. Meanwhile, the age-standardized prevalence increased more gradually.

Trabecular Bone Score Improves Fracture Risk Discrimination in Postmenopausal Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Receiving Glucocorticoids.

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) might not be a sensitive tool for predicting osteoporotic fracture risk among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), especially when receiving glucocorticoids. Trabecular bone score (TBS), which has emerged as a new assessment technique representing bone microarchitecture and strength, may be considered an alternative approach. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, postmenopausal RA patients receiving glucocorticoids were identified from the postmenopause BMD database. The database included clinical data of postmenopausal outpatients who had at least one BMD measurement between January 2014 and December 2017. TBS was calculated from lumbar spine BMD with the microarchitecture assessment software. The presence of osteoporotic fractures, either vertebral or non-vertebral, was identified at the time of BMD measurement. Results: A total of 64 postmenopausal RA patients receiving glucocorticoids were included. The TBS values were inversely associated with osteoporotic fractures, with a TBS cut-off of less than 1.24, showing the best accuracy with a sensitivity of 79% and a specificity of 84% in discriminating fractures. This newly proposed TBS threshold combined with a BMD T-score of -2.5 or less demonstrated a greater area under receiver operating characteristic curve in identifying patients with osteoporotic fractures than the BMD threshold alone (p value = 0.003). Conclusion: The reduction in TBS was associated with an osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal RA patients receiving glucocorticoids. Combining TBS and BMD in these patients incrementally improves fracture risk discrimination and may serve as a supplementary tool in identifying patients at greatest risk of osteoporotic fracture.

Association of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with fracture risk in transfusion-dependent thalassemia.

Patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) have an increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. They also have several potential factors associated with sarcopenia. There has been currently no study on sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in TDT. This study aims to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with osteoporosis, fragility fractures, and sarcopenia in adults with TDT. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the hematologic clinic at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Clinical data and laboratory testing were collected. Bone mineral density and morphometric vertebral fracture were assessed. Sarcopenia was defined using the 2014 and 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria. We included 112 TDT patients aged 35.1 ± 12.5 years. The prevalence of osteoporosis was 38.4%. Fragility fractures were found in 20.5% of patients. Lower BMI (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.12-0.72, P = 0.007) and hypogonadal state (OR 3.72; 95% CI 1.09-12.74, P = 0.036) were independently associated with osteoporosis. According to the 2014 AWGS criteria, the prevalence of overall sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia was 44.6% and 13.4%, respectively. Severe sarcopenia was strongly associated with fragility fractures (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.21-17.46, P = 0.025). In conclusion, osteoporosis, fragility fractures, and sarcopenia were prevalent in adults with TDT. Severe sarcopenia was associated with fragility fractures. Early osteoporosis and sarcopenia screening and prevention may reduce fracture risk and its complications in these patients.

Prevalence of low trabecular bone score and its association with disease severity and activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) increases the risk of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has limitations in axSpA patients. Trabecular bone score (TBS) indirectly assesses bone microarchitecture and can be used to predict fracture risk. However, few studies have investigated the role of TBS in axSpA patients. The objective of this study were to compare TBS between axSpA patients and 1:1 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers and determine factors associated with low TBS in axSpA patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary-care hospitals. A total of 137 axSpA patients and healthy volunteers were enrolled. Demographics, disease characteristics, and risk factors for osteoporosis were recorded. TBS, BMD at the lumbar spine, hip, and vertebral fractures were assessed by DXA. Low TBS was defined as a TBS value < 1.230. Factors associated with low TBS were examined by logistic regression. Most patients were male (75.9%) and tested positive for HLA-B27 (88.3%). The mean (SD) age was 42.8 (12.0) years. The mean (SD) of TBS in the axSpA patients was lower than those in the healthy volunteers [1.402 (0.107) vs 1.440 (0.086), respectively; p = 0.002]. The mean (SD) of lumbar BMD in the axSpA patients was higher than in healthy volunteers [1.186 (0.212) vs 1.087 (0.124), p < 0.001], whereas the mean (SD) of femoral neck BMD in the axSpA group was lower than that in the healthy volunteers [0.867 (0.136) vs 0.904 (0.155), p = 0.038]. Disease severity as indicated by sacroiliac joint fusion and a high ASDAS score were associated with low TBS with the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 11.8 (1.2-115.4) and 5.2 (1.6-16.9), respectively. In conclusion, axSpA patients had a higher prevalence of low TBS than healthy volunteers. Sacroiliac joint fusion and a high ASDAS score were associated with low TBS.

