A microdialysis study of the noradrenergic response in rat frontal cortex and hypothalamus to a conditioned cue for aversive, naturalistic environmental stimuli.

RATIONALE: Extracellular noradrenaline concentration in the rat forebrain is increased by aversive environmental stimuli. This study investigated whether conditioned cues for such stimuli have the same effect. METHODS: After training rats to associate a tone (conditioned cue) with transfer from a neutral zone to a brightly lit zone of a light/dark shuttle-box (unconditioned stimulus), microdialysis probes were implanted into the frontal cortex and hypothalamus under halothane anaesthesia. Changes in extracellular noradrenaline concentration were then monitored on exposure to the tone alone. Parallel experiments monitored rats' behaviour in the light arena. RESULTS: A single exposure to the light arena increased extracellular noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and the hypothalamus but neither a single, nor repeated, exposure to the tone alone had any effect. After conditioning trials, the tone alone increased extracellular noradrenaline in the frontal cortex but not the hypothalamus, whilst the tone+transfer to the light arena resulted in a prolonged increase in extracellular noradrenaline in both brain regions. The time that rats spent within the light arena was also prolonged. CONCLUSIONS: Noradrenergic neurones in the frontal cortex, but not the hypothalamus, respond to conditioned cues for aversive environmental stimuli. However, prolongation of the noradrenergic response in both brain regions could contribute to the behavioural adaptation to such unconditioned stimuli.

[3-D CT reconstruction of fractures of the skull base and the facial skeleton]. / 3-D-CT-Rekonstruktion bei Frakturen der Schädelbasis und des Gesichtsschädels.

3-D reconstructions of the skull base, temporal bone, and skull fractures were compared to 2-D- CT to evaluate the diagnostic value in traumatized patients. 38 patients with 22 fractures of the facial skeleton (orbita, zygomatic, Le Fort), 12 temporal bone, and 4 skull fractures were investigated. Subjective grading was performed by two physicians (ENT/RAD) in respect of quality diagnostic validity and estimated clinical impact. The average image validity and quality were graded good. In the temporal bone the average information supplied by 3-D was of inferior value; here, the lack of information regarding the inner ear structures was responsible for the lack of clinical impact. In fractures of the facial skeleton and the skull base a good to very good image quality was seen and clinical relevance was high. 3-D CT is capable of demonstrating fractures, which is of little value in the temporal bone, but of high value in the skull base and the facial skeleton, especially if surfaces are involved or fragments are displaced.

[The place of radiotherapy in pharyngeal cancer]. / Zum Stellenwert der Strahlentherapie bei Pharynxkarzinomen.

In a summary representation the therapeutic principles are shown applying radiotherapy in epithelial tumors of epi-, meso-, and hypopharynx on base of actual references in literature and own results. Especially by combination therapy a trend indicates improvement of therapeutic results.

[Results of the surgical-radiologic treatment strategy used in laryngeal cancer in Jena patient material from 1964 to 1981]. / Ergebnisse der operativ-radiologischen Behandlungsstrategie bei Larynxkarzinomen im Jenaer Patientenmaterial von 1964 bis 1981.

The retrospective analysis of a radiotherapeutical material includes 452 patients with laryngeal carcinoma of the University Jena during the period from 1964 to 1981. The primary radiotherapy was done according to therapeutic protocol exclusively in glottal tumors of stage T1 and T2, exceptionally refusers of operation or inoperables. The portion of total laryngectomy is accordingly high with 47.6% of all patients. The 5-years-survival of all patients is 48% (217 of 452 patients). The results are compared with results of other therapeutic statements.

[Mesopharynx cancers--multifactorial malignancy analysis and therapeutic results]. / Mesopharynxkarzinome--multifaktorielle Malignitätsanalyse und Therapieergebnisse.

Multi-step check method of the diagnosis of malignancy is applied as a synthesis of results of staging, histological classification, histopathological and histochemical grading, to 210 squamous cell carcinomas of the mesopharynx. Among the examined carcinomas, extended tumours were predominant (61%) (T3; T4). No definite relationship between size and prognosis of the tumours was seen. 81% of the carcinomas had regional lymph node metastases. Their rate of cure (41%) was lower than that of the carcinomas without metastases. Histological grading showed that prognosis of the G 1-carcinomas was superior to that of the G 3-carcinomas. Definite histological grading also enabled clear gradation of malignancy of G 2-carcinomas and carcinomas of the lymphatic tissue after histochemical grading. 5-year survival rate of all the therapy results were found after radical resection (50%) and after combined surgical irradiation therapy (63%). The survival rate of the patients with exclusive irradiation therapy was lower (29%).

[Multifactorial malignancy analysis--modern knowledge in the practical diagnosis of head and neck tumors]. / Multifaktorielle Malignitätsanalyse--moderne Erkenntnisse in der praktischen Diagnostik von Kopf-Hals-Tumoren.

A pretherapeutical multi-step-check method of the diagnosis of malignancy is suggested as a basis of an individual therapy of tumours. It must comprise clinical tumour diagnosis (staging)--the tumour localizations, size and spreading of metastases--histopathological and histochemical grading of malignancy, and histological classification. Results of these diagnostic methods of 186 squamous-cell carcinomas of the head and neck were related to the survival rate. Histochemical LDH and G6PDH reactions and histopathological grading (G 1-group and G 3-group) are important criteria for prognosis.

