Perspectives on the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma.

The treatment of multiple myeloma has evolved significantly over the past few decades with the development of novel therapeutics. The introduction of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has led to improved response rates and survival outcomes. The use of bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is currently under study, and early results are showing promise. Although outcomes for patients with MM have improved with the development of new treatments, there remains a subset of patients with high-risk disease who have a particularly poor prognosis. Therefore, it is critical that future clinical trials focus on developing new therapies specifically for high-risk multiple myeloma. Here we review the literature and provide guidance on treating patients with multiple myeloma for practicing oncologists.

Copper deficiency, a rare but correctable cause of pancytopenia: a review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: Copper is increasingly being recognized as a vital mineral required by both animals and humans. It plays a vital role in many metabolic processes such as cellular respiration, iron oxidation, and hemoglobin synthesis. Copper deficiency, which can be hereditary or acquired, can lead to a wide spectrum of disease processes such as ringed sideroblastic anemia, myelodysplasia, and pancytopenia. Timely identification and management of copper deficiency is necessary to prevent irreversible complications. AREAS COVERED: Our study focuses on prevalence, etiology, pathophysiology, complications, and treatment of copper deficiency. EXPERT OPINION: Copper deficiency is frequently underrecognized as the cause of anemia, neutropenia, and bone marrow dysplasia. As it is potentially treatable, it should always be kept in the differentials when patients present with neurological and hematological abnormalities.

The role of immunotherapy plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Recently published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy as compared to chemotherapy alone in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aimed to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs regarding the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy and chemotherapy combinations for advanced NSCLC. METHODS: On December 23rd, 2021, we searched databases for RCTs that reported PFS and OS as primary outcomes. RESULTS: We included 11 RCTs with 6,386 patients (3,850 in the combination therapy group and 2,536 in the chemotherapy group). Combination therapy was associated with an improvement in PFS (HR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.66; P < 0.00001) andOS (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.87; P ≤ 0.0001), compared to chemotherapy. There were no significant differences between both groups in terms of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) (RR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.16; P = 0.09). CONCLUSION: The combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced NSCLC significantly improved PFS and OS compared to chemotherapy alone without a significant increase in the overall TRAEs.

Electrolyte Abnormalities Associated With the Use of Atezolizumab - A Systematic Review.

Background and objectives: In recent years, immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) particularly atezolizumab is on the rise in treating advanced malignancies. With its increased clinical use, various electrolyte abnormalities have been reported in the literature. In this review, we have addressed the question of significant electrolyte abnormalities associated with atezolizumab. Materials and methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we performed a thorough literature search in four databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Clinicaltrials.gov. We included only randomized controlled trials from 2010 till March 2021. After a comprehensive screening of 1587 articles, we selected 14 articles for our review and tabulated the results. Following MeSH terms were used: "electrolyte abnormalities", "immune checkpoint inhibitors", "atezolizumab". Results: Non-small cell lung cancer (n = 1270) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (n = 1164) were the most common malignancies among 3160 patients. The most common electrolyte abnormality was hypomagnesemia (4.7%). Hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia and hypokalemia were found in 2.3%, 0.63%, 0.25% and 0.06% patients respectively. For patients taking atezolizumab, hypomagnesemia was most frequently found in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients (9.4%), while urothelial metastatic carcinoma patients most commonly had hyponatremia (5.15%). Hypokalemia though insignificant was observed only in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2.85%). Conclusion: Since the use of atezolizumab is on the rise for the treatment of various cancers, more studies need to be conducted to better understand its safety and toxicity profile.