Current issues in evaluation and management of osteoporosis in Thailand.

Osteoporosis is a major public health issue in Thailand, which increased morbidity, mortality, and health-care utilization. The objective of this review is to provide current perspectives on epidemiology, evaluation and management of osteoporosis in Thailand. According to epidemiologic data, the prevalence of osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fracture were comparable to the rest of the world. However, among Thai postmenopausal women, the prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fracture was disproportionately high. In addition to established risk factors, conditions that may affect the risk of osteoporosis in the Thai population include certain genetic variants, thalassemia, vitamin D deficiency, and low dietary calcium intake, which requires further investigations to draw conclusions. In 2021, the Thai Osteoporosis Foundation released a new Clinical Practice Guideline that provides up-to-date evidence-based recommendations for evaluation and management of osteoporosis. Nonetheless, more research is required to provide local evidence in a variety of areas to guide management of osteoporosis in Thailand. These include epidemiology of distal radial fracture, the optimal intervention threshold of the Thai-specific Fracture Risk Assessment Tool model, screening for asymptomatic vertebral fracture, and the economic evaluation of osteoporosis management options, including fracture liaison service.

The association of growth differentiation factor-15 levels and osteoporosis in patients with thalassemia.

BACKGROUND: Ineffective erythropoiesis (IE) is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis in individuals with thalassemia. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), a biomarker of IE, was found to be elevated in thalassemia patients. This study aimed to examine the association between GDF15 levels and osteoporosis in patients with thalassemia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 130 adult patients with thalassemia in Thailand. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and with a Z-score of less than -2.0 SD was defined as osteoporosis. GDF-15 was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the associated factors with the development of osteoporosis. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to estimate the threshold of GDF15 in predicting osteoporosis. RESULTS: Osteoporosis was detected in 55.4% (72/130) of the patients. Advanced age and high GDF15 levels were positively associated with osteoporosis, while an increased hemoglobin level was negatively associated with osteoporosis in patients with thalassemia. In this study, the GDF15 level's ROC demonstrated a good performance in predicting osteoporosis (AUC=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of osteoporosis is high among adult thalassemia patients. Age and high GDF15 levels were significantly associated with osteoporosis in this study. A higher hemoglobin level is associated with a lower risk of osteoporosis. This study suggest that GDF15 could be used as a predictive biomarker for osteoporosis in patients with thalassemia. Adequate red blood cell transfusions and suppression of GDF15 function may be beneficial in preventing osteoporosis.

Increased fat mass negatively influences femoral neck bone mineral density in men but not women.

Background: Obesity is known to be a protective factor against osteoporosis. However, recent studies have shown that excessive adiposity may be detrimental for bone health. Objective: To determine the association of lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) with bone mineral density (BMD) in Thais. Methods: Bone density studies of consecutive patients of Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand between 2010 and 2015 were reviewed. LM, FM, lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) BMD were measured. Lean mass index (LMI) and fat mass index (FMI) were calculated [LMI=LM (kg)/height (m)2, FMI=FM (kg)/height (m)2] and analyzed to determine the association with LS and FN BMD using multiple regression analysis. This study was approved by the institutional ethical committee (HE42116). Results: A total of 831 participants were included. The mean ± SD age was 50.0 ± 16.3 years. In men, LMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase) was positively correlated with FN BMD (g/cm2, ß 0.033) and LS BMD (g/cm2, ß 0.031), after adjusting for age, height and FMI. Whereas FMI (per 1 kg/m2 increase) was negatively correlated with FN BMD (g/cm2, ß -0.015) but not with LS BMD (g/cm2, ß 0.005) after adjusting for age, height and LMI. In women, both LMI and FMI were positively correlated with LS BMD (g/cm2, LMI: ß 0.012; FMI: ß 0.016) and FN BMD (g/cm2, LMI: ß 0.034; FMI: ß 0.007) with age, height, LMI and FMI included in the model. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that FM has a sex-specific influence on BMD in Thais.

