Hypolipidemic activity of P-methoxycinnamic diester (PCO-C) isolated from Copernicia prunífera against Triton WR-1339 and hyperlipidemic diet in mice.

Carnauba wax is extracted from the leaves of the Copernicia prunífera and contains approximately 80% of esters in its composition. The purpose of the present study was evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of p-methoxycinnamic diesters (PCO-C) extracted from Copernicia prunífera in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia in mice. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced plasma levels in PCO-C at the dose of 100mg/kg in a model of acute and chronic dyslipidemia. Histological studies showed that PCO-C has no hepatotoxic effect and reduces hepatic steatosis in animals that consumed hyperlipidemic ration. Thus, it was concluded that PCO-C isolated from Copernicia Prunifera was effective in reducing total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both dyslipidemia induction models. The finding indicates that PCO-C might be beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Establishment and cryptic transmission of Zika virus in Brazil and the Americas.

Transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas was first confirmed in May 2015 in northeast Brazil. Brazil has had the highest number of reported ZIKV cases worldwide (more than 200,000 by 24 December 2016) and the most cases associated with microcephaly and other birth defects (2,366 confirmed by 31 December 2016). Since the initial detection of ZIKV in Brazil, more than 45 countries in the Americas have reported local ZIKV transmission, with 24 of these reporting severe ZIKV-associated disease. However, the origin and epidemic history of ZIKV in Brazil and the Americas remain poorly understood, despite the value of this information for interpreting observed trends in reported microcephaly. Here we address this issue by generating 54 complete or partial ZIKV genomes, mostly from Brazil, and reporting data generated by a mobile genomics laboratory that travelled across northeast Brazil in 2016. One sequence represents the earliest confirmed ZIKV infection in Brazil. Analyses of viral genomes with ecological and epidemiological data yield an estimate that ZIKV was present in northeast Brazil by February 2014 and is likely to have disseminated from there, nationally and internationally, before the first detection of ZIKV in the Americas. Estimated dates for the international spread of ZIKV from Brazil indicate the duration of pre-detection cryptic transmission in recipient regions. The role of northeast Brazil in the establishment of ZIKV in the Americas is further supported by geographic analysis of ZIKV transmission potential and by estimates of the basic reproduction number of the virus.

Ferulic acid lowers body weight and visceral fat accumulation via modulation of enzymatic, hormonal and inflammatory changes in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Previous studies have reported on the glucose and lipid-lowering effects of ferulic acid (FA) but its anti-obesity potential has not yet been firmly established. This study investigated the possible anti-obesitogenic effects of FA in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. To assess the antiobesity potential of FA, 32 male Swiss mice, weighing 20-25 g (n=6-8 per group) were fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD, treated orally or not with either FA (10 mg/kg) or sibutramine (10 mg/kg) for 15 weeks and at the end of this period, the body weights of animals, visceral fat accumulation, plasma levels of glucose and insulin hormone, amylase and lipase activities, the satiety hormones ghrelin and leptin, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCH-1) were analyzed. Results revealed that FA could effectively suppress the HFD-associated increase in visceral fat accumulation, adipocyte size and body weight gain, similar to sibutramine, the positive control. FA also significantly (P<0.05) decreased the HFD-induced elevations in serum lipid profiles, amylase and lipase activities, and the levels of blood glucose and insulin hormone. The markedly elevated leptin and decreased ghrelin levels seen in HFD-fed control mice were significantly (P<0.05) reversed by FA treatment, almost reaching the values seen in ND-fed mice. Furthermore, FA demonstrated significant (P<0.05) inhibition of serum levels of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, and MCH-1. These results suggest that FA could be beneficial in lowering the risk of HFD-induced obesity via modulation of enzymatic, hormonal and inflammatory responses.

