The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens are plant pathogenic bacteria capable of transferring DNA fragments [transfer DNA (T-DNA)] bearing functional genes into the host plant genome. This naturally occurring mechanism has been adapted by plant biotechnologists to develop genetically modified crops that today are grown on more than 10% of the world's arable land, although their use can result in considerable controversy. While assembling small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, of sweet potato plants for metagenomic analysis, sequences homologous to T-DNA sequences from Agrobacterium spp. were discovered. Simple and quantitative PCR, Southern blotting, genome walking, and bacterial artificial chromosome library screening and sequencing unambiguously demonstrated that two different T-DNA regions (IbT-DNA1 and IbT-DNA2) are present in the cultivated sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) genome and that these foreign genes are expressed at detectable levels in different tissues of the sweet potato plant. IbT-DNA1 was found to contain four open reading frames (ORFs) homologous to the tryptophan-2-monooxygenase (iaaM), indole-3-acetamide hydrolase (iaaH), C-protein (C-prot), and agrocinopine synthase (Acs) genes of Agrobacterium spp. IbT-DNA1 was detected in all 291 cultigens examined, but not in close wild relatives. IbT-DNA2 contained at least five ORFs with significant homology to the ORF14, ORF17n, rooting locus (Rol)B/RolC, ORF13, and ORF18/ORF17n genes of A. rhizogenes. IbT-DNA2 was detected in 45 of 217 genotypes that included both cultivated and wild species. Our finding, that sweet potato is naturally transgenic while being a widely and traditionally consumed food crop, could affect the current consumer distrust of the safety of transgenic food crops.

Percepción de las madres de los niños menores de 5 años sobre la consejería que brinda la enfermera acerca de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas y medidas preventivas en el Servicio de Emergencia de la Red de Salud-Tarma / Perceptions of mothers of children under than five years of the counseling provided by the nurse about acute diarrheal diseases and preventive measures in the Emergency Service at the Health Network-Tarma

La finalidad de la consejería es desarrollar acciones que favorezcan el desarrollo del aprendizaje y la aplicación de los conocimientos en su vida diaria. El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo determinar la percepción de las madres de los niños menores de 5 años sobre la consejería que brinda la enfermera acerca de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas y medidas preventivas. El estudio es cualitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo simple de corte transversal. Se contó con la participación de 30 madres que acudieron al servicio de Emergencia de la Red de Salud-Tarma durante 15 días las cuales recibieron consejería. La técnica usada fue la encuesta y el instrumento la escala de Likert. Los hallazgos más significativos fueron: Que la percepción de las madres de los niños menores de 5 años sobre la consejería que brinda la enfermera acerca de las enfermedades diarreicas agudas y medidas preventivas en el servicio de emergencia 25 (83.3) tienen una percepción desfavorable mientras que 5 (16.6) una percepción favorable. Se observa la percepción de las madres acerca del contenido educativo durante la consejería 7 (23.3) tienen una percepción favorable y 23 (76.6) una percepción desfavorable. En cuanto a la percepción de las madres sobre las técnicas educativas tenemos que 9 (30 por ciento) tienen una percepción favorable y 21 (70 por ciento) una percepción desfavorable. Acerca de los materiales educativos que brinda la enfermera 20 (66.6 por ciento) tiene opinión favorable lo que no sucede con el 10 (33.3 por ciento) tienen una opinión desfavorable. La percepción de las madres frente al comportamiento de la enfermera durante la consejería 10 (33.3 por ciento) percepción favorable y 20 (66.6 por ciento) opinión desfavorable. Se concluye que la percepción de las madres sobre la consejería que brinda la enfermera predominó la percepción desfavorable lo que denota un claro abandono o desinterés por parte del personal de enfermería hacia la acción...

The purpose of counseling is to develop activities to promote the development of learning and application to our everyday life. This research study has the goal of determining the perception of mothers of children under five years in counseling provided by the nurse about the acute diarrheal diseases and preventive measures. The study is qualitative, applicative level, simple descriptive method of cross section. It featured the participation of 30 mothers who attended the Emergency Service of "Red de Salud" - Tarma for 15 days which received counseling. The technique used was the survey and the Likert instrument. The most significant results were: That the perception of mothers of children under five years who received counseling by the nurse about acute diarrheal diseases and preventive measures in the emergency service 25 (83.3) have an unfavorable perception while a 5 (16.6) have a favorable perception. The perception of mothers on the educational content is observed during counseling in July (23.3) have a favorable perception and 23 (76.6) an unfavorable perception. About the perception of mothers on educational techniques, we have only a result of 9 (30 per cent) have a favorable perception and 21 (70 per cent) have an unfavorable perception. About educational materials provided by the nurse 20 (66.6 per cent) of mothers have a favorable opinion which does not happen with 10 (33.3 per cent) of them who have an unfavorable view. The perception of mothers against the behavior of the nurse during counseling 10 (33.3 per cent) have a favorable perception and 20 (66.6 per cent) of them have an unfavorable opinion. We conclude that the perception of mothers on counseling given by the nurse prevailing an unfavorable perception which denotes a clear abandonment of interest from mothers because of the same abandonment from nurses to their prevailing work, and educational action, causing dissatisfaction in mothers...

Analysis of complete genomic sequences of isolates of the Sweet potato feathery mottle virus strains C and EA: molecular evidence for two distinct potyvirus species and two P1 protein domains.

The complete nucleotide sequence of the isolate C1 of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) strain C and the 5' region of several other strains were determined and analyzed together with the sequences of isolates representing the EA, RC and O strains. This provided molecular evidence for the reclassification of SPFMV strains into two species and the occurrence of a complex recombinant isolate. Analysis also revealed a hypervariable domain in the P1 protein, which separates an N-terminal region unique to SPFMV and members of the ipomovirus species Sweet potato mild mottle virus from the C-terminal protease domain, which is conserved among all potyviruses.

Complete viral genome sequence and discovery of novel viruses by deep sequencing of small RNAs: a generic method for diagnosis, discovery and sequencing of viruses.

We report the first identification of novel viruses, and sequence of an entire viral genome, by a single step of high-throughput parallel sequencing of small RNAs from diseased, as well as symptomless plants. Contigs were assembled from sequenced total siRNA from plants using small sequence assembly software and could positively identify RNA, ssDNA and dsDNA reverse transcribing viruses and in one case spanned the entire genome. The results present a novel approach which cannot only identify known viral pathogens, occurring at extremely low titers, but also novel viruses, without the necessity of any prior knowledge.