Novel Echarate Virus Variant Isolated from Patient with Febrile Illness, Chanchamayo, Peru.

A new phlebovirus variant was isolated from an acute febrile patient in Chanchamayo, Peru. Genome characterization and p-distance analyses based on complete open reading frames revealed that the virus is probably a natural reassortant of the Echarate virus (large and small segments) with a yet-unidentified phlebovirus (M segment).

Full Genomic Characterization of a Saffold Virus Isolated in Peru.

While studying respiratory infections of unknown etiology we detected Saffold virus in an oropharyngeal swab collected from a two-year-old female suffering from diarrhea and respiratory illness. The full viral genome recovered by deep sequencing showed 98% identity to a previously described Saffold strain isolated in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the Peruvian Saffold strain belongs to genotype 3 and is most closely related to strains that have circulated in Asia. This is the first documented case report of Saffold virus in Peru and the only complete genomic characterization of a Saffold-3 isolate from the Americas.

Influenza and other respiratory viruses in three Central American countries.

BACKGROUND: Despite the disease burden imposed by respiratory diseases on children in Central America, there is a paucity of data describing the etiologic agents of the disease. AIMS: To analyze viral etiologic agents associated with influenza-like illness (ILI) in participants reporting to one outpatient health center, one pediatric hospital, and three general hospitals in El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua Material & METHODS: Between August 2006 and April 2009, pharyngeal swabs were collected from outpatients and inpatients. Patient specimens were inoculated onto cultured cell monolayers, and viral antigens were detected by indirect and direct immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: A total of 1,756 patients were enrolled, of whom 1,195 (68.3%) were under the age of 5; and 183 (10.4%) required hospitalization. One or more viral agents were identified in 434 (24.7%) cases, of which 17 (3.9%) were dual infections. The most common viruses isolated were influenza A virus (130; 7.4% of cases), respiratory syncytial virus (122; 6.9%), adenoviruses (63; 3.6%), parainfluenza viruses (57; 3.2%), influenza B virus (47; 2.7% of cases), and herpes simplex virus 1 (22; 1.3%). In addition, human metapneumovirus and enteroviruses (coxsackie and echovirus) were isolated from patient specimens. DISCUSSION: When compared to the rest of the population, viruses were isolated from a significantly higher percentage of patients age 5 or younger. The prevalence of influenza A virus or influenza B virus infections was similar between the younger and older age groups. RSV was the most commonly detected pathogen in infants age 5 and younger and was significantly associated with pneumonia (p < 0.0001) and hospitalization (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Genetic analysis of influenza isolates identified A (H3N2), A (H1N1), and B viruses. It also showed that the mutation H274Y conferring resistance to oseltamivir was first detected in Honduran influenza A/H1N1 strains at the beginning of 2008. These data demonstrate that a diverse range of respiratory pathogens are associated with ILI in Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua. RSV infection in particular appears to be associated with severe disease in infants in the region.

[Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of an influenza outbreak in military personnel-Trujillo, Peru, 2008]. / Características clínico-epidemiológicas de un brote de influenza A en personal militar de Trujillo, Perú 2008.

We describe an acute febrile respiratory infection outbreak in a military unit in Trujillo, Peru. Cases were identified using the influenza like illness (ILI) definition of the Ministry of Health. Nasal swab samples used for a rapid influenza test (RIT) and pharyngeal swab samples for viral isolation were taken. For influenza A, genotyping of a partial sequence of the hemagglutinin region was performed. The rate attack was 82.9%. Fifty-nine cases appeared between April 1 and 8, 2008; 58 came from the military unit (MU) #1 and one from the MU #2. The RIT identified 40 cases of influenza A and 43 cases were confirmed through cell culture. Isolations were genetically similar to the A H1N1 Brisbane strain. Early detection of outbreaks in confined locations such as military bases permits immediate action in preventing disease propagation.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas de un brote de influenza A en personal militar de Trujillo, Perú 2008 / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of an influenza outbreak in military personnel - Trujillo, Peru 2008