Níveis de cloro da ração sobre parâmetros sanguíneos e ósseos de codornas italianas destinadas à produção de carne / Chlorine levels of diet on blood parameters and bone in meat production of Italian quail

Avaliaram-se diferentes níveis de cloro da ração sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos e o desenvolvimento ósseo de codornas destinadas à produção de carne. Foram utilizadas 384 codornas italianas de um a 49 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e oito repetições de oito aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações isonutrientes, exceto para o nível de cloro, que foram: 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32%. Aos 49 dias, foram selecionadas duas aves por parcela para as coletas do sangue e das tíbias. Foram avaliados o pH e as concentrações de Na, Cl e K no sangue, bem como o comprimento, o diâmetro, o peso, o teor de matéria seca e cinzas, o índice de Seedor e a resistência à quebra e deformidade da tíbia. Os níveis de cloro da ração não influenciaram significativamente o pH, as concentrações de Na, Cl, K no sangue, assim como o comprimento, o diâmetro, o peso, o índice de Seedor, o teor de matéria seca e cinzas e a resistência à quebra e deformidade da tíbia. Conforme os resultados, o nível de cloro pode variar de 0,07 até 0,32%, sem alterar o pH e as concentrações de Na, Cl e K no sangue e sem prejuízos na qualidade óssea.

We evaluated different levels of chlorine in the feed on the blood parameters and bone development of quail for meat production. 384 Italian quails were used at 1-49 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and eight replicates of eight birds. The treatments consisted of isonutrient diets, except for the level of chlorine, which were 0.07, 0.12, 0.17, 0.22, 0.27 and 0.32%. After 49 days, two birds were selected per plot for the collection of blood and tibia. The pH and the concentration of Na, K and Cl in the blood and the length, diameter, weight, dry matter and ash, Seedor index, breaking strength and deformity of the tibia were evaluated. The chlorine levels in the diet did not significantly influence the pH, the concentrations of Na, Cl, K blood, length, diameter, weight, Seedor index, dry matter and ash, crack resistance and deformity of the tibia. As the results, the level of chloride can range from 0.07 to 0.32%, without changing the pH and the concentrations of Na, K and Cl in the blood and without a loss in bone quality.

Identifying student profiles and their impact on academic performance in a Brazilian undergraduate student sample.

The recognition of the student profile provides strategic information for planning educational policies in the university environment. The aims of this study were to identify natural segmentation of freshman undergraduate dental students based on demographic, socioeconomic and educational variables, and to subsequently investigate their impact on academic performance of Brazilian undergraduate students. Cluster analysis (two-step algorithm) was used to segment students who entered dental school in the time period from 1999 to 2001 (n=158) into groups based on responses to a questionnaire completed by students at the time of the admission examination. Clustering analysis revealed three natural groups. Age, the parents' level of education, and performance on the first admission test were the most important variables for cluster segmentation. Cluster 1 (n=42; 26.6%) was characterized by female students with higher socioeconomic status and better previous educational indicators. Cluster 2 (n=62; 39.2%) represented disadvantaged socioeconomic profiles, with a predominance of females and older students. Cluster 3 (n=54; 34.2%) showed similar socioeconomic characteristics to cluster 1, except for male prevalence, higher age, and experiencing difficulty in the admission test. Clusters' academic performance was satisfactory in both overall course and course groups (grade point average of at least 7.0), with average ranging from 7.89 (SD=0.44) to 8.13 (SD=0.31) and 7.37 (SD=0.75) to 8.31(SD=0.26), respectively. Our findings provide encouraging evidence for the current context of equality of access to education and reveal the importance of financial support to maximize successful educational experiences of socioeconomically disadvantaged dental students.

Chemical composition, toxicological aspects and antifungal activity of essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to test the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. for antifungal activity, in vitro, against Candida spp. and Microsporum canis, to evaluate its acute and subchronic toxicological effects, in vivo, and to determine its chemical constituents. METHODS: The antifungal activity, in vitro, was initially evaluated by the agar-well diffusion technique, and the MIC and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. The acute and subchronic toxicological effects were determined in mice and rats, respectively. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. RESULTS: The essential oil obtained from L. sidoides was effective against all tested strains by the agar-well diffusion method. The MICs of L. sidoides essential oil for strains of M. canis ranged from 4 to 70 mg/L and the MFCs ranged from 9 to 150 mg/L. The MICs for strains of Candida spp. ranged from 620 to 2500 mg/L and the MFCs ranged from 1250 to 5000 mg/L. The main constituents of L. sidoides essential oil were thymol (59.65%), E-caryophyllene (10.60%) and p-cymene (9.08%). The acute administration of the essential oil up to 3 g/kg by the oral route to mice was devoid of overt toxicity. The 30 day oral administration of L. sidoides oil (117.95 mg/kg/day) to rats did not induce any significant histopathological, haematological or serum biochemical alterations. CONCLUSIONS: The essential oil from L. sidoides may be a promising source in the search for new antifungal drugs due to its efficacy and low toxicity.

