Hemorrhagic prostatic cyst in a dog - case report.

We present the case of a five-year-old intact mixed breed male dog with hemorrhagic prostatic cysts. The patient presented with hematuria, dysesthesia, and pain on abdominal palpation. Abdominal ultrasound, hematology, urinalysis, and biochemical evaluation tests were subsequently conducted. Laboratory tests revealed cloudy urine with bacteria, and countless red blood cells. On ultrasound examination, the prostate was severely enlarged, with heterogeneous and reduced parenchyma, surrounding a large cavity filled with anechoic material with moderate cellularity. The urinary bladder was markedly distended and had a round, hypoechogenic structure in the lumen. The patient was hospitalized and had significant, irreversible worsening of the clinical symptoms and died. Subsequently, necropsy of the patient was performed and a histopathological diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with the presence of a prostatic hemorrhagic cyst, prostatitis, and chronic cystitis with an intraluminal blood clot was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the occurrence of a hemorrhagic cyst in a canine prostate, thus bringing important information from clinical and imaging findings to the veterinary routine.

Apresentamos o caso de um cão macho de cinco anos de idade sem raça definida com cisto prostático hemorrágico. O paciente manifestava hematúria, disquesia e dor à palpação abdominal. Foram realizadas ultrassonografias abdominais subsequentes, hematologia, urinálise e testes de avaliação bioquímica. Os testes laboratoriais revelaram urina turva com bactérias e inúmeros glóbulos vermelhos. No exame ultrassonográfico, a próstata estava severamente aumentada, com parênquima heterogêneo e reduzido, circundando uma grande cavidade cheia de material anecoico com celularidade moderada. A bexiga urinária estava marcadamente distendida e tinha uma estrutura redonda e hipoecogênica no lúmen. O paciente foi internado e teve um agravamento significativo e irreversível dos sintomas clínicos e veio a óbito. Subsequentemente, foi realizada a necropsia do paciente e foi feito o diagnóstico histopatológico de hiperplasia prostática benigna associada à presença de um cisto hemorrágico prostático, prostatite e cistite crônica com um coágulo sanguíneo intraluminal. Tanto quanto sabemos, este é o primeiro relatório descrevendo a ocorrência de um cisto hemorrágico numa próstata canina, trazendo assim informações importantes dos resultados clínicos e de imagem para a rotina veterinária.

Applicability of ARFI elastography in detecting elasticity changes of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon with induced injury.

The objectives of this prospective, experimental study were to describe changes in the stiffness of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) after induced injury, deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), accessory ligament (AL-DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) during 90 days of healing using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography. Eight healthy horses were selected. Preinjury B mode and ARFI evaluations were performed bilaterally in the palmar metacarpal region. Injury was induced only on the left forelimb (G2) by a single injection of collagenase in SDFT, 15 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone. The right forelimb was used as a control (G1). Evaluations were performed at eight timepoints: one before injury (T0) and seven (T1-T7) after injury (3, 15, 30, 40, 60, 75, and 90 days post-induction). Tendinopathies were visualized as hypoechoic areas with loss of parallel tendon fiber pattern. Injured SDFTs presented mainly cool colors (soft) from T1 to T3, and from T4, there was an increase in warm colors (hard), close to the appearance of tendons of G1. In the first four timepoints, there was a decrease in stiffness compared to G1 (P < 0.001). On T1 and T2, a cutoff value <6.21 m/s to determine tendinopathy of the SDFT was established (75.8% sensitivity and 92.03% specificity). Stiffness changes in the DDFT, AL-DDFT, and SL of injured limbs occurred at different timepoints. Tendinopathy significantly altered the stiffness of the injured tendon and the adjacent tissues. ARFI made it possible to detect these changes, helping to monitor the reparation of this injury.

Avaliação ultrassonográfica das vias biliares em cães e gatos: coletas e análises de registros médicos veterinários / Ultrasonographic evaluation of the bile ducts in dogs and cats: Collections and analyses of veterinary medical records

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar achados ultrassonográficos de cães e gatos diagnosticados com colestase, correlacionando alterações concomitantes com espécies, sexo, idade, peso, sinais clínicos e dilatação das vias biliares. O sistema biliar de pequenos animais é composto pela vesícula biliar e a árvore biliar. Desta forma, os felinos apresentam mais alterações nestas estruturas devido à anatomia diferenciada. A redução do fluxo biliar, conhecida como colestase, ocorre por inúmeras situações, sendo o ultrassom o principal exame diagnóstico empregado na medicina veterinária. Ductos biliares de 4 e 3mm de diâmetro são considerados normais para felinos e caninos, respectivamente. Neste estudo, os sistemas biliares de 41 animais, incluindo felinos e caninos, foram avaliados por ultrassonografia no Setor de Diagnóstico por Imagem do Hospital Veterinário de janeiro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, demonstrando a presença de cálculos vesicais em ambas as populações, assim como alterações em ducto cístico associados à pancreatite em cães.

