Baja disponibilidad de recursos y apoyo para atender a personas con diabetes e hipertensión arterial en las Unidades de Salud de la Familia de Paraguay

Introducción: Paraguay asumió el reto de lograr cobertura universal mediante redes basadas en Atención Primaria de la Salud con Unidades de Salud de la Familia (USF) en el primer nivel de atención. Un desafío es la atención integral ante enfermedades no transmisibles, principal causa de mortalidad en el país. Objetivo: analizar la capacidad de las USF para la atención de personas con hipertensión arterial y diabetes en el sistema nacional de salud. El diseño fue no experimental, cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo con componente analítico. Metodología: Incluyó a 761 USF de 12 regiones sanitarias agrupados en 4 ejes territoriales. Se adaptó el método de evaluación SARA de la OMS con 75 variables, aplicando un cuestionario a profesionales de salud entre noviembre y diciembre de 2022. Se calculó índices de disponibilidad y preparación así como un índice que los integra. La medida continua de estos índices se categorizó en 3 grupos: suficiente >0,75 a 1; intermedio 0,5 a 0,75 y bajo <0,5. Resultados: Solo en el 38 % de las USF el índice de disponibilidad fue suficiente, en el 31,5 % para el índice de preparación y en el 31,1 % para el índice integrador SARA DM/HTA. El desempeño se asoció de forma significativa con el eje territorial no así con el área ni con la cobertura a población indígena Discusión: las USF presentaron limitaciones para la atención de personas con diabetes e hipertensión en estas regiones del país.

Introduction: Paraguay assumed the challenge of achieving universal coverage through networks based on Primary Health Care with Family Health Units (USF) at the first level of care. One challenge is comprehensive care for non-communicable diseases, the main cause of mortality in the country. Objective: to analyze the capacity of the USF to care for people with high blood pressure and diabetes in the national health system. The design was non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive with an analytical component. Methods: It included 761 USF from 12 health regions grouped into 4 territorial axes. The WHO SARA evaluation method was adapted with 75 variables, applying a questionnaire to health professionals between November and December 2022. Availability and preparation indices were calculated as well as an index that integrates them. The continuous measurement of these indices was categorized into 3 groups: sufficient >0.75 to 1; intermediate 0.5 to 0.75 and low <0.5. Results: Only in 38.0% of the USF the availability index was sufficient, in 31.5% for the readiness index and in 31.1% for the SARA DM/HTA integrating index. The performance was significantly associated with the territorial axis, but not with the area or with the coverage of the indigenous population. Discussion: the USF presented limitations for the care of people with diabetes and hypertension in these regions of the country.

BNT162b2 Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 Infection Changes the Dynamics of Total and Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: A 6-Month Prospective Cohort Study.

This study aimed to analyze the dynamics, duration, and production of total and neutralizing antibodies induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine and the possible effect of gender and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on the generation of these antibodies. Total antibodies were quantified via chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), and neutralizing antibodies were quantified using the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 produced twice as many antibodies than vaccinated individuals without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an exponential increase observed in just six days. In those without a COVID-19 history, similar antibody production was reached 45 days after vaccination. Although total antibodies decline considerably in the first two months, the neutralizing antibodies and their inhibitory capacity (>96%) persist up to 6 months after the first dose. There was a tendency for higher total antibodies in women than men, but not at the inhibition capacity level. We suggest that the decline in total antibodies should not be considered as an indicator of loss of protective immunity because most antibodies decay two months after the second dose, but neutralizing antibodies remain constant for at least six months. Therefore, these latter antibodies could be better indicators for estimating the time-dependent vaccine efficacy.

Diaphragmatic Ultrasound Predictors of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapeutic Failure in Critically Ill Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is frequently used in patients with acute respiratory failure, but there is limited evidence regarding predictors of therapeutic failure. The objective of this study was to assess diaphragmatic ultrasound criteria as predictors of failure to HFNC, defined as the need for orotracheal intubation or death. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including adult patients consecutively admitted to the critical care unit, from July 24 to October 20, 2020, with respiratory failure secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia who required HFNC. After 12 hours of HFNC initiation we measured ROX index (ratio of SpO2 /FiO2 to respiratory rate), excursion and diaphragmatic contraction speed (diaphragmatic excursion/inspiratory time) by ultrasound, both in supine and prone position. RESULTS: In total, 41 patients were analyzed, 25 succeeded and 16 failed HFNC therapy. At 12 hours, patients who succeeded HFNC therapy presented higher ROX index in supine position (9.8 [9.1-15.6] versus 5.4 [3.9-6.8], P < .01), and higher PaO2 /FiO2 ratio (186 [135-236] versus 117 [103-162] mmHg, P = .03). To predict therapeutic failure, the supine diaphragmatic contraction speed presented sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 57%, while the ROX index presented a sensitivity of 92.8% and a specificity of 75%. CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragmatic contraction speed by ultrasound emerges as a diagnostic complement to clinical tools to predict HFNC success. Future studies should confirm these results.