Se describe un brote de infección respiratoria febril aguda en una unidad militar de Trujillo, Perú. Se usó la definición de caso de síndrome gripal del Ministerio de Salud, se tomo hisopado nasal para prueba rápida de influenza (PRI) e hisopado faríngeo para aislamiento viral en cultivo celular. La genotipificación de influenza A fue por secuenciamiento genético de una región del gen de hemaglutinina teniendo como base vacunal de 2008. Se presentaron 59 casos entre el 01 y 08 de abril de 2008, la tasa de ataque fue de 82,9 por ciento. La PRI identificó a 40 casos positivos de influenza A y 43 casos fueron confirmados mediante cultivo celular. Los aislamiento fueron genéticamente similares con la cepa A H1N1 Brisbane. La detección precoz de un brote en lugares cerrados como las bases militares permite actuar de manera inmediata para prevenir su diseminación.

We describe an acute febrile respiratory infection outbreak in a military unit in Trujillo, Peru. Cases were identified using the influenza like illness (ILI) definition of the Ministry of Health. Nasal swab samples used for a rapid influenza test (RIT) and pharyngeal swab samples for viral isolation were taken. For influenza A, genotyping of a partial sequence of the hemagglutinin region was performed. The rate attack was 82.9 percent. Fifty-nine cases appeared between April 1 and 8, 2008; 58 came from the military unit (MU) number1 and one from the MU number2. The RIT identified 40 cases of influenza A and 43 cases were confirmed through cell culture. Isolations were genetically similar to the A H1N1 Brisbane strain. Early detection of outbreaks in confined locations such as military bases permits immediate action in preventing disease propagation.

Características clínicas y moleculares de un brote de influenza en dos bases militares, Tumbes-Perú, 2007 / Clinical and molecular characteristics of influenza outbreak in two miliotarybases in Tumbes, Perú 2007

Objetivo. Describir un brote de Influenza en dos bases militares en Tumbes, Perú. Material y métodos. Se utilizó la definición de caso de síndrome gripal del Ministerio de Salud en casos con menos de cinco días de inicio de síntomas. Se tomó hisopado nasal para la prueba rápida de Influenza (PRI) e hisopado faríngeo para aislamiento viral en tres líneas celulares (MDCK, VERO, LLCMK2). Para la genotipificación de Influenza B se usó un secuenciamiento parcial de la región de hemaglutinina de 898 pares de bases teniendo como base la cepa de la vacuna del 2007 (B/Florida/4/2006) y para el tipo A se analizó 958 pares de bases teniendo como referencia la cepa vacunal del 2007 (A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2). Resultados. Se tomó 124 hisopados, 20 de la base militar (BM) número 1 y 104 de la BM número 2. La PRI identificó a 41 casos positivos: Flu B: 27, Flu A: 02, Flu: 12, con 62% de sensibilidad y 100% de especificidad. Finalmente, 66 casos fueron confirmados por cultivo celular, 54 Flu B y 12 Flu A. Los aislamientos de Tumbes fueron genéticamente similares con la cepa B/Texas/4/ 2006 (n=34) y A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2)/ (n=7). Los síntomas más comunes fueron fiebre, cefalea, malestar general, tos, dolor de garganta, mialgias y rinorrea. Las medidas de control consistieron en el aislamiento de los casos identificados y el uso de mascarillas. Conclusiones. Se confirmó 66 casos de Influenza por cultivo celular. Los aislamientos tuvieron la mayor similitud genética con las cepas denominadas B/Texas/4/2006 y A/Texas/91/2007(H3N2).