This study aimed to evaluate ultrasound findings of dogs and cats diagnosed with cholestasis, correlating concomitant alterations with species, sex, age, weight, clinical signs, and dilation of bile ducts. The biliary system of small animals is composed of the gallbladder and the biliary tree. Thus, the felines show more alterations in these structures due to their differentiated anatomy. The reduction of the bile flow, known as cholestasis, occurs as a result of numerous situations, with ultrasound being the main diagnostic exam applied in veterinary medicine. Bile ducts of 4 and 3mm diameter are considered normal for felines and canines, respectively. In this study, the biliary systems of 41 animals, including felines and canines, were evaluated using ultrasound at the Diagnostic Imaging Sector of the Veterinary Hospital from January 2019 to February 2020, demonstrating the presence of bladder stones in both populations, as well as changes in the cystic duct associated with pancreatitis in dogs.

Excretory urographic, ultrasonographic, and cystoscopic characteristics of urinary bladder abscesses in a dog.

A 7-year-old male neutered, 6.5 kg, Maltese breed dog was referred with a history of dysuria after undergoing two cystotomies to remove calcium oxalate uroliths. Survey radiographs were inconclusive. Excretory urography allowed visualization of two filling defects in the cranioventral urinary bladder region. Ultrasonography showed urinary bladder sediments, a diffusely thickened wall, and two circumscribed intramural/intraluminal structures with an anechoic interior and a smooth and regular surface. The cystoscopic diagnosis was urinary bladder abscesses and urine cultures were positive for Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial/anti-inflammatory therapy was started with good clinical outcomes and negative culture after 21 days.

Onfalocele em bezerro neonato / Omphalocele in neonate calf

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...

Onfalocele em bezerro neonato / Omphalocele in neonate calf

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...(AU)

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle – paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral – revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de corpo estranho ocular em cão / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of strange eye body in dog

Traumatismos causados com espinho de porco espinho são comuns em cães. Entretanto, estes espinhos não são inertes podendo carrear bactérias e outros micro-organismos. A indicação frente à essa situação é a remoção de todo o material sempre que possível. Ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética possuem valor significativo no diagnóstico e localização de corpos estranhos não visíveis no exame físico. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever a presença de um corpo estranho linear na região intraocular de um cão macho, três anos de idade, sem raça definida. O animal deu entrada no serviço clínico de um Hospital Veterinário com apatia e histórico de contato com porco espinho há trinta dias. Observou-se secreção ocular e olhos recobertos pela terceira pálpebra. Nesta ocasião, foram retirados espinhos de ouriço na cavidade oral e o animal foi liberado. Entretanto, o paciente retornou 40 dias com piora do quadro oftalmológico. Foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico transpalpebral que detectou uma estrutura linear hiperecoica medindo aproximadamente 1,47cm com sobra acústica evidente e conteúdo anormal de ecogenicidade mista na câmara vítrea. Encaminhado para enucleação transpalpebral que possibilitou confirmar o diagnóstico e identificar o objeto. Após a remoção cirúrgica o paciente apresentou melhora clínica significativa e recebeu alta médica em 14 dias.(AU)

Trauma caused by porcupine thorns is common in dogs. However, these spines are not inert and can carry bacteria and other microorganisms. The advice given this situation is the removal of all material whenever possible. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance have significant value in the diagnosis and localization of foreign bodies not visible on physical examination. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presence of a linear foreign body in the intraocular region of a three year old, male dog, of mixed breed. The animal was admitted to the clinical service of a Veterinary Hospital with apathy and a history of contact with a porcupine within thirty days. Eye discharge and eyes covered by the third eyelid were observed. On this occasion, hedgehog spines were removed in the oral cavity and the animal was released. However, the patient returned 40 days later with worsening of the ophthalmic condition. A transpalpebral ultrasound examination was performed, which detected a hyperechoic linear structure measuring approximately 1.47cm with evident acoustic leftovers and abnormal mixed echogenicity content in the vitreous chamber. The dog was referred for transpalpebral enucleation, which made it possible to confirm the diagnosis and identify the object. After surgical removal, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and was discharged within 14 days.(AU)

Ultrasonographic aspects of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the estrous cycle paper review / Aspectos ultrassonográficos do útero e ovários de cadelas durante o ciclo estral revisão de literatura