Restrictive versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: A meta-analysis of observational studies comparing differences in outcomes between restrictive blood transfusion (RBT) and liberal blood transfusion (LBT) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) reported that LBT is associated with higher all-cause mortality. Few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have compared RBT to LBT in patients with AMI and anemia, but no meta-analysis of RCTs was performed to date. Aim: To assess the clinical effect of RBT compared to LBT in patients with AMI and anemia regarding was all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, revascularization, and heart failure exacerbation. Methods: The electronic databases Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched to identify eligible studies published before June 19th, 2021. RCTs that assessed the effect of RBT compared to LBT were included. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Secondary endpoints included recurrent MI, revascularization, and heart failure exacerbation. Results: Three RCTs with 821 patients were included (421 received RBT, and 400 received LBT). The mean age was 75.9 ± 6.1 years, and 56% were male. Our meta-analysis showed that RBT was not associated with reduced all-cause mortality (RR = 1.61; 95% CI = 0.38-6.96, p = 0.52), recurrent MI (RR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.48-1.96, p = 0.94), revascularization (RR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.26-5.44, p = 0.83) and heart failure exacerbation (RR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.23-3.22, p = 0.82) when compared to LBT. Conclusion: RBT was not associated with reduced all-cause mortality, recurrence of MI, need for revascularization, or heart failure exacerbation in patients with AMI and anemia compared to LBT. A larger RCT is required to confirm the above findings.

Evidence-based recommendations for induction and maintenance treatment of newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma patients.

There is increasing evidence regarding the role of various maintenance therapy (MT) strategies after initial induction to treat newly diagnosed transplant-ineligible patients with MM. We reviewed the literature on available regimens for patients with transplant-ineligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Lenalidomide (R)-based regimens are still the front-line therapy, but there is an increasing use of bortezomib-based regimens. The MT regimen is mainly based on the initial induction regimen. MT has shown survival benefits compared with patients without maintenance therapy. The most common adverse effects of MT include anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, infections, and peripheral neuropathy. In conclusion, induction followed by maintenance based on lenalidomide, bortezomib, ixazomib, or daratumumab-based regimens has shown promising results. Therefore, it is essential to conduct more clinical trials to better understand the role of MT in the treatment of NDMM patients who are not candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation.

Efficacy and safety of regimens used for the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Treatment options for multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) remain limited. The only FDA-approved drug is siltuximab for idiopathic MCD (iMCD), but the response rate with siltuximab is less than 50%. We performed a systematic review to examine the efficacy and safety of various regimens used for the treatment of MCD. METHODS: A database search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov using the terms "Castleman disease," "treatment outcome," and "patient safety" was done. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Results from a randomized controlled trial and an extension study highlighted the efficacy and long-term safety of siltuximab for iMCD; other trials showed tocilizumab to be a suitable alternative. A recent trial reported high response rates with thalidomide in iMCD patients. Promising results were reported for bortezomib in relapsed/ refractory MCD. For human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8)-associated MCD, rituximab along with doxorubicin therapy followed by maintenance with zidovudine and valganciclovir is the most effective therapy. A single-arm trial has highlighted the potential role of tocilizumab in HHV8-MCD. Data for these regimens are limited and mostly comprise nonrandomized trials. Further research on emerging agents could have a major impact on the treatment of this rare disease.

Efficacy and Safety of Daratumumab-based Regimens in Pretreated Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis: A Systematic Review.

With recent advances in novel chemotherapeutic agents and increasing use of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant, there has been a significant improvement in outcomes for patients with AL Amyloidosis. Daratumumab, with its excellent safety and efficacy profile, appears to be an ideal treatment option for patients with newly diagnosed as well as relapsed refractory AL amyloidosis. In this systematic review, we analyzed the published literature on the role of Daratumumab in pretreated relapsed and refractory AL-amyloidosis patients using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov databases. A total of 16 studies evaluated the role of Daratumumab as monotherapy (DMT) or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents (DCT). DMT and DCT were associated with promising efficacy with hematologic and organ responses (cardiac/renal) seen in 50%-90% and 50%-80% of the patients, respectively. Daratumumab appeared to be well tolerated with no significant treatment-related adverse events as DMT or DCT.

Efficacy and Toxicity Profile of Carfilzomib-Based Regimens for Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review.

Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a proteasome inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Multiple trials are ongoing to evaluate its efficacy and safety in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). The use of CFZ-based two- or three-drug combination regimens as induction for the management of NDMM is an emerging approach. CFZ-based regimens include combinations of immunomodulators, alkylating agents, and monoclonal antibodies along with dexamethasone. In this review, we assess the efficacy and toxicity of CFZ-based regimens in NDMM. We reviewed a total of 27 studies (n=4538 patients) with overall response rates (ORR) ranging between 80% and 100%. Studies evaluating the combination of CFZ with daratumumab reported an ORR of approximately 100%. Achievement of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity, measured by multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC), ranged between 60% and 95% in 4 (n=251) out of 6 studies that measured MRD-negativity. The interim results of the ENDURANCE trial failed to show superior efficacy and progression-free survival (PFS) of carfilzomib-lenalidomide when compared to bortezomib-lenalidomide combination, albeit with a lower incidence of neuropathy. Hematological toxicity was the most common adverse event observed with these regimens, and the most common non-hematological adverse events were related to cardiovascular and electrolyte disturbances. We need to further evaluate the role of CFZ in NDMM by conducting more Phase III trials with different combinations.

Early presentation of pembrolizumab-associated pneumonitis.

Pembrolizumab is a selective anti-PD-L1 humanised monoclonal antibody approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating multiple cancers, including cervical cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, and squamous head and neck cancer. Pneumonitis is a rare but known complication of pembrolizumab treatment for NSCLC. The median time frame of its appearance is 2.8 months. However, we present a case of pneumonitis appearing within 48 hours. The patient presented with rapidly progressive respiratory failure, and imaging demonstrated diffuse bilateral patchy involvement of the upper lung lobe and pre-hilar regions, which likely indicate pneumonitis. Because of likely grade 3 pneumonitis, he was treated with steroids and showed immediate improvement of symptoms. Repeated CT imaging showed resolution of bilateral patchy infiltrates. He was discharged to the rehabilitation unit. Rapid recognition of pneumonitis as a side effect of pembrolizumab is important because early treatment can help prevent respiratory failure and possible death.

Role of Venetoclax in the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

Biomarker-driven targeted therapies have been an area of exploration for innovative therapeutic options in oncology. B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) protein is an anti-apoptotic protein expressed on the clonal plasma cells in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). MM subsets with t (11;14) have overexpression of BCL-2 and can benefit from venetoclax (VEN) when used either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents with an overall response rate (ORR) ranging from 40% to 100%. The most commonly reported grade ≥ 3 adverse effects include cytopenias and gastrointestinal side effects. This review highlights the meaningful efficacy and tolerable safety of VEN monotherapy and its combination regimens in the treatment of relapsed refractory MM.

Lurbinectedin-Induced Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Small Cell Neuroendocrine Cancer of the Cecum: A First-Ever Case Report.

BACKGROUND Lurbinectedin (Lurbi) was first approved in June 2020 for metastatic small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients with progression following platinum-based chemotherapy. Extrapulmonary small cell neuroendocrine cancers (SCNECs) are treated with regimens used for SCLCs. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in solid SCLCs and SCNECs following Lurbi use has not been reported in the literature so far. CASE REPORT We report a case of Lurbi-induced TLS in a patient with metastatic SCNEC of the cecum following a single intravenous dose of Lurbi 3.2 mg/m2. She presented to the hospital with abdominal pain, anuria, and grade 4 TLS. She required emergent hemodialysis due to acute renal failure. Our patient had a high Ki-67 proliferation index (95%), harbored a huge disease burden, and had bilateral renal metastasis, thus making her more susceptible to develop TLS. CONCLUSIONS Although data regarding the occurrence of TLS due to Lurbi in solid tumors are scarce, it remains a potential complication of Lurbi in neuroendocrine tumors with high proliferation index and large tumor burden.