Inositols prevent and reverse endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rat and rabbit vasculature metabolically and by scavenging superoxide.

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an early feature of cardiovascular risk and diabetes. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are causative factors. Excessive endothelial mitochondrial superoxide (ROS) production with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia is a key mechanism. Inositol components of an insulin inositol glycan mediator, d-chiro-inositol (DCI) and 3-O-methyl DCI (pinitol), decrease hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. We tested whether these, myoinositol and dibutyryl DCI (db-DCI), would prevent or reverse ED in diabetic rats and rabbits. Oral inositols reduced hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia with different potencies and prevented ED in rat aortic rings and mesenteric beds. Inositols added in vitro to five diabetic tissues reversed ED. Relaxation by Ach, NO, and electrical field stimulation was potentiated by inositols in vitro in rabbit penile corpus cavernosa. Inositols in vitro restored impaired contraction by the eNOS inhibitor l-NAME and increased NO effectiveness. DCI and db-DCI decreased elevated ROS in endothelial cells in high glucose and db-DCI reduced PKC activation, hexosamine pathway activity, and advanced glycation end products to basal levels. Xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated superoxide was reduced by superoxide dismutase or inositols, with db-DCI efficacious in a mechanism requiring chelated Fe(3+). Histochemical examination of rat aortic rings for protein SNO demonstrated a decrease in diabetic rings with restoration by inositols. In summary, inositols prevented and reversed ED in rat and rabbit vessels, reduced elevated ROS in endothelial cells, potentiated nitrergic or vasculo-myogenic relaxations, and preserved NO signaling. These effects are related to their metabolic actions, direct superoxide scavenging, and enhancing and protecting NO signaling. Of the inositols tested, db-DCI was most effective.

Avaliação toxicológica do extrato acetato de etila de Spigelia anthelmia Linn, em ratos e camundongos / Toxicological evaluation of an ethyl acetate extract of Spigelia anthelmia Linn in rats and mice

O extrato acetato de etila de Spigelia anthelmia (EASa) mostrou formalmente ser altamente eficaz contra o desenvolvimento larvar e a eclosão de ovos de Haemonchus contorlus, um importante parasito de ruminantes, in vitro. A OL, e a OL,o de EASa foram administradas subcrônica e cronicamente pela via oral em ratos wistar e o perfil bioquímico foi comparado antes e após cada tratamento e com veículo. Vários órgãos foram coletados e processados para análise histopatológica. Os parâmetros hematológicos foram avaliados antes e depois da administração de EASa durante 30 dias. E os efeitos do EASa administrado pela via oral durante o período embriogênico ou organogênico a camundongas gestantes foram estudados. Os efeitos diretos de EASa, in vivo, foram calculados na pressão sangüínea arterial média e no eletrocardiograma (ECG), e in vitro no coração isolado e no átrio isolado de ratos. A administração de EASa não afetou qualquer parâmetro bioquímico, hematológico ou reprodutivo estudado. EASa induziu um efeito hipotensivo de curto prazo em ratos normotensivos sem qualquer alteração concomitante nos parâmetros do ECG. As maiores doses de EASa induziram uma significante diminuição da amplitude de contração do coração e átrio direito. EASa é desprovido de toxicidade significante e tem leves efeitos no sistema cardiovascular(

Effects of ethanol and haloperidol on plasma levels of hepatic enzymes, lipid profile, and apolipoprotein in rats.

