[Clinical observation and related factors analysis of neonatal asphyxia complicated with retinal hemorrhage].

Objective: To observe and analyze related factors of neonatal asphyxia complicated with retinal hemorrhage. Methods: It was a retrospective case series. Seven hundred and twenty-one cases with neonatal asphyxia after 72 hours of birth were enrolled in this study. Fundus examination was performed on these newborns using the third generation wide-angle digital retina imaging system (RetCamⅢ), and the bleeding level was divided into level I, level Ⅱ and level Ⅲ. The conditions of the newborn and the mother during pregnancy were correlatively analyzed. The other factors were also analyzed including delivery mode, birth weight, gestational age, gender, grade of neonatal asphyxia, scalp hematoma, intracranial hemorrhage, fetal intrauterine distress, mother's age and antenatal complications. Single factor χ(2) test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to screen and judge risk factors causing retinal hemorrhage related to neonatal asphyxia. Results: In 721 cases of neonatal asphyxia, retinal hemorrhage was found in 204 newborns (28.29%). The hemorrhage was at level Ⅰ in 77 cases (37.75%) , at level Ⅱ in 38 cases (18.63%) and at level Ⅲ in 89 cases (43.63%) . Four cases also had vitreous hemorrhage. Asphyxia was mild in 673 infants (93.34%) and severe in 48 infants (6.66%). The difference in the degree of retinal hemorrhage between the patients with mild and severe asphyxia was significant (χ(2)=22.336, P=0.000). When asphyxia was aggravated, the degree of retinal hemorrhage increased. Relative factors analysis showed that delivery mode (χ(2)=158.643, P<0.05), gestational age (χ(2)=24.522, P<0.05), birth weight (χ(2)=11.916, P<0.05) and grade of neonatal asphyxia (χ(2)=19.809, P<0.05) had correlations with retinal hemorrhage. Logistic regression analysis indicated that grade of neonatal asphyxia and delivery mode were risk factors of retinal hemorrhage in neonatal asphyxia (OR=0.304, 0.085). Conclusion: The incidence of retinal hemorrhage in neonatal asphyxia was 28.29%. The degree of neonatal asphyxia and delivery mode may play roles in the occurrence of retinal hemorrhage in newborns with asphyxia. With aggravation of asphyxia, the degree of retinal hemorrhage may increase. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 358-362).

2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone imine: a novel product formed in base-catalyzed hydrolysis of diazepam.

Diazepam (1), a hypnotic and anxiolytic drug in worldwide use, formed an intermediate product in a mixture of ethanol and sodium hydroxide ([NaOH] > or = 1 M). The intermediate product slowly decomposed to form 2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone imine (2) and 2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone (3). The amount of 2 formed, relative to that of 3, increased with increasing NaOH concentration. Compound 2, a heretofore unknown derivative of 1, was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet-visible absorption, mass, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses.

Hydrolysis of temazepam in simulated gastric fluid and its pharmacological consequence.

Temazepam (TMZ), a hypnotic and anxiolytic drug, underwent hydrolysis in simulated gastric fluid (SGF; pH 1.2). The hydrolysis reaction of TMZ in acetonitrile:SGF (1:19 v/v) at 37 degrees C was an apparent first-order reaction, with a half-life of 5.47 +/- 0.17 h (i.e., approximately 12% of the remaining TMZ was hydrolyzed per hour). The predominant hydrolysis product (2'-benzoyl-4'-chloro-N-methyl-2-amino-2-hydroxyacetanilide) and a minor hydrolysis product [2-(methylamino)-5-chlorobenzophenone], derived from acid-catalyzed reaction of TMZ in an aqueous solution, were characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption mass, infrared, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra analyses. The kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction were studied as a function of acid concentration, temperature, and ionic strength and in deuterated solvent. Results indicated that the predominant hydrolysis reaction at pH approximately pKa (1.46) was caused by protonation at N4, followed by a nucleophilic attack by water at C5 of the C5-N4 iminium ion and a subsequent ring-opening reaction. Pharmacological activity tests in mice indicated that the predominant hydrolysis product of TMZ was inactive. The results suggest that a fraction of an orally taken TMZ may be inactivated by hydrolysis in the highly acidic gastric fluid.

