Downregulation of SLC16A11 is Present in Offspring of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Studies have identified that diseases in pregnancy affect fetal growth and development of the newborn. In Mexican population, the gene SLC16A11 has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, information is scarce about its expression in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); epigenetic modifications due to maternal hyperglycemic state could be identified early in fetal development. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the SLC16A11 expression and methylation status in umbilical cord blood of newborns offspring of mothers with or without GDM. METHODS: Cross-sectional, analytic study. Pregnant patients undergoing caesarean delivery with and without GDM in the Unidad Medica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Gineco-obstetricia #4 Luis Castelazo Ayala, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, were invited to participate. DNA was extracted from the mothers' blood cells, or umbilical cord blood cells of their newborns, and subjected to methylation status. Total RNA was used to evaluate the SLC16A11 expression by endpoint RT-PCR. Variables were analyzed with Student t. Values of p <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A SLC16A11 downregulation was observed for newborns, while methylation status was found in only 1 of 68 mother-child pairs. Somatometry of newborns showed no differences between groups. Differences were found in total cholesterol, triglycerides, ALT, glucose, and HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, a differential expression for SLC16A11 was observed in offspring. Downregulation in this gene expression could characterize the offspring from GDM. No difference was found in somatometry of newborns of mothers with and without GDM.

Fetal growth restriction: From Polyvagal theory to developmental impairments?

BACKGROUND: The Polyvagal theory argues that behavioral modulation is a fundamental neurodevelopmental process that depends on autonomic regulation. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to assess sleep architecture in newborns with fetal growth restriction (FGR) using polysomnography as an indicator of Polyvagal theory. METHODS: We studied polysomnography recordings from 68 preterm infants, 34 with FGR and 34 born with appropriate growth for gestational age (AGA), who were matched according to the corrected age for prematurity (CA). Total sleep time, arousals, the percentage of quiet sleep, active sleep, indeterminate sleep, and heart rate were compared between the groups. Linear multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate polysomnography data for the FGR and AGA groups. RESULTS: Average heart rate was significantly lower in most FGR groups compared with AGA groups, and small to large effect sizes were observed in several sleep responses when comparing these groups. In the lineal regression model the CA explains significantly the differences in heart rate, controlled by FGR (p = .012). Additionally, there was evidence that sleeping states show similar trends, that is, increases in quiet and indeterminate sleep, as well as decreases in active sleep when CA was controlled by FGR. CONCLUSION: FGR probably intensifies the unfavorable effect of preterm birth in the responses evaluated by polysomnography. It seems that FGR is associated with alteration in sleep regulation and with differences in heart rate modulation, which may serve as a strategy to preserve energy and such differences likely underlie neurodevelopmental impairments in affected newborns.

Evaluación del conducto arterioso en neonatos en estado crítico / Evaluation of patent ductus arteriosus in critical state newborns

Objetivo: establecer valores ecocardiográficos normales de aurícula izquierda, aorta y relación aurícula izquierda/aorta, en neonatos sanos con diferente edad gestacional y peso al nacer, y correlacionarlos con diferentes signos clínicos y radiológicos, observar su modificación con el tratamiento y, finalmente, determinar a través de los casos confirmados quirúrgicamente, la validez del índice AI/Ao para el diagnóstico de persistencia del conducto arterioso.Material y métodos: se estudiaron 100 neonatos sanos y 168 neonatos que presentaron uno o más signos clínicos y /o radiológicos de persistencia del conducto arterioso.Resultados: se clasificaron los valores de normalidad con base en el peso al nacimiento. Se encontró que la presencia de tres signos clínicos fue estadísticamente significativa para el diagnóstico de persistencia del conducto arterioso.Discusión: se describen los valores normales de aurícula izquierda, aorta y la relación aurícula izquierda/aorta en una población de neonatos. En forma independiente el soplo, flujo pulmonar aumentado e incremento en parámetros ventilatorios, fueron los signos con mayor riesgo rela-tivo para el diagnóstico de persistencia del conducto arterioso.

Factores de riesgo perinatal para mortalidad en los neonatos de alto riesgo / Factors of perinatal risk for mortality in the high risk neonate

Se trató de conocer los factores de riesgo para mortalidad en una cohorte de neonatos de alto riesgo que ingresaron a una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Estudio comparativo de los antecedentes perinatales, entre vivos y defunciones, calculado factores de riesgo para mortalidad mediante chi cuadrada y análisis bivariado con el estimador de Mantel Y Haenzel. Se estudiaron a 425 neonatos con peso y edad gestacional (X y DS) de 1640 ñ 359 g y 32 ñ 2 semanas, todos requirieron ventilación mecánica con 10 ñ 12 días de ventilación y estancia de la UCIN de 13 ñ 12 días. En los factores de riesgo para mortalidad se encontraron (p< 0.05); gesta IV, dos o más abortos previos, desprendimiento de placenta normoinserta, ruptura de membranas más corioamnioitis, parto pélvico por vía vaginal, edad gestacional < 28 semanas, peso al nacer < 1 kg, choque séptico, acidosis metabólica, insuficiencia renal aguda, enterocolitis necrosante y barotrauma. En este grupo de neonatos de alto riesgo, de los antecedentes prenatales, natales y posnatales estudiados se encontraron 12 factores de riesgo para mortalidad, cuatro inherentes al embarazo, uno al parto y siete por alteraciones en el recién nacido