Evaluación de disponibilidad y preparación de servicios de salud en el primer nivel de atención de cinco regiones sanitarias del Paraguay durante el 2022

Paraguay definió como prioridad lograr acceso y cobertura universal basado en Atención Primaria de Salud, incorporando a las Unidades de Salud de la Familia (USF) en las comunidades. El objetivo del estudio fue proporcionar métricas para gestionar mejoras en la red asistencial nacional analizando el grado de preparación del primer nivel de atención para proveer servicios de salud integrales. El diseño fue no experimental, cuantitativo, transversal, descriptivo con componente analítico. Incluyó a 216 establecimientos de las Regiones Sanitarias de Concepción, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú e Itapúa que representaban el 88% del total de USF de estas regiones. Se adaptó el método de evaluación SARA de la OMS con 82 indicadores trazadores, aplicando un cuestionario en línea dirigido a profesionales de salud en julio de 2022. El índice de preparación se midió de 0 a 1 y resultó que el 66,2% de las USF eran rurales y 33,8% urbanas. La mediana de preparación general fue 0,655 mientras que la mediana de la capacidad de diagnóstico fue 0,500, de disponibilidad de medicamentos esenciales 0,625, de infraestructura 0,650, de capacidad para prevenir infecciones 0,667 y de disponibilidad de equipamiento básico 0,833. Sólo el 13,89% tuvo una preparación suficiente, 75,0% intermedia y 11,11% baja. Hubo menor desempeño en las áreas rurales y el 31,02% carecía de personal completo según la norma. Se concluyó que las USF presentaron limitaciones para proveer servicios de salud integrales a las comunidades y que se requiere mejorar el desempeño con base en evaluaciones y ajustes periódicos.

Paraguay defined as a priority to achieve universal access and coverage based on Primary Health Care, incorporating the Family Health Units (FHU) in the communities. The objective of the study was to provide metrics to manage improvements in the national healthcare network by analyzing the degree of preparation of the first level of care to provide comprehensive health services. The design was non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive with an analytical component. It included 216 establishments from the Sanitary Regions of Concepción, Amambay, Caaguazú, Canindeyú and Itapúa that represented 88% of the total FHU of these regions. The WHO SARA evaluation method was adapted with 82 tracer indicators, applying an online questionnaire addressed to health professionals in July 2022. The preparedness index was measured from 0 to 1 and it turned out that 66.2% of the FHU were rural and 33.8% urban. The overall readiness median was 0.655 while the median diagnostic power was 0.500, the availability of essential medicines 0.625, the infrastructure 0.650, the capacity of preventing infections 0.667 and the availability of basic equipment 0.833. Only 13.89% had sufficient preparation, 75.0% intermediate and 11.11% low. There was lower performance in rural areas and 31.02% lacked full staff according to the standard. It was concluded that the FHU presented limitations to provide comprehensive health services to the communities and that it is necessary to improve performance based on periodic evaluations and adjustments.

Differences in B-Cell Immunophenotypes and Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 After Administration of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) Vaccine in Individuals with and without Prior COVID-19 - A Prospective Cohort Study.

Purpose: Understanding the humoral immune response dynamics carried out by B cells in COVID-19 vaccination is little explored; therefore, we analyze the changes induced in the different cellular subpopulations of B cells after vaccination with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). Methods: This prospective cohort study evaluated thirty-nine immunized health workers (22 with prior COVID-19 and 17 without prior COVID-19) and ten subjects not vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 (control group). B cell subpopulations (transitional, mature, naïve, memory, plasmablasts, early plasmablast, and double-negative B cells) and neutralizing antibody levels were analyzed and quantified by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Results: The dynamics of the B cells subpopulations after vaccination showed the following pattern: the percentage of transitional B cells was higher in the prior COVID-19 group (p < 0.05), whereas virgin B cells were more prevalent in the group without prior COVID-19 (p < 0.05), mature B cells predominated in both vaccinated groups (p < 0.01), and memory B cells, plasmablasts, early plasmablasts, and double-negative B cells were higher in the not vaccinated group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BNT162b2 vaccine induces changes in B cell subpopulations, especially generating plasma cells and producing neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. However, the previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 does not significantly alter the dynamics of these subpopulations but induces more rapid and optimal antibody production.

Cambios epidemiológicos en urgencia infantil durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en Hospital Regional de Talca / Epidemiolocal changes in childrens emergency consultations during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at Hospital Regional de Talca

Infection by SARS-COV-2, was first described in November 2019 in Wuhan, China. First chilean cases where reported in March 2020.Our objective was to identify epidemiological changes in the pediatric population in the emergency service of the Hospital Regional de Talca (HRT). We carried out an observational and retrospective study. The reason and number of consultations in pediatric patients in the emergency room was analyzed during the periods defined as "Pre-pandemic" and "Pandemic". The target population was all consulting patients between 0-15 years of age. We separated the cases according to the reason of consultation. We obtained the data from the HRT statistics department. The number of consultations decreased by 67.6% per month, while the number of patients who consulted in pediatric emergencies for respiratory symptoms decreased by 75.4% per month. Within the pandemic period, 15,101 COVID PCR samples were performed in pediatric patients, with 13.7% positivity. This allows us to see the epidemiological impact that this new disease has had on pediatric patients in the Maule región