This work studied the effects of ethanol in the absence and presence of haloperidol under two experimental conditions. In protocol 1, rats were treated daily with ethanol (4 g/kg, p.o.) for 7 days, and received only haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) from the 8th day to the 14th day. In protocol 2, animals received ethanol, and the treatment continued with ethanol and haloperidol from the 8th day to the 14th day. Results show increases in alanine transaminase (ALT; 48% and 55%) and aspartate transaminase (AST; 32% and 22%) levels after ethanol or haloperidol (14 days) treatments, as compared with controls. Apolipoprotein A-1 (APO A1) levels were increased by haloperidol, after 7- (148%) but not after 14-day treatments, as compared with controls. Levels of lipoprotein (high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)) tended to be increased only by ethanol treatment for 14 days. ALT (80%) and AST (43%) levels were increased in the haloperidol plus ethanol group (protocol 2), as compared with controls. However, an increase in APO A1 levels was observed in the haloperidol group pretreated with ethanol (protocol 1), as compared with controls and ethanol 7-day treatments. Triglyceride (TG) levels were increased in the combination of ethanol and haloperidol in protocol 1 (234%) and 2 (106%), as compared with controls. Except for a small decrease in haloperidol groups, with or without ethanol, as related to ethanol alone, no other effect was observed in HDL-C levels. In conclusion, we showed that haloperidol might be effective in moderating lipid alterations caused by chronic alcohol intake.

Proposta de um modelo de padronizaçäo para o exame sumário de urina / Proposal to standardization model for the urinalysis

O exame sumário de urina representa sem dúvida um elemento indispensável na detecçäo de diversas doenças do trato urinário, metabólicas ou sistêmicas näo relacionadas com o rim. Quando realizado e interpretado criteriosamente, oferece ao solicitante valiosas informaçöes para o esclarecimento diagnóstico. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo de padronizaçäo de resultados, descritos de acordo com o exame físico (volume, cor, aspecto, depósito e densidade), pesquisas bioquímicas realizadas através de tiras reativas (pH, proteínas, glicose, corpos cetônicos, hemoglobina, urobilinogênio, bilirrubina, esterase leucocitária e nitrito) e os elementos encontrados na sedimentoscopia urinária (células epiteliais de descamaçäo, leucócitos, hemácias, cilindros, bactérias, muco, cristais, sais amorfos, leveduras, espermatozóides e parasitas). Além desses parâmetros, algumas observaçöes podem ser descritas, quando necessárias, com a finalidade de fornecer informaçöes ao clínico que possam auxiliar no diagnóstico de doenças mais específicas. Sabe-se da existência de vários interferentes na urina que podem provocar reaçöes falso-negativas. Por este motivo, a confirmaçäo de alguns componentes urinários (proteínas, glicose, bilirrubina e urobilinogênio) é necessária para garantir a exatidäo do resultado. A padronizaçäo de procedimentos poderá evitar as diferentes formas de transcriçäo do laudo interlaboratorial, o que ocasiona interpretaçäo e tratamento inadequados

Perfil eletroforético das proteínas e concentraçäo das imunoglobulinas plasmáticas em pacientes assintomáticos e sintomáticos portadores de HIV / Proteins electrophoretic profile and immunoglobulins plasmatics concentration in asymptomatics and symptomatics patients infected by HIV

