Force loss and distribution of load in the hands of patients with cubital tunnel syndrome.

Manugraphy with three different cylinder sizes was used to quantify the contribution of fingers, thumb and palm to grip force in patients with unilateral cubital tunnel syndrome. Forces in the affected and contralateral hands differed by up to 29%. Although grip force is usually maximal when gripping small handles, ulnar nerve palsy resulted in similar absolute grip forces using the 100-mm and 200-mm cylinders. The contact area between the affected hand and the cylinders was reduced by 5%-9%. We noted a high correlation between the contact area and grip force, visible atrophy and permanently impaired sensibility. The load distribution differed significantly between both hands for all cylinder sizes. When gripping large objects, the main functional impairment in cubital tunnel syndrome is weakness in positioning and stabilizing the thumb. Weak intrinsic finger muscles are responsible for loss of force when gripping small objects. Level of evidence: III.

[Our preferred Approaches to the distal Radius]. / Unsere bevorzugten Zugänge zum distalen Radius.

This article describes our preferred approaches to the distal radius treating acute fractures and malunion by plating.

Load analysis of hands and feet while using different types of crutches with various leg's weight bearing.

The study aimed to define the load on hands using various commonly used types of crutches while walking with a full load on both legs (FL), with 20 kg partial load (PL), or with the left leg wholly unloaded (UL). Twenty-six healthy subjects used crutches with ergonomic handles, with anatomic handles (wider and softer bearing surface), and arthritis crutches (horizontal supporting area for the forearm). Sensor mats between hand and handles continuously measured the load transmitted, while sensor soles in the shoes recorded the ground reaction forces simultaneously. The load on the palm and separately the radial and ulnar halves of the palm were analyzed. With arthritis crutches, significantly lower load was transferred to the hands compared to forearm crutches (FL 3% vs. 25% of body weight, PL 8% vs. 87%, UL 12% vs. 103%). The load on hands increased significantly from FL to PL and UL for both types of crutches. The ipsilateral left hand had to bear significantly more load than the right hand. However, the feet's time-ground reaction curves showed more irregularities, and PL on the left leg was significantly higher with arthritis crutches. Anatomic handles reduced the load on the ulnar half of the palm (FL 3% vs. 5%, PL 13% vs. 18%, UL 17% vs. 23%); the radial half of the palm had a similar load to bear with both types of handles (11/11%, 31/32%, 34/35%). Arthritis crutches allow unburdening hands at the expense of gait stability. Anatomic handles reduce the load on the Guyon's canal.

[Carpal Malalignment in Malunited Fractures of the Distal Radius]. / Konstellationen des karpalen Gefüges bei fehlverheilten extraartikulären distalen Radiusfrakturen.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and classify carpal alignment in malunited fractures of the distal radius. MATERIALS AND METHODS: On standardized lateral radiographs of the involved wrist of 72 patients with a symptomatic extra-articular malunion of the distal radius, 43 with a dorsal and 29 with a palmar angulation, radius tilt (RT), radiolunate (RL) and lunocapitate angle were measured. Malposition of the radius was defined as RT plus 11° in dorsal malunion and RT minus 11° in palmar malunion. A palmar tilt of the radius was marked with a minus sign. At the time of corrective osteotomy 9 dorsal malunions underwent for different reasons evaluation of the scapholunate ligament with 4 having a complete scapholunate ligament disruption. RESULTS: With respect to the RL-angle, carpal malalignment was categorized as follows: type P with a RL-angle less than -12°, type K with a RL-angle between -12 and 10°, type A with a RL-angle more than 10°, but less than the malposition of the radius, type D with a RL-angle greater than the malposition of the radius. All types of carpal malalignment were found in both, dorsally and palmarly tilted malunion. Type A carpal alignment was identified as the leading type in dorsal malunion (25 out of 43 patients), whilst in palmar malunion colinear subluxation of the carpus (type C) was the dominant type (12 out of 29 patients). To return the hand to a neutral position the rotation of the lunate was compensated by a contrarotation of the capitate in the dorsal malunion. In the palmar malunion a dorsal extension of the capitate returned the hand to a neutral position. In 4 of the 5 patients with type D carpal alignment, who had scapholunate ligament evaluation, a complete ligament tear was found. CONCLUSION: In this study four different types of carpal alignment in malunited extra-articular fractures of the distal radius were identified. Based on this data we suspect that type D carpal alignment in dorsal malunion may be associated with a scapholunate ligament tear. Therefore, we recommend wrist arthroscopy for this group of patients.