Factores que limitan la descentralización del Sistema Nacional de Salud del Paraguay / Factors that limit the decentralization of the National health system of Paraguay

Introducción: La descentralización ha sido una política de Estado en Paraguay desde la promulgación de la Constitución Nacional en 1992 y la ley del Sistema Nacional de Salud en 1996. Aunque el marco legal es favorable el proceso es incipiente y está estancado. Objetivos: describir la importancia de ciertos factores políticos, jurídicos, institucionales, financieros y técnicos como limitantes de la descentralización sanitaria en Paraguay. Materiales y Métodos: se aplicó una encuesta a 511 informantes claves seleccionados por conveniencia para valorar sus percepciones sobre 8 factores identificados mediante entrevistas. Respondieron utilizando una escala ordinal de 1 a 4 referidos a que tan críticos son para ellos estos factores limitantes. Se calculó una resultante para cada factor y se categorizó como mínimo, incipiente, moderado y máximo. Previamente se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad exploratorias para identificar estos factores. Resultados: sobre la percepción de los encuestados señalan que el marco legal inadecuado es un determinante moderado (3 de la escala) con 81,0% mientras que los demás son valorados como máximos (4 de la escala): reticencia a delegar autoridad 81,7%; capacidad técnica limitada 84,7%; acceso limitado a tecnologías 85,4%; capacidad de gestión limitada 86,6%; afinidad política 87,9%; burocracia excesiva 90,9% y presupuesto insuficiente 92,7%. Conclusión: el hecho que la descentralización sanitaria haya avanzado poco se debe a un conjunto de factores, algunos más críticos que otros, que deberían ser considerados en las políticas sectoriales.

Introduction: Decentralization has been a state policy in Paraguay since the promulgation of both the National Constitution in 1992 and the law of the National Health System in 1996. Although the legal framework is favorable, the process is incipient and it's stagnating. Objective: describe the importance of certain political, legal, institutional, financial and technical factors as limitations of the health decentralization in Paraguay. Material and Methods: a poll was applied to 511 key informants selected for convenience to value their perceptions about 8 identified factors through interviews. They answered using an ordinal scale from 1 to 4 referring to how critical these limiting factors are to them. Was calculated a resultant for every factor and was categorized as minimum, incipient, moderate, and maximum. First, exploratory interviews were conducted to identify these factors. Results: about perceptions of the surveyed demonstrate that inadequate legal framework is a moderate determinant (3 from the scale) with 81.0% while others are evaluated as maximums (4 from the scale); reluctance to delegate authority 81.7%; limited technical capacity 84.7%; limited access to technology 85.4%; limited management capacity 86.6%; political affinity 87.9%; excessive bureaucracy 90.9% and insufficient budget 92.7%. Conclusion: the fact that health decentralization has advance poorly is due to a set of factors, some more critical than others, that should be considered in sectoral policies.

Análisis de 1,000 histerectomías: simplificaciones técnicas y reflexiones, hospitales del ISSSTE / Analysis of 1,000 hysterectomies. Technical simplifications and reflexions, ISSSTE's hospitals

Se informa acerca de 1,000 histerectomías realizadas por el autor en un lapso de 20 años en cuatro hospitales del ISSSTE. Se analizaron algunos parámetros clínicopatológicos, morbi-mortalidad, etc. Se informa de los resultados obtenidos utilizando simplificaciones en las técnicas quirúrgicas. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron trastornos menstruales, y el diagnóstico más frecuente fue la miomatosis con (61.2 por ciento), la media de edad entre los 35-45 años. Todas las histerectomías fueron totales, 92.6 por ciento intrafasciales y 74.8 por ciento abdominales, Llamó la atención que 7.2 por ciento de las pacientes presentaron síndrome de congestión pélvica post oclusión tubaria y la asociación de adenomiosis. La mortalidad global fue de 12.2 por ciento predominando la del tipo urosepsis. La mortalidad se presentó en un caso por mioma intraligamentario gigante y coagulopatía por consumo. Se utilizó sangre sólo en 4.2 por ciento. Se piensa que la simplificación quirúrgica aquí enunciada, permite ofrecer mayor seguridad, menor morbilidad, mínimo sangrado y tiempo quirúrgico-anestésico breve. Además se realizó un análisis crítico del uso y abuso de este tipo de intervención quirúrgica

Incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo: técnica vaginal modificada por tunelización / Stress urinary incontinence: original modified technique by tunnelization

Se informa de 339 caos de IUE tratados con una técnica vaginal con tunelización de fascias en pacientes que consultaron por primera vez y algunas recidivantes de primera ocasión. Se analizaron las indicaciones, complicaciones a dos años. Se resalta la importancia de una adecuada selección de las pacientes. Finalmente, se recomienda su uso por ser sencilla, práctica, rápida y segura