Ocular Toxicity of Belantamab Mafodotin, an Oncological Perspective of Management in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

Belantamab mafodotin (belamaf), an antibody-drug conjugate approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), is an anti B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) agent. DREAMM-1, a first in-human trial of belamaf, reported several ocular toxicities requiring dose adjustments, dose delays and treatment discontinuations. In DREAMM-1, 53% of patients in part-1 and 63% of patients in part-2 had ocular toxicity. Similarly, 73% of patients in DREAMM-2 had keratopathy (71% in 2.5 mg/kg versus 75% in 3.4 mg/kg) with the most common symptoms being blurred vision and dry eyes. Ocular toxicity of belamaf is attributed to microtubule-disrupting monomethylauristatin-F (MMAF), a cytotoxic payload of the drug that causes an off-target damage to the corneal epithelial cells. Ocular adverse events (AEs) of belamaf are more frequent at higher doses compared with lower doses. Higher belamaf dose, history of dry eyes and soluble BCMA are associated with increased risk of corneal toxicity. Absence of ocular symptoms does not exclude the possibility of belamaf-induced ocular toxicity, so patients need slit lamp and Snellen visual acuity testing to detect microcytic-like epithelial changes and visual decline. Corticosteroid eyes drops for 4-7 days prior to belamaf dose do not prevent ocular AEs and may cause steroid-related AEs instead. Keratopathy and Visual Acuity scale (KVA) is recommended to document the severity of belamaf-induced ocular toxicity and make treatment adjustments. Management of toxicity includes dosage modifications, treatment interruption or discontinuations and preservative-free artificial tears along with close ophthalmology and hematology-oncology follow-ups.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in aplastic anemia: current indications and transplant strategies.

Treatment options for newly diagnosed aplastic anemia (AA) patient includes upfront allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) or immunosuppressive therapy (IST). With recent advances in supportive care, conditioning regimens and post-transplant immunosuppression the overall survival for HSCT approaches 70-90%. Transplant eligibility needs to be assessed considering age, comorbidities, donor availability and probability of response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Upfront HSCT should be offered to children and young adults with matched related donor (MRD). Upfront HSCT may also be offered to children and young adults with rapidly available matched unrelated donor (MUD) who require urgent HSCT. Bone marrow (BM) graft source and cyclosporine (CsA) plus methotrexate (MTX) as graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis are preferable when using anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) based conditioning regimens. Alemtuzumab is an acceptable alternative to ATG and is used with CsA alone and with either BM or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Cyclophosphamide (CY) plus ATG conditioning is preferable for patients receiving MRD transplant, while Fludarabine (Flu) based conditioning is reserved for older adults, those with risk factors of graft failure and those receiving MUD HSCT. For haploidentical transplant, use of low dose radiotherapy and post-transplant cyclophosphamide has resulted in a marked reduction in graft failure and GVHD.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant in rare hematologic disorders: a single center experience from Pakistan.

Management of rare hematological disorders pose unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to unusual occurrence and limited treatment options. We retrospectively identified 45 patients receiving matched related donor transplant for rare hematological disorders from 2006 to 2019. Patients were divided into two groups (1) malignant and (2) non malignant. The malignant disorder group included four patients while the nonmalignant group included 41 patients divided into immune dysregulation (n = 23), bone marrow failure (n = 10), metabolic (n = 5), and bleeding diathesis (n = 3). Twenty-six (57.8%) patients received myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and 16 (35.6%) received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), while 3 (6.6%) patients with severe combined immunodeficiency received stem cell infusion alone without conditioning. The cumulative incidence (CI) of grade II-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) was 39.1% (n = 18) and chronic GVHD (cGVHD) 15.2% (n = 7). There was no primary graft failure while CI of secondary graft failure was 9%. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was 82.2% and 77.8% respectively. Group wise OS was 75% in the malignant group, 82.6% in the immune dysregulation group, 80% in patients with metabolic disorders and bone marrow failure, while 100% in patients with bleeding diathesis. This retrospective analysis shows that hematopoietic stem cell transplant can be a feasible treatment option for rare hematological disorders.