[Fractures and Non-Unions of the Scaphoid: Our preferred surgical Approaches]. / Skaphoidfrakturen und -pseudarthrosen: Unsere Wahl des Zugangs.

This article describes our algorithm for approaching and fixing scaphoid fractures and non-unions.

[Effect of a single proximal interphalangeal Joint Fusion of the Index, Middle or Ring Finger on the Grip and Finger Force and Load Distribution in the Hand]. / Auswirkungen der Arthrodese eines einzelnen Mittelgelenkes von Zeige-, Mittel- oder Ringfinger auf Hand- und Fingerkraft sowie auf die Druckverteilung der Hand.

BACKGROUND: Due to the functional coupling of adjacent finger joints and the quadriga effect, arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) can be assumed to lead to a different grip pattern resulting in altered force distribution of the hand. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Ten patients with isolated arthrodesis of the PIPJ due to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (4×PIPJ II, 4×PIPJ III, 2×PIPJ IV) were assessed 59 (17-121) months postoperatively on average. The angle of arthrodesis was assessed by radiographs. Grip force and load distribution of both hands were measured by manugraphy using 3 differently sized cylinders. Grip force was separately assessed and compared for the whole hand as well as for each of the fingers and each phalanx. RESULTS: Average total grip force of the affected hand compared to the uninjured opposite side was 74% (38-136%) for the small cylinder, 104% (68-180%) for the mid-sized cylinder and 110% (69%-240%) for the large cylinder. Arthrodesis of the PIPJ of the index finger led to a reduction of the grip force (91%) for the small cylinder, but increased grip force for the mid-sized (120%) and large cylinder (139%). Grip force was reduced for all cylinder sizes by arthrodesis of the PIPJ of the middle finger (56%, 88% and 91%). Arthrodesis of the PIPJ of the ring finger resulted in a grip force of 76%, 105% and 91%, respectively, for the different cylinder sizes.The finger force of the affected finger was reduced after arthrodesis of the PIPJ, with the exception of the index finger, which was stronger than the unaffected opposite finger when using the large cylinder. The force of the healthy fingers on the affected side was greater when compared with the same finger on the opposite side, which led to increased grip force for the mid-sized and the large cylinder of the affected hand. A reduction in load distribution was measured mostly for the middle phalanx but also for the distal phalanx of the operated-on finger. CONCLUSION: Arthrodesis of the PIPJ almost always led to force reduction in the middle and distal phalanx of the affected finger. However, the total grip force of the hand was compensated by a higher force of the adjacent healthy fingers. In many cases, total grip force was even higher on the affected side. However, arthrodesis of the PIPJ resulted in a noticeable force reduction when smaller objects were gripped.

[Amputations of fingers and the hand]. / Amputationen an den Fingern und der Hand.

Revision amputation, ray amputation and narrowing of the hand can be indicated for pathological alterations of fingers and thumbs due to traumatic, inflammatory or vascular causes but also for functional deficits regarding mobility, sensibility, perfusion, and/or pain. Surgical amputation is considered if reconstructive options are no longer possible, not desired and are no longer meaningful with respect to effort and risks. Patients need to be informed about the expected deficits in function and esthetic appearance due to the amputation in advance. On the other hand, surgical amputations represent a good treatment option, for which the duration of treatment and scope are well estimated. Therefore, they are good options for patients with comorbidities, with concerns about extensive reconstructive surgery and with limited compliance. It is essential to respect anatomical and functional aspects to guarantee favorable surgical results and avoid complications, which might compromise the function of the hand beyond that which is unavoidable. The most frequent complications after creating a stump or ray resection are persistent pain, unstable skin and soft tissue conditions, mobility disorders, disturbing stumps without function, uncontrolled growth of nail remnants and recurrent inflammation.

Influence of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon transfer on grip strength.

The flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of the ring finger can be transferred to the thumb flexor. We followed ten patients after such a transfer for 5-128 months and measured grip strength and force transmission of the fingers and individual phalanges while the patients gripped 10-cm or 20-cm diameter cylinders. The grip strength of the middle, ring and little fingers was reduced when gripping the 10-cm cylinder, with a significantly larger decrease in the ring finger. With the 20-cm cylinder, grip forces of all fingers were almost identical, with slightly lower force of the ring finger and slightly higher forces in the index and small fingers. We conclude that after transfer of flexor digitorum superficialis tendon from a ring finger, grip strength of the ring finger is reduced. Finger forces are more hampered while gripping objects with smaller circumferences than large ones.

Carpal Instability: I. Pathoanatomy.

The pathoanatomy of carpal instability is multifactorial and usually complex. A thorough medical history and clinical examination are essential, as well as profound knowledge of the specific instability patterns. The stability of the wrist is ensured by the carpal joint surfaces, by intact intra-articular (particularly the scapholunate interosseous ligament) and intracapsular ligaments, and by crossing extensor and flexor tendons, the latter making the proximal carpal row an "intercalated segment." An important classification feature is the distinction between dissociative and nondissociative forms of carpal instability. Among others, scapholunate dissociation, lunotriquetral dissociation, midcarpal instability, and ulnar translocation are the most common entities. Early forms of instability are considered dynamic. In the natural course, static instability of the wrist and osteoarthritis will develop. This review focuses on the pathoanatomical fundamentals of the various forms of carpal instability.

[Infections of the Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal Joint: 4 weeks of Immobilisation between initial Surgery with Joint Resection and secondary Joint Fusion is sufficient]. / Fingerend- und Fingermittelgelenksinfektionen: 4-wöchige Ruhigstellung zwischen Primäreingriff mit Gelenkresektion und sekundärer Arthrodese ausreichend.

BACKGROUND: In 2011 we published our treatment regime for infections of the interphalangeal joints of the hand with infection-related macroscopic cartilage damage. We recommended the resection of the infected joint followed by 6 weeks of immobilisation by external fixation before secondary arthrodesis. In 2013 we reduced the period of immobilisation to 4 weeks within a prospective study. PURPOSE: This paper analyses the effect of a shortened immobilisation time of 4 instead of 6 weeks between joint resection and secondary joint fusion in bacterial infection of the proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between March 2013 and July 2014, 20 patients with an infection of an interphalangeal joint of the hand were treated by joint resection and secondary arthrodesis after a reduced time of immobilisation of 4 weeks. The patients were clinically and radiologically evaluated at median of 5,8 (4,7-10,5) months. The results were statistically analysed and compared with the previous study published 2011. RESULTS: The reduced immobilisation period from 6 to 4 weeks did not result in a significant difference of revisions (p = 0.148). In 18 of 20 patients, the joint infection was reliably cured and the following arthrodesis consolidated. One patient required a revision surgery due to a persistent joint infection, a second patient got a revision surgery after arthrodesis because of a displaced implant. The range of motion of the infected finger was median 147.5 (30-220)°. Achieving a grip strength of 26 (4-64) kg, the affected hand reached 88.5 (47,8-223,1) % of the strength of the opposite side. The subjective functioning of the hand was good (DASH 37.9 (3.3-71.7), Krimmer-Score 2 (1-4)). We did not observe any persistent pain at rest (VAS 0 (0-3)) or under daily activities (VAS 1.3 (0-7)). 50 % of patients stated a sensitivity to cold. Our study of 2011 revealed similar results (ROM of the infected finger 142.5 (30-220)°, grip strength 95 (33-127)%, DASH-Score 23.3 (0-130), Krimmer Score 2 (1-4), VAS at rest 0 (0-7), VAS under stress 4.5 (0-9), sensitivity to cold in 41 % of 27 patients). CONCLUSION: A decreased immobilisation period from 6 to 4 weeks between joint resection and secondary arthrosis for infections of the interphalangeal joints of the hand do not lead to a negative outcome. The described therapeutical regime results in reliable cure of the bacterial joint infection with a good function of the finger and only minor subjective discomfort.