The ultrasonographic exam is of great value in animal reproduction and veterinary obstetrics, because it allows gestational diagnosis and monitoring, as well as the evaluation of the female reproductive system, providing diagnosis of the reproductive state and estrous phase of females. One of the techniques that has been employed in the field of theriogenology is the Doppler Mode, which allows qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the hemodynamics of reproductive organs. Several studies were carried out in attempt to elucidate the ultrasonographic aspect of the uterus and ovaries of bitches during the different phases of the estrous cycle in B mode and Doppler mode. The objective of the present study is to review the information present in the literature regarding the sonographic changes of the reproductive organs of bitches during the different hormonal phases.(AU)

O exame ultrassonográfico tem grande importância na reprodução animal e obstetrícia veterinária, pois permite o diagnóstico e acompanhamento gestacional, bem como a avaliação do sistema reprodutor, proporcionando o diagnóstico do status reprodutivo e fase do ciclo estral. Uma das técnicas ultrassonográficas que vêm sendo empregadas no ramo da teriogenologia é o modo Doppler, que permite avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas da hemodinâmica dos órgãos da reprodução. Diversos estudos foram realizados na tentativa de elucidar o aspecto ultrassonográfico do útero e dos ovários das cadelas durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral ao modo-B e ao modo Doppler. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar as informações presentes na literatura a respeito das mudanças ultrassonográficas dos órgãos reprodutores da cadela durante as diferentes fases hormonais.(AU)

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de corpo estranho ocular em cão / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of strange eye body in dog

Traumatismos causados com espinho de porco espinho são comuns em cães. Entretanto, estes espinhos não são inertes podendo carrear bactérias e outros micro-organismos. A indicação frente à essa situação é a remoção de todo o material sempre que possível. Ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética possuem valor significativo no diagnóstico e localização de corpos estranhos não visíveis no exame físico. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever a presença de um corpo estranho linear na região intraocular de um cão macho, três anos de idade, sem raça definida. O animal deu entrada no serviço clínico de um Hospital Veterinário com apatia e histórico de contato com porco espinho há trinta dias. Observou-se secreção ocular e olhos recobertos pela terceira pálpebra. Nesta ocasião, foram retirados espinhos de ouriço na cavidade oral e o animal foi liberado. Entretanto, o paciente retornou 40 dias com piora do quadro oftalmológico. Foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico transpalpebral que detectou uma estrutura linear hiperecoica medindo aproximadamente 1,47cm com sobra acústica evidente e conteúdo anormal de ecogenicidade mista na câmara vítrea. Encaminhado para enucleação transpalpebral que possibilitou confirmar o diagnóstico e identificar o objeto. Após a remoção cirúrgica o paciente apresentou melhora clínica significativa e recebeu alta médica em 14 dias.

Trauma caused by porcupine thorns is common in dogs. However, these spines are not inert and can carry bacteria and other microorganisms. The advice given this situation is the removal of all material whenever possible. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance have significant value in the diagnosis and localization of foreign bodies not visible on physical examination. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presence of a linear foreign body in the intraocular region of a three year old, male dog, of mixed breed. The animal was admitted to the clinical service of a Veterinary Hospital with apathy and a history of contact with a porcupine within thirty days. Eye discharge and eyes covered by the third eyelid were observed. On this occasion, hedgehog spines were removed in the oral cavity and the animal was released. However, the patient returned 40 days later with worsening of the ophthalmic condition. A transpalpebral ultrasound examination was performed, which detected a hyperechoic linear structure measuring approximately 1.47cm with evident acoustic leftovers and abnormal mixed echogenicity content in the vitreous chamber. The dog was referred for transpalpebral enucleation, which made it possible to confirm the diagnosis and identify the object. After surgical removal, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and was discharged within 14 days.

Gastric disorders of cattle in western Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Distúrbios gástricos de bovinos no Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul

A retrospective study of gastric disorders in autopsied cattle in the Western region of Rio Grande do Sul State, was performed. The exam reports of bovine necropsy of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Unipampa, were analyzed in the period from 2010 to 2018. All cases in which death was primarily caused by disturbance in the gastric chambers were included. During the period evaluated, 141 cattle were necropsied. Of those, 25 had gastric disorders. Of those, 53% had alterations in the rumen, followed by abomasum (17%), involvement of two chambers (13%) and reticulum (9%). Most cases corresponded to beef cattle raised in an extensive system and most them for calf production and fattening with an average age of approximately three years. The cases occurred in farms of four different municipalities. Bullous bloat by excessive Trifolium repens ingestion was the gastric disturbance with the highest number of dead cattle observed in this study, especially in irrigated áreas of livestock farms. Cases such as lactic acidosis, ruminal alkalosis due to excessive urea ingestion and Baccharis coridifolia poisoning were also important gastric disturbances in necropsied cattle, associated especially with poor management and period of scarcity of good quality fodder. Cases of Clostridium perfringens infection were also observed in young cattle suggesting that it is an important infectious agent in the evaluated cattle herds, also showing failures in vaccination of the herds. As observed, gastric disturbances in cattle in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul have several causes. Metabolic/toxic and infectious disturbances were important causes of mortality in the herds, inducing considerable economic losses. Based on this study, it is clear that the majority of outbreaks or isolated cases occurred due to errors in the management of the properties and the vast majority of them could have been avoided with improvements in the technical qualification of the workers and simple adjustments in the farming methods. It is also emphasized the importance of the conclusive diagnosis to control these disorders, once after the orientation to the producers, was observed significant decrease in cattle losses in the farms.(AU)

Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos distúrbios gástricos em bovinos necropsiados na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisados os relatórios de exame de necropsia de bovinos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa), Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2010 a 2018. Foram incluídos todos os casos nos quais a morte foi causada primariamente pelo distúrbio nas câmaras gástricas. De um total de 141 bovinos necropsiados, 25 corresponderam a distúrbios gástricos. Dentre esses, 53% apresentaram alterações no rúmen, seguido de abomaso 17%, acometimento concomitante de duas câmaras 13% e retículo 9%. A maioria dos casos ocorreram em bovinos de corte criados em sistema extensivo e a maioria destinados à produção de bezerros e engorda com média de idade de aproximadamente três anos. Os casos ocorreram em propriedades rurais de quatro municípios da região Oeste do estado. O timpanismo bolhoso por ingestão excessiva de Trifolium repens foi o distúrbio gástrico com maior número de bovinos mortos observados nesse estudo, especialmente em propriedades com criação de animais em áreas de irrigação. Casos como acidose láctica, alcalose ruminal por intoxicação por ureia e intoxicação por Baccharis coridifolia também foram importantes distúrbios gástricos nos bovinos necropsiados e percebeu-se sua associação a falhas no manejo e à época de escassez de forragem de boa qualidade. Foram observados ainda casos de infecção por Clostridium perfringens em bovinos jovens o que sugere também tratar-se de um importante agente infeccioso nos rebanhos bovinos avaliados, demonstrando ainda falhas na vacinação dos rebanhos. Conforme observado, diversos são os distúrbios gástricos em bovinos na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo como importantes causas de mortalidades os distúrbios metabólicos/tóxicos e infecciosos, induzindo consideráveis perdas econômicas. Com base nesse levantamento, percebe-se que a maioria dos surtos ou casos isolados estudados ocorreram por erros no manejo nas propriedades e, na sua grande maioria, poderiam ter sido evitados com especialização da mão de obra e ajustes simples. Ressalta-se ainda a importância do diagnóstico conclusivo para controle desses distúrbios, uma vez que, após a orientação aos produtores, observou-se significativa diminuição das perdas de bovinos nas propriedades.(AU)

Gastric disorders of cattle in western Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Distúrbios gástricos de bovinos no Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul

A retrospective study of gastric disorders in autopsied cattle in the Western region of Rio Grande do Sul State, was performed. The exam reports of bovine necropsy of the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Unipampa, were analyzed in the period from 2010 to 2018. All cases in which death was primarily caused by disturbance in the gastric chambers were included. During the period evaluated, 141 cattle were necropsied. Of those, 25 had gastric disorders. Of those, 53% had alterations in the rumen, followed by abomasum (17%), involvement of two chambers (13%) and reticulum (9%). Most cases corresponded to beef cattle raised in an extensive system and most them for calf production and fattening with an average age of approximately three years. The cases occurred in farms of four different municipalities. Bullous bloat by excessive Trifolium repens ingestion was the gastric disturbance with the highest number of dead cattle observed in this study, especially in irrigated áreas of livestock farms. Cases such as lactic acidosis, ruminal alkalosis due to excessive urea ingestion and Baccharis coridifolia poisoning were also important gastric disturbances in necropsied cattle, associated especially with poor management and period of scarcity of good quality fodder. Cases of Clostridium perfringens infection were also observed in young cattle suggesting that it is an important infectious agent in the evaluated cattle herds, also showing failures in vaccination of the herds. As observed, gastric disturbances in cattle in the western region of Rio Grande do Sul have several causes. Metabolic/toxic and infectious disturbances were important causes of mortality in the herds, inducing considerable economic losses. Based on this study, it is clear that the majority of outbreaks or isolated cases occurred due to errors in the management of the properties and the vast majority of them could have been avoided with improvements in the technical qualification of the workers and simple adjustments in the farming methods. It is also emphasized the importance of the conclusive diagnosis to control these disorders, once after the orientation to the producers, was observed significant decrease in cattle losses in the farms.(AU)

Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo dos distúrbios gástricos em bovinos necropsiados na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisados os relatórios de exame de necropsia de bovinos do Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) da Universidade Federal do Pampa (Unipampa), Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2010 a 2018. Foram incluídos todos os casos nos quais a morte foi causada primariamente pelo distúrbio nas câmaras gástricas. De um total de 141 bovinos necropsiados, 25 corresponderam a distúrbios gástricos. Dentre esses, 53% apresentaram alterações no rúmen, seguido de abomaso 17%, acometimento concomitante de duas câmaras 13% e retículo 9%. A maioria dos casos ocorreram em bovinos de corte criados em sistema extensivo e a maioria destinados à produção de bezerros e engorda com média de idade de aproximadamente três anos. Os casos ocorreram em propriedades rurais de quatro municípios da região Oeste do estado. O timpanismo bolhoso por ingestão excessiva de Trifolium repens foi o distúrbio gástrico com maior número de bovinos mortos observados nesse estudo, especialmente em propriedades com criação de animais em áreas de irrigação. Casos como acidose láctica, alcalose ruminal por intoxicação por ureia e intoxicação por Baccharis coridifolia também foram importantes distúrbios gástricos nos bovinos necropsiados e percebeu-se sua associação a falhas no manejo e à época de escassez de forragem de boa qualidade. Foram observados ainda casos de infecção por Clostridium perfringens em bovinos jovens o que sugere também tratar-se de um importante agente infeccioso nos rebanhos bovinos avaliados, demonstrando ainda falhas na vacinação dos rebanhos. Conforme observado, diversos são os distúrbios gástricos em bovinos na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo como importantes causas de mortalidades os distúrbios metabólicos/tóxicos e infecciosos, induzindo consideráveis perdas econômicas. Com base nesse levantamento, percebe-se que a maioria dos surtos ou casos isolados estudados ocorreram por erros no manejo nas propriedades e, na sua grande maioria, poderiam ter sido evitados com especialização da mão de obra e ajustes simples. Ressalta-se ainda a importância do diagnóstico conclusivo para controle desses distúrbios, uma vez que, após a orientação aos produtores, observou-se significativa diminuição das perdas de bovinos nas propriedades.(AU)

Multicentric T-cell lymphoma in a creole filly / Linfoma multicêntrico de células T em uma potra crioula

A 2-year-old creole filly was referred to us for evaluation because of the clinical suspicion of infection by Streptococcus equi. It presented with progressive weight loss and increased volume of the submandibular, retropharyngeal, and precrural lymph nodes. General clinical examinations and laboratory tests revealed dehydration, anemia, leukopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and thrombocytopenia. The initial treatment for equine adenitis did not achieve significant results, and new hematological and biochemical tests and lymph node cytology by puncture were performed. Cytology revealed cells compatible with neoplastic lymphocytes, resulting in the suspicion of lymphoma. The animal died from general weakness and was sent for autopsy. Macroscopically, generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were observed, with multiple nodules and tumor lesions in the splenic parenchyma. There was an irregular nodule in the medullary layer of the right kidney. The liver and lungs were slightly enlarged, with petechiae and multifocal suffusions. Histopathological evaluation of different organ specimens revealed intense proliferation of the neoplastic lymphoid cells, invading the adjacent tissues, with moderate cellular pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph node sections with neoplastic infiltration revealed multicentric T-cell lymphoma. In horses, cases of lymphomas are rare and should be differentiated from other causes that induce lymphadenomegaly in this species.(AU)

Uma potra da raça crioula, com dois anos de idade foi encaminhada para avaliação clínica com suspeita de infecção por Streptococcus equi. A paciente apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e aumento dos linfonodos submandibulares, retrofaríngeos e pré-crurais. A potra foi submetida a exames clínicos gerais e de laboratório, apresentando desidratação, anemia, leucopenia, hiperfibrinogenemia e trombocitopenia. O tratamento inicial para adenite equina não obteve resultados significativos, e novos exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e citologia da punção de linfonodos foram realizados. O resultado da citologia revelou células compatíveis com linfócitos neoplásicos, o que levou a suspeita de linfoma. O animal morreu em consequência da debilidade de seu estado geral e foi encaminhado para necropsia. Macroscopicamente, observou-se linfadenomegalia generalizada, esplenomegalia com múltiplos nódulos no parênquima do baço, bem como lesões tumorais caracterizadas por rim direito apresentando nódulo irregular na camada medular, fígado levemente aumentado e pulmões com petéquias e sufusões multifocais. Amostras de variados órgãos foram submetidos a avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou intensa proliferação de células linfoides neoplásicas com invasão de tecidos adjacentes com moderado pleomorfismo celular. Secções de linfonodos com infiltrado neoplásico foram submetidas à avaliação imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) a qual determinou tratar-se de linfoma de células T multicêntrico. Em equinos, esse tipo de neoplasma é pouco frequente e deve ser diferenciado de outras causas que induzem linfadenomegalia nessa espécie.(AU)