Advances in maintenance strategy in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients eligible for autologous transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple myeloma (MM) lacks curative therapy. Therefore, researchers continue to conduct studies in an effort to improve progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Maintenance therapy (MT) after autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) was extensively studied in the last decade and now considered a standard approach. AREAS COVERED: This review evaluated the evidence and updates on various maintenance agents in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) after ASCT. Articles were searched on PubMed and Embase that were published in last 10 years. Both clinical trials and observational studies were evaluated. EXPERT OPINION: Maintenance strategy after ASCT has consistent PFS benefit but lacks conclusive OS improvement. Lenalidomide is superior to thalidomide given reduced neurotoxicity. OS advantage is controversial for both due to inconsistent evidence. Lenalidomide may confer a PFS advantage even at lower doses due to toxicity with higher doses. Bortezomib-based maintenance has some evidence for OS benefit in high-risk MM (HRMM) and renal dysfunction. Ixazomib has preliminary promising results. Two or three drug combinations for MT are potentially safe and more effective, particularly in HRMM although data on this subject is still evolving. Efficacy of various MT regimens in terms of minimal residual disease status needs to be further investigated.

Evidence-based supportive care in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by an abnormal clone of plasma cells in the bone marrow. MM and its therapy increase the risk of complications like anemia, osteolytic lesions, pain, infections, and renal abnormalities in MM patients. Supportive care for MM patients improves the quality of life. Treatment with bisphosphonates decreases skeletal-related events. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are done in cases of vertebral compression fractures. Prophylactic antibiotics and antivirals can decrease infections related to morbidity. Plasmapheresis in patients with renal dysfunctions decreases dialysis dependency and improve quality of life.

A Single-Center Experience and Literature Review of Management Strategies for Clostridium difficile Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study is to evaluate risk factors associated with the development of C. difficile infection (CDI) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients, determine its incidence and report outcomes of CDI in our patient population. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of adult HSCT recipients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016 at our center. Logistic regression models were used to determine the relationship between risk factors and the odds of CDI. RESULTS: The overall incidence of CDI in HSCT patients was 9.4%. The incidence of CDI was higher in allogeneic HSCT (20%) versus autologous HSCT (4.8%). No statistically significant differences in age, gender, cancer type, transplant type were found between those who developed CDI and those who did not. However, patients with CDI had a longer length of stay (25 days) and used more antibiotics (30 days prior to and during admission for HSCT) than non-CDI patients (19 days). Only two of 17 patients (11.8%) with CDI experienced recurrence among 180 patients after HSCT. No patient suffered from toxic megacolon or ileus and no patient underwent colectomy. There was no mortality associated with CDI at our center. CONCLUSION: CDI has an incidence rate of 9.4% in HSCT recipients. Established risk factors including age, gender, cancer type, and transplant type were not identified as risk factors in our population. However, longer LOS and use of greater than four lines of antibiotics were observed among those with CDI compared to those without CDI.

Treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma: Evidence-based recommendations.

The practice of choosing the next best therapy for patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) is becoming increasingly complex. There is no clear consensus regarding the best treatment sequence for RRMM. With the approval of novel proteasome inhibitors (ixazomib and carfilzomib), immunomodulatory agents (pomalidomide), monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab and elotuzumab), and other targeted therapies, multiple combination regimens utilizing these agents are being studied with the goal of enhancing disease control, prolonging progression-free survival, and improving overall survival. We, herein, describe a review of FDA-approved regimens for RRMM patients and offer a paradigm in selecting subsequent treatment regimens, focusing on patient specific morbidity, treatment toxicity, and disease-specific characteristics.

Retraction: Small Intestinal Tumors: A Rare Case of Tubulovillous Adenoma in Duodenum.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4671.].