[Results following isolated fourth ray resection]. / Ergebnisse der isolierten Resektion des vierten Fingerstrahls.

BACKGROUND: After partial resection of the fourth finger ray, many hand surgeons perform a transposition of the fifth ray to the position of the fourth ray. Others, us included, resect the fourth ray in total through exarticulation in the carpometacarpal joint and tightly readapt the deep transverse metacarpal ligament, assuming that the gap between the third and fifth metacarpal bones will be sufficiently reduced through spontaneous radial translocation of the fifth ray. The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the clinical, radiological and patient-reported results after total resection of the fourth ray with adaption of the deep transverse metacarpal ligament. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven patients (three women, four men) with a mean age of 50 (26-62) years were reached for a follow-up examination after a mean of 43 (2-174) months. Parameters assessed included finger movement, hand strength, sensitivity (Tinel sign, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament), dexterity (nine-hole peg test), pain (at rest and during stress, phantom pain, weather sensitivity) and patient-reported functional and cosmetic outcome. Radiological assessment included measurement of the distance between the heads and bases of metacarpal bones III and V before and directly after surgery and at follow-up. RESULTS: The only complication encountered was a mild wound healing disorder in one patient, which was controlled conservatively. Sensitivity was not impaired in any patient and no patient showed signs of neuromas. Finger movement for both flexion and extension was slightly impaired in two patients. Mean grip and pinch strength was 61 (54-78) % and 65 (35-122) % compared with the unaffected hand. The mean DASH score was reduced from 42.2 preoperatively to 27.5. Dexterity was slightly reduced with a nine-hole peg test prolonged by 23 % compared with the unaffected hand. At follow-up, the intermetacarpal gap was reduced by a mean of 67 % between the bases and by 50 % between the heads of metacarpal bones III and V. Patients rated the cosmetic appearance of the hand as very good. CONCLUSION: Total resection of the fourth finger ray with soft tissue adaption enables a sufficient closure of the intermetacarpal gap without rotational malalignment and results in good to very good functional and cosmetic outcomes and a low complication rate.

[Comparison of scaphoid reconstruction with a non-vascularised bone graft, with and without shock waves; preliminary results]. / Vergleich der Kahnbeinrekonstruktion mit einem nicht-vaskularisierten Knochentransplantat mit und ohne intraoperativer Stoßwellenanwendung ­ vorläufige Ergebnisse.

BACKGROUND: Focused, high energy shock wave therapy (ESWT) stimulates bone healing by neo-angiogenesis and activating osteocytes. This study investigates if applying an ESWT intraoperatively improves and accelerates the healing of a scaphoid nonunion after reconstruction using a non-vascularized bone graft. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective, ongoing study, patients with a scaphoid reconstruction using a non-vascularized bone graft and stabilization for non-union, are randomized for having additionally an intraoperative ESWT (intervention group) or not (control group). In 6 weeks-intervals, patients have a clinical and radiological follow-up, including a CT scan at 12, 18, and if needed 24 weeks postoperatively. The intervention group and the control group are compared with regard to the proportion of the bridged contact area between scaphoid and the bone graft at 12, 18, and 24 weeks postoperatively and the rate of the healed scaphoids at the final follow-up. At time of this data analysis, 35 patients of the intervention group and 33 patients of the control group had passed all of their scheduled follow-ups. RESULTS: Twenty-four weeks postoperatively, the scaphoids of 27 patients (77 %) in the intervention group and those of 20 patients (61 %) in the control group were healed. At 12, 18, and 24 weeks, the contact area between scaphoid and the bone graft proximally was bridged by 80 %, 84 %, and 86 % respectively in the intervention group, and 74 %, 81 %, and 84 % in the control group. Distal to the bone graft, the gap was bridged by 91 %, 94 %, and 95 % for the intervention group and 77 %, 90 %, and 94 % for the control group. At 12 weeks postoperatively, the proportional healing distal to the bone graft was significantly higher after ESWT. CONCLUSION: A single, intraoperative ESWT improves the healing rate of scaphoid reconstruction with a non-vascularized bone graft and accelerates the gap bridging during the first 12 weeks after surgery.