Aortic thrombosis in a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukemia / Trombose aórtica em cão com leucemia linfocítica crônica

The aim of this report was to describe a case of aortic thrombosis (AT) secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although, different types of neoplasms are described as possible causes of aortic thrombosis, CLL was not yet considered. The dog showed signs of lameness that worsened with exercise. The diagnosis of AT was made by ultrasound examination. The diagnosis of CLL was made by necropsy, which showed the presence of small lymphocytes with the appearance of mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and kidneys. The importance of including CLL in the possible causes of AT in dogs, in addition to the suspicion of AT in cases of neuromuscular disease, was highlighted.(AU)

O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um caso de trombose aórtica (AT) secundária a leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC). Embora diferentes tipos de neoplasmas sejam descritos como possíveis causas de trombose aórtica, a LLC ainda não foi considerada. O cão mostrou sinais de claudicação que pioravam com o exercício. O diagnóstico de AT foi realizado por exame ultrassonográfico. O diagnóstico de LLC foi feito por necropsia, que mostrou a presença de pequenos linfócitos com aparência de linfócitos maduros na medula óssea, baço, fígado e rins. Destaca-se a importância da inclusão da LLC nas possíveis causas de AT em cães, além da suspeita de AT em casos de doença neuromuscular.(AU)

Radiological Evaluation of Juvenile osteochondral Conditions in Brazilian Warmblood Horse.

The term juvenile osteochondral condition (JOCC) has been used to identify developmental changes in the growth plates. The condition is characterized by a set of changes with similar pathogenesis that affect the immature skeleton and joints of growing foals. The aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence and degree of severity of osteochondral changes in Brazilian warmblood (BW) foals in two farms in the south of Brazil. Radiological evaluation was applied to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), carpal (C), metatarsophalangeal (MTP), tarsal (T), and femorotibiopatellar (FTP) joints of 90 foals (47 females and 43 males) in the age group 16-36 months. The evaluation was made before the animals started their athlete performance. Changes were classified as a degree of severity 0 to 4. Changes were diagnosed in 56 foals (58%) that had 105 affected joints. Thirty-three (59%) out of the 56 animals had changes in more than one joint; 57% (19/33) of them had bilateral changes. MTP and MCP were the joints with the most severe changes, respectively (severity 2 and 3), followed by FTP, T, and C. Osteochondral fragments (59%), tarsal arthropathies (48%), irregularities and radiolucency in the FTP joint (7%), and subchondral cystic lesion in the FTP joint (1%), were the most observed changes. BW foals recorded the high prevalence of osteochondral alterations; although MTP and T were the most affected joints, MTP and MCP presented the most severe changes. The present study confirmed significant JOCC prevalence in BW. Further studies should be carried out in different properties.

Linfoma multicêntrico de Células T em uma potra Crioula / Linfoma multicêntrico de Células T em uma potra Crioula

A 2-year-old creole filly was referred to us for evaluation because of the clinical suspicion of infection by Streptococcus equi. It presented with progressive weight loss and increased volume of the submandibular, retropharyngeal, and precrural lymph nodes. General clinical examinations and laboratory tests revealed dehydration, anemia, leukopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and thrombocytopenia. The initial treatment for equine adenitis did not achieve significant results, and new hematological and biochemical tests and lymph node cytology by puncture were performed. Cytology revealed cells compatible with neoplastic lymphocytes, resulting in the suspicion of lymphoma. The animal died from general weakness and was sent for autopsy. Macroscopically, generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were observed, with multiple nodules and tumor lesions in the splenic parenchyma. There was an irregular nodule in the medullary layer of the right kidney. The liver and lungs were slightly enlarged, with petechiae and multifocal suffusions. Histopathological evaluation of different organ specimens revealed intense proliferation of the neoplastic lymphoid cells, invading the adjacent tissues, with moderate cellular pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph node sections with neoplastic infiltration revealed multicentric T-cell lymphoma. In horses, cases of lymphomas are rare and should