A new class of alkaloids from a dendrobatid poison frog: a structure for alkaloid 251F.

Alkaloids of a new class are present in skin extracts of the dendrobatid poison frog, Minyobates bombetes, of Colombia. The structure of the major alkaloid of this class, 251F, has been determined as a trimethylcyclopenta[b]quinolizidinemethanol 1 by nmr, gc-Ft-ir, and ms studies including ms-ms. At least nine congeners of 251F were detected in these extracts.

[The structure of versicolactone A from Aristolochia versicolar S.M. Hwang].

A novel sesquiterpene lactone, versicolactone A, with 12-carbon ring skeleton, was isolated from the roots of Aristolochia versicolar S. M. Hwang. Versicolactone A, C15H20O2, colorless prisms, mp 130-132 degrees C, [alpha]6D +486 degrees (c 0.1276, CHCl3). Its structure was established by spectroscopic methods, mainly 2D-NMR (1H-1H COSY, 1H-13C COSY, COLOC), HRMS and metastable ion measurement.

Comparison of mass spectral techniques using organic peroxides related to artemisinin.

The mass spectra of three peroxides related to artemisinin (1) are compared in nine different ionization modes. Ion trap mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra reveal numerous pathways for the electron impact (EI) decompositions. In the EI mode, the best spectra are obtained by using the ion trap mass spectrometer at low temperatures. Loss of oxygen is observed with the other EI spectrometers, suggesting catalytic decomposition in the ion source. Methane positive and negative chemical ionization (CI) spectra show considerable fragmentation, while isobutane CI spectra show only (M + H)+ for 1 and (M + H - H2O)+ for dihydroartemisinin (2) and (3). An unusually abundant (2M + H)+ is observed for 1 in both positive-ion plasma desorption and fast atom bombardment mass spectra.

Fragment pathway analysis using automated tandem mass spectrometry on an ion-trap mass spectrometer.

A "key-sequence" procedure is presented for the automated tandem mass spectrometric analysis of compounds on a Finnigan ion-trap mass spectrometer. This allows fragmentation pathways of a range of masses or even a complete spectrum to be prepared automatically, obviating the tiresome preparation and optimization of individual scan-editor files. The procedure is limited by the speed of the driving computer; an "IBM-AT", for example, permits more than 10 mass units to be scanned per minute. It is calibrated with perfluorotributylamine and methyl stearate is used to demonstrate its results. The Finnigan ion-trap "programming option" is necessary for implementation of the procedure.

[Studies on chemical constituents of the essential oil of Cyclorhiza waltonii].

Essential oil from the rhizome of Cyclorhiza waltonii was obtained by steam distillation. The chemical components of the oil were examined by means of capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass selective detector with HP-5 and Carbowax 20M stationary phases. Fifteen constituents of the oil were identified. The content of each component identified was determined by area normalization method. Of these, the content of ten compounds was higher than 2%. They are: alpha-pinene, sabinene, alpha-therpinene, p-cymene, beta-phellandrene, gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, terpineo-4-ol, cis-caryophyllene, duryl aldehyde and isoduryl aldehyde. The oil was found to compose of almost all the types of volatile composition, i.e., not only monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes but also alcohols and aldehydes. Duryl aldehyde and isoduryl aldehyde are not common in volatile oils.

[Studies on the chemical constituents of Curcuma kwangsiensis].

A new sesquiterpene lactone named gweicurculactone, along with beta-sitosterol, germacrone, daucosterin and palmitic acid, was isolated from Curcuma kwangsiensis. Its structure has been confirmed by means of spectral and X-ray diffraction analysis.