The proportion of Thai postmenopausal women who would be eligible for anti-osteoporosis therapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the proportion of postmenopausal Thai women who would be classified as having high risk of fracture and eligible for anti-osteoporosis therapy according to the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) criteria. METHODS: Postmenopausal Thai women aged 40-90 years who had been screened for osteoporosis during 2014-2019 were recruited. Demographic data and osteoporosis risk factors were collected based on the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ten-year probabilities of hip and major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) were calculated based on the Thai FRAX model with BMD. The study's protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee (HE581241). RESULTS: A total of 3,280 postmenopausal women were included. The mean ± SD age was 63.6 ± 10.1 years. A total of 170 (5.2%) participants had a history of hip and/or vertebral fracture. After excluding these participants with fracture history, 699 (21.3%) had osteoporosis, 355 (10.8%) had osteopenia with high risk of fracture (FRAX 10-year probability of hip fracture ≥ 3% and/or MOF ≥ 20%), 1192 (36.3%) had osteopenia with low risk of fracture (FRAX 10-year probability of hip fracture < 3% and MOF < 20%) and 864 (26.3%) had normal BMD. Taken together, a total of 1,224 (37.3%) participants would be eligible for anti-osteoporosis therapy (prior fracture, osteoporosis or osteopenia with high risk of fracture). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of Thai postmenopausal women who would be eligible for anti-osteoporosis therapy was 37.3%.

Bone Fragility in Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate bone fragility in patients with hereditary connective tissue disorders (HCTD), including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), Marfan's syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). METHODS: From inception to June 2022, potentially eligible studies were identified in the Medline and EMBASE databases using search strategy that included terms for "HCTD", "Fracture" and "Osteoporosis". Eligible studies must consist of a group of patients with HCTD and report prevalence/incidence of fracture/osteoporosis in their participants, with or without comparison with healthy individuals. Point estimates with standard errors were obtained from each study and combined using the generic inverse variance method. RESULTS: Among the 4206 articles identified, 19 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of fracture in EDS, MFS, and LDS were 44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 25% to 65%, I2 88%), 17% (95% CI, 11% to 26%, I2 68%), 69% (95% CI, 47% to 85%, I2 83%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of osteoporosis in EDS was 17% (95% CI, 8% to 34%, I2 96%). EDS was associated with fracture [pooled odds ratio {OR} 4.90 (95% CI, 1.49 - 16.08, I2 86%)], but not osteoporosis [pooled OR 1.34 (95% CI, 0.28 - 6.36, I2 87%). One study reported a 5% (95% CI, 3% to 8%) prevalence of osteoporosis in MFS, which was associated with fracture [incidence rate ratio 1.35 (95% CI, 1.18 - 1.55)] and osteoporosis [subhazard ratio 3.97 (95% CI, 2.53 - 6.25)]. CONCLUSION: EDS was associated with fracture, which could be independent of osteoporosis status. MFS had a milder degree of increased risk of fracture and osteoporosis. Despite no data from cohort studies, there was a significantly higher rate of fracture in LDS.