Uma potra da raça crioula, com dois anos de idade foi encaminhada para avaliação clínica com suspeita de infecção por Streptococcus equi. A paciente apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e aumento dos linfonodos submandibulares, retrofaríngeos e pré-crurais. A potra foi submetida a exames clínicos gerais e de laboratório, apresentando desidratação, anemia, leucopenia, hiperfibrinogenemia e trombocitopenia. O tratamento inicial para adenite equina não obteve resultados significativos, e novos exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e citologia da punção de linfonodos foram realizados. O resultado da citologia revelou células compatíveis com linfócitos neoplásicos, o que levou a suspeita de linfoma. O animal morreu em consequência da debilidade de seu estado geral e foi encaminhado para necropsia. Macroscopicamente, observou-se linfadenomegalia generalizada, esplenomegalia com múltiplos nódulos no parênquima do baço, bem como lesões tumorais caracterizadas por rim direito apresentando nódulo irregular na camada medular, fígado levemente aumentado e pulmões com petéquias e sufusões multifocais. Amostras de variados órgãos foram submetidos a avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou intensa proliferação de células linfoides neoplásicas com invasão de tecidos adjacentes com moderado pleomorfismo celular. Secções de linfonodos com infiltrado neop

Linfoma multicêntrico de Células T em uma potra Crioula / Linfoma multicêntrico de Células T em uma potra Crioula

A 2-year-old creole filly was referred to us for evaluation because of the clinical suspicion of infection by Streptococcus equi. It presented with progressive weight loss and increased volume of the submandibular, retropharyngeal, and precrural lymph nodes. General clinical examinations and laboratory tests revealed dehydration, anemia, leukopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and thrombocytopenia. The initial treatment for equine adenitis did not achieve significant results, and new hematological and biochemical tests and lymph node cytology by puncture were performed. Cytology revealed cells compatible with neoplastic lymphocytes, resulting in the suspicion of lymphoma. The animal died from general weakness and was sent for autopsy. Macroscopically, generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were observed, with multiple nodules and tumor lesions in the splenic parenchyma. There was an irregular nodule in the medullary layer of the right kidney. The liver and lungs were slightly enlarged, with petechiae and multifocal suffusions. Histopathological evaluation of different organ specimens revealed intense proliferation of the neoplastic lymphoid cells, invading the adjacent tissues, with moderate cellular pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph node sections with neoplastic infiltration revealed multicentric T-cell lymphoma. In horses, cases of lymphomas are rare and should

Uma potra da raça crioula, com dois anos de idade foi encaminhada para avaliação clínica com suspeita de infecção por Streptococcus equi. A paciente apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e aumento dos linfonodos submandibulares, retrofaríngeos e pré-crurais. A potra foi submetida a exames clínicos gerais e de laboratório, apresentando desidratação, anemia, leucopenia, hiperfibrinogenemia e trombocitopenia. O tratamento inicial para adenite equina não obteve resultados significativos, e novos exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e citologia da punção de linfonodos foram realizados. O resultado da citologia revelou células compatíveis com linfócitos neoplásicos, o que levou a suspeita de linfoma. O animal morreu em consequência da debilidade de seu estado geral e foi encaminhado para necropsia. Macroscopicamente, observou-se linfadenomegalia generalizada, esplenomegalia com múltiplos nódulos no parênquima do baço, bem como lesões tumorais caracterizadas por rim direito apresentando nódulo irregular na camada medular, fígado levemente aumentado e pulmões com petéquias e sufusões multifocais. Amostras de variados órgãos foram submetidos a avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou intensa proliferação de células linfoides neoplásicas com invasão de tecidos adjacentes com moderado pleomorfismo celular. Secções de linfonodos com infiltrado neop

Multicentric T-cell lymphoma in a creole filly / Linfoma multicêntrico de células T em uma potra crioula

A 2-year-old creole filly was referred to us for evaluation because of the clinical suspicion of infection by Streptococcus equi. It presented with progressive weight loss and increased volume of the submandibular, retropharyngeal, and precrural lymph nodes. General clinical examinations and laboratory tests revealed dehydration, anemia, leukopenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and thrombocytopenia. The initial treatment for equine adenitis did not achieve significant results, and new hematological and biochemical tests and lymph node cytology by puncture were performed. Cytology revealed cells compatible with neoplastic lymphocytes, resulting in the suspicion of lymphoma. The animal died from general weakness and was sent for autopsy. Macroscopically, generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly were observed, with multiple nodules and tumor lesions in the splenic parenchyma. There was an irregular nodule in the medullary layer of the right kidney. The liver and lungs were slightly enlarged, with petechiae and multifocal suffusions. Histopathological evaluation of different organ specimens revealed intense proliferation of the neoplastic lymphoid cells, invading the adjacent tissues, with moderate cellular pleomorphism. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph node sections with neoplastic infiltration revealed multicentric T-cell lymphoma. In horses, cases of lymphomas are rare and should be differentiated from other causes that induce lymphadenomegaly in this species.