[Prognostic efficacy of a histologic-cytochemical malignancy grading of squamous cell carcinoma in the head-neck region]. / Prognostische Wirksamkeit einer histologisch-zytochemischen Malignitätsgraduierung beim Plattenepithelkarzinom des Kopf-Hals-Bereiches.

146 squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and pharynx were subjected to a histopathological grading of malignancy ranging from grade 1 up to grade 3. 3-years-survival-rates in G 1 carcinomas were 85%, in G 2 72% and in G 3 15%. Various enzyme histochemical reactions were examined by means of the same test material for the worth for the indication of the cure-rate. A high survival-rate was found for low enzyme activities in the G6PDH- and in LDH-reaction. Strong activities indicated a low survival-rate. The histological grading common with histochemical grading is of prognostic significance. It should be used within a multi-step-check aimed at a more detailed tumor diagnosis before the start of therapy.

[Histopathological grading of ENT carcinomas (author's transl)]. / Histopathologisches Grading von Karzinomen des HNO-Gebietes.

In 56 patients with carcinoma of the larynx, pathohistological grading was carried out, basing on the differentiation, nuclear polymorphism and mitosis of the tumor cell population and the cellular response of the tumor host. This grading corresponded well with the 3-years' survival rate. The grading of the third revision of the TNM classification of the UICC containing only the differentiation is less evident. In spite of that, a prognostic statement is possible and we recommend to use this procedure.

[Papillomas of the mucous membranes of the larynx and pharynx. Relations between enzyme histochemistry and histological classification (author's transl)]. / Papillome der Schleimhaut in Larynx und Pharynx Beziehungen zwischen Enzymhistochemie und histologischer Klassifikation.

If there is a histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase and lactat dehydrogenase with cryostat-microtom-sections of 30 papillomas of the mucous membran of larynx, pharynx and cavum oris you often can find strong activities in tissue with frequent atypical epithelial cells. Intensive appearances after reactions of NADH-tetrazolium-reduktase are correlated with strong hyperplasies and proliferations of the epithelial tissue. Cell groups in the stroma, which are immuncompetantly are showing an moderate activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase and NADH-tetrazoliumreduktase.

[Clinical observations and therapy of the papillomas of the mucous membrane in the otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. / Klinik und Therapie von Schleimhautpapillomen im HNO-Bereich.

It's possible papillomas of oral, pharyngeal and laryngeal regions concerning clinical and prognostical aspects to divide under a unit principle. In addition to the criterion of juvenile/adult you must consider solitary or multiple appearance, as well as the macroscopical keratinization. An adequate classification under the aspect of the different malignancy on the basis of morphological and clinical examination of 30 papillomas is proposed. The group of adult, multiple and unkeratinized papillomas of the larynx shows in opposite of opinions of today a tendency of malignancy. Infusion therapy with Bleomycin leads to a volume reduction and to a prolongation of the interval on the papillomas of the larynx, who tend to a malignant degeneration and to a short interval.

[Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Histochemical observations and hormone therapy (author's transl)]. / Das juvenile Nasenrachenfibrom. Histochemische Befunde und Hormontherapie.

There were carried out substrate- and enzymhistochemical reactions of the typical nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in 6 cases. In the environs of the vessels there were mainly neutral mucopolysaccharides, in the left intercellular substance and in the fibroblasts and most cells acid carbohydrates were found. The protein reactions pointed out a conspicouos strong contents of alkaline proteins in fibroblasts, mast cells and vessel environs. In the mast cells and fibroblasts tryptophan was found plentifully, in fibroblasts and vessel environs a lot of tyrosin was provable. The alakline phosphatase was traceable in fibroblasts and mast cells with great intensity. Strong reactivities of the acid phosphatases in all of the cells of the tissue refer to intensive lysosomal activities and considerable secretion transactions. The reaction of LDH as a representative of energy metabolism settles down in all of the cells and vessel environs in a strong way. The histochemical examination of a preparation of the naso-pharyngeal angiofibroma after hormone therapy showed a falling out of all the enzyme activities. The reduction of the acid phosphatases seems to be of special importance. Substrathistochemically there weren't any clear modifications concerning quality and quantity. A comparatively examined separation of an ordinary fibroma of the nasopharynx indicated similar enzymhistochemical pictures disregard the intensive reaction of the unspecific esterase, which doesn't appear concerning the nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. The carbohydrate reactions demonstrated some differences to the typical nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

[A low pressure perfusion method suitable for enzyme histochemical studies on the cochlea exemplified with the demonstration of NADH-diaphorase activity (author's transl)]. / Die Verwendbarkeit einer Niederdruckperfusionsmethode für enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen der Cochlea, dargestellt am Beispiel der NADH-Diaphorase

The use of a low pressure perfusion method for enzyme histochemical reactions in the cochlea of guinea pig is proved in the case of the demonstration of the NADH-diaphorase. It was shown by measuring of the microphonic potentials during the perfusion, that the perfusion medias caused practically no chemical or mechanical defections of the hair cells under the new conditions of working. The activities of the NADH-diaphorase were demonstrated mainly in the hair cells and in the nervous fibres of the organ of Corti. A remarkable NADH-diaphorase activity was detected in the Boettcher cells too.