Reference Value of Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry-Derived Lumbar Spine Trabecular Bone Score in the Thai Population.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the normative values of trabecular bone score (TBS) in Thailand. We aimed to provide reference values of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived lumbar spine TBS in Thai community-dwelling adults of varying ages. METHODOLOGY: Bone density studies of participants aged 20-90 years who underwent bone mineral density (BMD) testing at Srinagarind Hospital, Kohn Kaen, Thailand were reviewed. DXA studies were performed using a narrow fan-beam bone densitometer. Lumbar spine TBS for each of the L1-L4 vertebra was obtained using the iNsight software. Mean TBS (L1-L4 TBS) was calculated. This study was approved by the institutional research ethics committee (HE581241). RESULTS: A total of 1372 participants were included. The mean ± SD age was 57.25 ± 17.35 years and 799 (58.2%) were female. There were 476 (34.7%) and 243 (17.7%) participants with osteopenia (T-score -1.0 to -2.5) and osteoporosis (T-score ≤-2.5) of the lumbar spine. Age and sex stratified analysis of L1-L4 TBS revealed peak TBS among females aged 30-49 years (mean ± SD: 1.42 ± 0.08) and males aged 30-59 years (mean ± SD: 1.42 ± 0.09). The rate of L1-L4 TBS reduction from ages 30 to 90 year is 13.4% (0.27%/year) for females and 5.6% (0.11%/year) for males. CONCLUSION: This is the first study reporting a normative database for DXA derived TBS in Thai community-dwelling population. We found that TBS decreased with age at the rate of approximately 0.27%/year for females and 0.11%/year for males.

An innovative scoring system for predicting an excellent Harris hip score after proximal femoral nail anti-rotation in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fracture.

Typically, intramedullary and extramedullary devices are used to treat elderly with intertrochanteric fractures. The majority of previous research has focused on the association between surgical factors and mechanical failure after internal fixation. There is, however, limited evidence to demonstrate the association between functional outcomes after proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA) fixation and the non-surgical factors such as patient's comorbidities. The aim of this study is to determine the predictive factors associated with excellent outcome, as well as to develop an integrated scoring system to predict the outcome after PFNA fixation in elderly patients with an intertrochanteric fracture. A retrospective study was conducted between January 2012 and December 2018. Elderly patients with low-energy intertrochanteric fractures who underwent PFNA fixation and at least a year of follow-up were recruited. Demographics, comorbidities, cognitive status, time to operation, and surgical parameters of the patients were all identified. Excellent and non-excellent outcomes were assessed by Harris Hip Score (HHS) after a one-year follow up. Regression analysis was used to determine the predictors for an excellent functional outcome. A new integrated scoring system (ISSI; Integrate Scoring System in elderly patients with Intertrochanteric fracture) was developed and validated. 450 elderly patients were randomly divided into two cohorts: a development (N = 225) and validation cohorts (N = 225). In this study, age < 85 years, normal weight/overweight, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) < 6, no cognitive impairment, a modified AO/OTA 31A1.3, time to operation < 6 days, and Tip Apex Distance between 20 and 30 mm were significantly associated with an excellent outcome after PFNA fixation. The range of ISSI score was between 0 to 16 and the cut-off score of 13 was found to have the highest discriminatory power to determine the excellent functional outcome where the area of ROC was 0.85. In regards to the validation cohort, the sensitivity and specificity of ISSI score was 69% and 87%, respectively, and the AUC was 0.81. The ISSI score is effortless and practical for orthopedic surgeons for predicting an outcome after PFNA fixation in elderly patients with an intertrochanteric fracture.

Prevalence and clinical association of sarcopenia among Thai patients with systemic sclerosis.

Patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have some potential factors associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia. There has been currently no study to examine such associations in SSc patients. We aimed to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia among SSc patients and examine its association with clinical manifestations and laboratory tests. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 180 adult SSc patients at the Scleroderma Clinic, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, between July 2019 and April 2020. Clinical data, laboratory tests for inflammatory markers, serology, hormone, body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, handgrip strength, functional lower extremity strength, and usual gait speed were collected and measured. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. One hundred and eighty patients were recruited. Ninety-four cases (52.2%) were the diffuse cutaneous SSc subset. The respective mean age and duration of disease was 58.8 ± 9.4 and 6.2 ± 5.3 years. Sarcopenia was revealed in 41 SSc patients for a prevalence of 22.8% (95% CI 12.1-34.8), while the prevalence was higher in patients with the diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc) compared to the limited cutaneous SSc. BMI at the onset of SSc and C-reactive protein > 5 mg/dL were significantly associated with sarcopenia with a respective OR of 0.60 (95% CI 0.48-0.75) and 3.18 (1.06-9.54). Sarcopenia is common in patients with SSc, but the prevalence is more pronounced in the dcSSc. Inflammatory markers, particularly the CRP level, are strongly associated. BMI at the onset had a negative association with sarcopenia among SSc patients.

An optimal intervention threshold of FRAX in postmenopausal Thai women.

This study was designed to determine a FRAX intervention threshold in postmenopausal Thais, based on a history of hip fracture. The optimal FRAX thresholds for hip fracture were 4.9% (without BMD) and 4% (with BMD), while the thresholds for major osteoporotic fracture were 9.8% (without BMD) and 8.9% (with BMD). INTRODUCTION: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has been widely used as an intervention threshold for initiating osteoporosis treatment. However, there is a lack of data to validate the threshold in Thai population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to February 2019. Postmenopausal women in the Northeast of Thailand whom has bone mineral density (BMD) measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in the study period were recruited. Participants who had previously received anti-osteoporotic treatment were not eligible. FRAX score, both with and without BMD, was calculated using a Thai reference. Prevalent hip fracture was identified by reviewing the ICD-10 diagnosis from the hospital database during the study period. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index were used to determine the FRAX threshold in predicting hip fracture, based on the rationale that women with a prevalent hip fracture would be eligible for treatment. RESULTS: A total of 2872 postmenopausal Thai women were recruited, with 45 sustained a recent hip fracture. In association with hip fracture, the optimal FRAX thresholds for hip fracture without and with BMD were 4.9% and 4%, respectively, with 71.1% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity, and 82.2% sensitivity and 78.6% specificity, while the optimal FRAX thresholds for major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) without and with BMD were 9.8% and 8.9%, respectively, with 75.6% sensitivity and 77.0% specificity, and 86.7% sensitivity and 70.9% specificity. CONCLUSION: An optimal intervention threshold based on FRAX of hip fracture and MOF in postmenopausal Thai women is slightly different from the standard recommendation, which confirmed the marked variations of thresholds across ethnicities. The proposed threshold should be considered as new cutoff for initiating osteoporosis treatment in postmenopausal Thais.

The Impact of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension on All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Ten-Year Follow-Up Study.

INTRODUCTION: The comparative effect of new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HT) on long-term mortality is a matter of debate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2007 to 2017, a 10-year longitudinal retrospective cohort study was conducted in Thailand's tertiary care setting. As baseline data, health check-up data from apparently healthy participants without underlying disease from 2007 were extracted. The vital status of all participants was determined in 2017, ten years after an initial examination. The impact of new-onset DM and HT at baseline on 10-year all-cause mortality was investigated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of new-onset DM and HT was 6.4% and 28.8%, respectively, at baseline. Newly diagnosed diabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality over 10 years (adjusted OR 4.77 and 95% CI 2.23-9.99). HT, on the other hand, did not increase the risk of death (adjusted OR 1.24 and 95% CI 0.65-2.35). Different HT and DM status combinations were compared to a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive reference. Individuals who were diabetic and hypertensive had a greater risk of death (adjusted OR 6.22 and 95% CI 2.22-17.00). Having DM without HT also increased the risk of death (adjusted OR 4.36 and 95% CI 1.35-12.87). However, having HT without DM did not result in a significant increase in 10-year mortality risk (adjusted OR 1.21 and 95% CI 0.57-2.56). CONCLUSION: In an apparently healthy population, new-onset DM is more strongly associated with 10-year all-cause mortality than new-onset HT. Having both DM and HT was associated with a greater risk of death when compared to having DM or HT alone.