Uma potra da raça crioula, com dois anos de idade foi encaminhada para avaliação clínica com suspeita de infecção por Streptococcus equi. A paciente apresentava emagrecimento progressivo e aumento dos linfonodos submandibulares, retrofaríngeos e pré-crurais. A potra foi submetida a exames clínicos gerais e de laboratório, apresentando desidratação, anemia, leucopenia, hiperfibrinogenemia e trombocitopenia. O tratamento inicial para adenite equina não obteve resultados significativos, e novos exames hematológicos, bioquímicos e citologia da punção de linfonodos foram realizados. O resultado da citologia revelou células compatíveis com linfócitos neoplásicos, o que levou a suspeita de linfoma. O animal morreu em consequência da debilidade de seu estado geral e foi encaminhado para necropsia. Macroscopicamente, observou-se linfadenomegalia generalizada, esplenomegalia com múltiplos nódulos no parênquima do baço, bem como lesões tumorais caracterizadas por rim direito apresentando nódulo irregular na camada medular, fígado levemente aumentado e pulmões com petéquias e sufusões multifocais. Amostras de variados órgãos foram submetidos a avaliação histopatológica, a qual revelou intensa proliferação de células linfoides neoplásicas com invasão de tecidos adjacentes com moderado pleomorfismo celular. Secções de linfonodos com infiltrado neoplásico foram submetidas à avaliação imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) a qual determinou tratar-se de linfoma de células T multicêntrico. Em equinos, esse tipo de neoplasma é pouco frequente e deve ser diferenciado de outras causas que induzem linfadenomegalia nessa espécie.

Aortic thrombosis in a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukemia / Trombose aórtica em cão com leucemia linfocítica crônica

ABSTRACT: The aim of this report was to describe a case of aortic thrombosis (AT) secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although, different types of neoplasms are described as possible causes of aortic thrombosis, CLL was not yet considered. The dog showed signs of lameness that worsened with exercise. The diagnosis of AT was made by ultrasound examination. The diagnosis of CLL was made by necropsy, which showed the presence of small lymphocytes with the appearance of mature lymphocytes in the bone marrow, spleen, liver and kidneys. The importance of including CLL in the possible causes of AT in dogs, in addition to the suspicion of AT in cases of neuromuscular disease, was highlighted.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um caso de trombose aórtica (AT) secundária a leucemia linfocítica crônica (LLC). Embora diferentes tipos de neoplasmas sejam descritos como possíveis causas de trombose aórtica, a LLC ainda não foi considerada. O cão mostrou sinais de claudicação que pioravam com o exercício. O diagnóstico de AT foi realizado por exame ultrassonográfico. O diagnóstico de LLC foi feito por necropsia, que mostrou a presença de pequenos linfócitos com aparência de linfócitos maduros na medula óssea, baço, fígado e rins. Destaca-se a importância da inclusão da LLC nas possíveis causas de AT em cães, além da suspeita de AT em casos de doença neuromuscular.

Objective evaluation versus subjective evaluation of flexion tests in the pelvic limb of horses / Avaliação objetiva versus avaliação subjetiva dos testes de flexão no membro pélvico de cavalos

The agreement between subjective and objective evaluation methods was studied to identify claudication in the pelvic limbs of horses before and after flexion tests were performed. Twenty-nine horses were equipped with a wireless system of inertial sensors and evaluated during seven times while trotting. Videos were recorded to be evaluated by three veterinarians, with different levels of experience, to evaluate the agreement between the two different methods and between the evaluators. The evaluators and the objective evaluation had a low rate of agreement, with the exception of moderate agreement between the objective evaluation and evaluator 1 to identify lameness after the left total flexion and moderate agreement in evaluating the response to the tests, between objective evaluation and evaluator 2, after right distal flexion. This shows that there was a low agreement among the evaluators and between them and the objective evaluation for identifying lameness, measuring the degree of lameness and the response to the flexion tests.(AU)

A concordância entre métodos de avaliação subjetiva e objetiva foi estudada para identificar claudicação nos membros pélvicos antes e após a realização dos testes de flexão. Vinte e nove cavalos foram equipados com um sistema de sensores inerciais sem fio e avaliados durante sete momentos enquanto troteavam. Vídeos foram gravados para serem avaliados por três veterinários com diferentes níveis de experiência, a fim de avaliar a concordância entre os dois métodos diferentes e entre os avaliadores. Os avaliadores e a avaliação objetiva tiveram uma baixa taxa de concordância, com exceção de uma moderada concordância entre avaliação objetiva e avaliador 1 para identificar claudicação após o teste de flexão total esquerdo e uma moderada concordância na avaliação da resposta aos testes, entre avaliação objetiva e avaliador 2, após o teste de flexão distal direito. Isso demonstra que houve uma baixa concordância entre os avaliadores e entre estes e a avaliação objetiva para identificação da claudicação, mensuração do grau de claudicação e resposta aos testes de flexão.(AU)