Objective. To describe an Influenza outbreak in two military bases in Tumbes, department located in northern Peru. Material and methods. In patients within 5 days of symptoms the Ministry of Health case definition of Influenza-likeillness was used. Nasal swabs were taken for Rapid Influenza Test (RIT) and throat swab for viral isolation, three cell lines (MDCK, VERO, LLCMK2) were used. For Influenza B genotypification we made a partial sequencing of hemaglutinine region of 898 pair bases, having 2007 vaccine strain B/Florida/4/2006 as a model. For Influenza A genotypification we analysed 958 pair bases, having 2007 vaccine strain A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) as a model. Results. We took 124 samples, 20 from military base (MB) número 1 and 104 from MB número 2. RIT promptly identified 41 positive cases: Flu B: 27, Flu A: 02, Flu: 12, with 62% of sensibility and specificity 100%. Finally, 66 cases were confirmed by virus isolation, 54 Flu B and 12 Flu A. Genotypification showed that isolates were genetically similar to Influenza B/Texas/4/2006 (n=34) and A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2) (n=7). Most common symptoms found were fever, headache, malaise, cough, sore throat, myalgias and rinorrheae. Control strategies consisted to identify probable cases and to isolate them in a special room and to wear facemasks. Conclusions. We confirmed 66 cases by cellular culture. Isolates were genetically similar to Influenza B/Texas/4/2006 and A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2).

Distribución de los subtipos del VIH-1 en nueve países de América del Sur, 1995-2002 / Distribution on HIV-1 subtypes in nine countries of South America, 1995-2002

Objetivo: Determinar la distribución de los subtipos del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-1) y la presencia de cepas recombinantes en Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela a través de estudios epidemiológicos y de genotipificación. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron a los participantes de los protocolos realizados en los nueve paises, incluyendo poblaciones de trabajadoras sexuales (TS), hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), individuos VIH positivos, gestantes y pacientes con tuberculosis (TB). Se utilizó la prueba de movilidad heteroduplex de envoltura (env HMA), ProRT, secuenciamiento completo o ambas para determinar los subtipos de VIH 1. Resultados: Se identificaron 3081 individuos positivos al VIH (de un total de 42 290voluntarios), las prevalencias oscilaban entre menos de 1 por ciento a 29 por ciento según población estudiada, siendo mayor en los HSH. Un total de 1654 muestras (54 por ciento) fueron genotipificadas. Se encontró el subtipo B en 1380 (83 por ciento) muestras, el subtipo F en 218 (13 por ciento), así como los subtipos A y C en 0,1 por ciento y 0,4 por ciento respectivamente. Se hallaron subtipos recombinantes BF en 39 muestras (2 por ciento) y formas recombinantes CRF01_AE(0,1 por ciento), CRF17_BF(0,4 por ciento) y CRF02_AG(0,1 por ciento). En Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Chile (paises andinos) predominó el subtipo B, mientras en Argentina, Uruguay y Paraguay hubo un alto porcentaje del subtipo F. Conclusiones: En la mayoría de países andinos la epidemia de VIH-1 se concentró en los HSH con un predominio del subtipo B. El subtipo F es másfrecuente en las TS en Argentina y Uruguay. Esta información es útil para implementar planes de prevención y futuros ensayos de vacunas en esta región.

Objectives: To determine human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype distribution, and the presence of recombinant strains in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela using epidemiological and genotyping studies. Materials and Methods: Participants in the studies performed in nine countries were included, amongst them female sex workers, men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV-positive individuals, pregnant women, and patients with tuberculosis (TB) were included. Envelope-base heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) testing was used, as well as ProRT, complete sequencing, or both for determining HIV-1 subtypes. Results: 3081 HIV positive individuals were identified (out of 42 290 volunteers), prevalences from less than 1% to 29% in the different populations studied, and it was higher among MSM. 1654 samples (54%) underwent genotyping. B subtype was found in 1380 (83%) samples, F subtype was found in 218 (13%) samples, and A and C subtypes were found in 0,1% and 0,4%, respectively. BF recombinant serotypes were found in 39 samples (2%), and CRF01_AE (0,1%), CRF17_BF (0,4%), and CRF02_AG (0,1%) were also found. In Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chile (Andean countries) subtype B predominated, while in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay there was a high frequency of F subtype. Conclusions: In most Andean countries, HIV-1 epidemic concentrated among MSM, who are predominantly infected with B subtype. F subtype is more frequent among female sex workers in Argentina and Uruguay. This is useful information in order to implement prevention plans and future vaccine tests in this region.