Hypertriglyceridemia as an Independent Predictor for Ten-Year Incidence of Diabetes in Thais.

BACKGROUND: Fasting hypertriglyceridemia commonly associates with insulin resistance and is frequently prevalent in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, hypertriglyceridemia has not been investigated as an independent predictor of incidence of DM, especially in Thais. METHODS: A 10-year hospital-based retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary care setting in Thailand. Health check-up data in 2007 from healthy participants without underlying disease were extracted as baseline data. In 2017, 10 years following an initial examination, the diagnosis of DM and other laboratory data were identified. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as fasting triglyceride level ≥ 150 mg/dL. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied to demonstrate a relationship between fasting TG level and probability of incident DM in 10 years. An association between hypertriglyceridemia and 10-year incidence of DM was evaluated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 1342 non-diabetic adults with complete both baseline and 10-year follow-up data were included in the analysis. The incidence of DM in the study period was 10.3%. Baseline fasting triglyceride level is significantly higher in participants with incidence of DM, with a median difference of 45 mg/dL (P < 0.01). Univariable logistic regression showed that hypertriglyceridemia was associated with 10-year incidence of DM (odds ratio (OR) 3.03, 95% CI 2.12-4.35). After adjusting for potential confounders, hypertriglyceridemia remained significantly associated with incidence of DM (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.61-3.39). CONCLUSION: Fasting triglyceride level is an independent risk factor for the development of new-onset DM. Testing for hypertriglyceridemia in people without diabetes may be an alternative screening tool to identify populations at risk of developing future DM, as well as providing triglyceride as a new target for DM risk reduction.

Prevalence and predictive factors of osteoporosis in Thai systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease and several SSc-associated factors may increase the risk of osteoporosis and its related fractures. To determine the prevalence and predictive factors of osteoporosis in Thai SSc, a cross-sectional study was designed in adult SSc patients at Scleroderma clinic, Khon Kaen University Hospital. The prevalence of osteoporosis with the 95% confidence interval (CI) were determined and the odds ratio (OR) with 95%CI were assessed the clinical association with osteoporosis. A total of 205 SSc patients were recruited with the female to male ratio of 2.7:1. The majority of cases were diffuse SSc subset (83.4%) with a disease duration < 5 years (62.9%). The overall prevalence of osteoporosis was 29.3% (95%CI 23.1-36.0). After an age adjusted analysis, the respective prevalence of osteoporosis at lumbar spine (LS) in women and men was 26.3% and 10%, while the prevalence of osteoporosis at the femoral neck (FN) in women and men was 11% and 2.1%. Low BMI (≤ 18.5 kg/m2) and menopause were associated with osteoporosis at both the LS and FN. Using multivariate analysis, low BMI and menopause were associated with osteoporosis at LS (OR 7.78 and 5.32, respectively), while low BMI was also associated with osteoporosis at LS in pre-menopausal women. In conclusion, the prevalence of osteoporosis in Thai SSc was 29.3%. Osteoporosis at the LS is more common than FN in both men and women. Low BMI was associated with osteoporosis in overall SSc and pre-menopausal women, while only menopause was associated with osteoporosis at the FN.

FRAX score with and without bone mineral density: a comparison and factors affecting the discordance in osteoporosis treatment in Thais.