Estudos têm demonstrado que 81 por cento dos pacientes infectados pelo HIV apresentam um padräo proteico anormal devido ao estado hipermetabólico. Os achados laboratoriais revelam que as anormalidades da imunidade humoral precedem a imunidade mediada pelas células e portanto, o diagnóstico da infecçäo pelo HIV depende do estabelecimento da infecçäo definindo o estado imunológico e o quadro clínico do paciente que ocorre secundário à infecçä e à perda da funçäo imune. No presente trabalho, realizamos um estudo comparativo do perfil eletroforético das proteínas, bem como a determinaçäo da concentraçäo das imunoglobulinas plasmáticas em pacientes portadores de HIV (assintomáticos e sintomáticos) com o objetivo de investigarmos alteraçöes específicas das fraçöes protéicas (albumina e globulina) durante os diferentes estágios da doença. Foram analisadas 30 amostras de sangue coletado de pacientes HIV positivos divididos em dois grupos (assintomáticos e sintomáticos). As proteínas totais foram determinadas pelo método do Biureto, sendo observada uma hipoproteinemia em 60 por cento dos pacientes sintomáticos e valores normais em todos os assintomáticos. A eletroforese das proteínas foi realizada em gel de agarose mostrando hipoalbuminemia em 70 por cento dos pacientes assintomáticos e 90 por cento sintomáticos. A hipergamaglobulinemia predominou em 100 por cento dos sintomáticos e 90 por cento dos assintomáticos. As fraçöes alfa e beta globulinas apresentaram-se normais nos dois grupos. As imunoglobulinas foram avaliadas por turbidimetria e uma elevaçäo significativa foi verificada na concentraçäo de IgG em todos os pacientes sintomáticos. Por outro lado, os valores de IgA e IgM apresentaram-se dentro dos valores de referência. Os resultados estäo de acordo com vários trabalhos citados na literatura, comprovando que a AIDS é uma gamopatia monoclonal, caracterizada por hipoalbuminemia e hipergamaglobulinemia. O trabalho mostra portanto, que, a avaliaçäo de parâmetros laboratoriais mais simples säo úteis no monitoramento da síndrome em estudo, como também fortes indicadores do estágio da doença.

Proposta de um método alternativo para a determinação da concentração de hemoglobina / Proposed an alternative method to determinate the hemoglobin concentration

A hemoglobina (Hb), principal componente das células vermelhas sanguíneas, é um conjugado de proteínas que serve como transporte de O2 e CO2, sendo assim, indispensável à manutenção da vida dos mamíferos. A quantidade de hemoglobina por 100 mL de sangue pode ser utilizada como índice da capacidade de transporte de oxigênio. O teor total de hemoglobina no sangue depende principalmente do número de eritrócitos e, em menor grau, da quantidade de hemoglobina existente em cada eritrócito. Dependendo do método utilizado e dos cuidados com os quais o laboratório afere seus instrumentos, os métodos para a determinação da hemoglobina que utilizam o espectrofotômetro e contadores automáticos, apresentam uma precisão de 4 a 5% e 2 a 3% respectivamente. Como alguns métodos para dosagem da hemoglobina baseiam-se na medida do índice de hemólise, introduzimos no presente trabalho uma técnica na qual foi utilizada apenas água deionizada como diluente, que, seguramente também provoca tal fenômeno. O método proposto tem como objetivo investigar a compatibilidade entre os resultados obtidos com os que fazem uso do ferricianeto de potássio e hidróxido de amônia. A concentração de hemoglobina foi determinada em 30 amostras de sangue recentemente colhidas com EDTA em tubo a vácuo. Para efeito comparativo, foram utilizados dois tipos de padrão: o que acompanha o kit e uma amostra de sangue devidamente padronizada pelo laboratório (LACT). Os resultados obtidos demonstram diferenças significativas entre os métodos realizados com o padrão do fabricante, enquanto que, com o padrão de referência do laboratório, foi verificada uma significativa compatibilidade. Portanto, os dados indicam que o método proposto poderá ser útil na determinação da concentração de hemoglobina no laboratório clínico, não esquecendo o fato de que, além de outras vantagens, a toxicidade causada pelo ferricianeto é totalmente eliminada.

Efeito do exercício físico associado ao consumo de álcool nos níveis lipídicos / Effect of physical exercise associated to alcohol intake on lipidics levels

Efeito do exercício associado ao consumo de álcool nos níveis de lipídios e lipoproteínas plasmáticas foram investigados em 50 homens näo sedentários consumindo álcool diariamente (estivadores) e 50 homens sedentários que näo consumiam álcool (controle). Os estivadores apresentaram níveis de colesterol e colesterol HDL elevados quando comparado ao controle, mas a concentraçäo de triglicerídeos se manteve no limiar apesar do álcool induzir hipertrigliceridemia. Os resultados sugerem que exercício além de agir de forma positiva elevando o colesterol HDL mantém os níveis de triglicerídeos dentro dos valores normais, reduzindo assim o risco de doenças cardiovasculares em alcoólatras