We investigate the rate of concordance between treatment recommendations of osteoporosis with 10-year probability of hip fracture calculated using FRAX scores with and without BMD. We found that predictions were concordant in 83.8% of patients. However, older age, lower BMD, and FRAX without BMD around the intervention threshold were associated with discordant results. In the discordant group, FRAX with BMD suggested treatment in more participants with lower age, higher BMI, and lower BMD when compared with FRAX without BMD. INTRODUCTION: The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) is used to calculate the 10-year probability of fracture using important clinical factors, with bone mineral density (BMD) as an optional input variable. We aimed to determine the rate of concordance between treatment recommendations of osteoporosis with 10-year probability of hip fracture calculated using FRAX scores with and without BMD and to identify relevant clinical risk factors associated with discordance. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in patients between 40 and 90 years of age who were screened for osteoporosis by BMD measurement using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) from 2010 to 2018 at a university hospital in Thailand. A FRAX questionnaire was administered to determine demographic data and osteoporotic risk factors. FRAX scores with and without BMD were calculated for each participant using the Thai reference, and patients were categorized into either the treatment or non-treatment group based on a cut-off of 3% 10-year probability of hip fracture. When FRAX scores with and without BMD results were consistent, they were considered concordant. Otherwise, they were deemed discordant. Clinical risk factors were compared between the concordant and discordant groups. RESULTS: A total of 3545 participants were included in the study. The majority (83.8%) were in the concordant group. However, older age, lower BMD, and FRAX without BMD around the intervention threshold were significantly associated with discordant results. In the discordant group, FRAX with BMD suggested treatment in more participants with lower age, higher BMI, and lower BMD when compared with FRAX without BMD. CONCLUSION: FRAX scores with and without BMD yielded concordant predictions regarding the 10-year probability of hip fracture suggesting pharmacological treatment. However, this concordance declined in elderly and osteoporotic participants and in those with FRAX without BMD around intervention threshold. BMD data may be required in these populations in order to facilitate accurate risk assessment.

Ketogenic Diet-Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Young Adult with Unrecognized Type 1 Diabetes.

Ketogenic diet, a very low-carbohydrate diet and high-fat diet, has emerged as a popular approach for weight reduction, particularly in young adults. However, a serious but rare complication of the ketogenic diet is ketoacidosis associated with low carbohydrate intake, which should be cautiously monitored in people with a predisposition to the condition. We report a 22-year-old Thai woman with an unremarkable past medical history who presented with an acute onset of dyspnea of 2 days' duration. Diabetic ketoacidosis was diagnosed by elevated capillary blood glucose, significant metabolic acidosis, and a high serum beta-hydroxybutyrate level. Low C-peptide level and positive islet autoantibodies confirmed the new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in this patient. After her conditions were stabilized, the patient revealed that she began a ketogenic diet for weight reduction 4 days before her illness. Other precipitating factors were not identified. This highlights that ketogenic diet may increase diabetic ketoacidosis risk at the presentation of previously unrecognized type 1 diabetes.

Incidence of and risk factors for post-parathyroidectomy hungry bone syndrome in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Hungry bone syndrome (HBS) following parathyroidectomy is associated with severe hypocalcemia and increased morbidity. This study aims to determine the incidence and risk factors of post-parathyroidectomy HBS in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, and medical records of patients with SHPT requiring parathyroidectomy between January 2014 and January 2020 were reviewed. HBS was defined as the requirement of intravenous calcium administration due to hypocalcemia-related symptoms and/or reductions in serum calcium concentration (<8.4 mg/dL) within 72 h after parathyroidectomy. RESULTS: A total of 130 dialysis patients were enrolled. The majority of patients (85.4%) received hemodialysis and the remaining patients (14.6%) received peritoneal dialysis. Ectopic parathyroid glands were identified in 6.6% of patients by preoperative parathyroid scintigraphy. Diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia was the most common histopathological characteristic of SHPT (90.8%). HBS occurred in 82.3% of patients following parathyroidectomy. Preoperative serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) concentration was significantly correlated with serum calcium (r = -0.48, p < 0.01) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). Patients with HBS had significantly longer hospital stays than patients without (8 versus 3 days, p < 0.01). Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, young age (≤45 years), high preoperative serum ALP (>420 IU/L) and iPTH (>1,000 pg/mL), and absence of preoperative hypercalcemia (>10.2 mg/dL) were significantly associated with HBS. CONCLUSIONS: Post-parathyroidectomy HBS is common in dialysis patients with SHPT. Young age, high preoperative serum ALP and iPTH, and low preoperative serum calcium concentrations were important risk factors for HBS.