Fixed-time insemination with frozen semen in mares: is it suitable for poorly fertile stallions?

The purpose of the present study was to compare two protocols for equine frozen semen programs using either postovulation insemination or fixed-time insemination (FT), evaluating both pregnancy rates and intrauterine fluid (IUF) accumulation after artificial insemination with semen obtained from either highly or poorly fertile stallions. Six ejaculates from two stallions (n = 12) were processed. After thawing, semen samples were evaluated by computerized semen analysis. Fifteen mares (30 cycles) were inseminated with frozen semen from highly fertile stallion A, and 14 mares (28 cycles) were inseminated with frozen semen from poorly fertile stallion B. Ovulations were induced with 1 mg (intramuscular) of deslorelin acetate after the observation of a greater than 35 mm follicle and uterine edema. In postovulation insemination group, mares were inseminated once with 800 × 10(6) total sperm in a maximum 6-hour interval after ovulation. In FT group, mares were inseminated twice with 400 × 10(6) total sperm, 24 and 40 hours after induction. Mares were ultrasonographically examined for IUF accumulation 24 hours and for pregnancy diagnosis 14 days after the last insemination. Although IUF accumulation was more evident in mares inseminated once postovulation, pregnancy rates were similar for both protocols, regardless of the stallion, although a significant effect of the stallion was observed. These results indicated that FTs may be used for both highly and poorly fertile stallions as a practical tool to help spreading the use of frozen semen in equine reproduction programs.

Papiloma de plexo coroide em um cão / Choroid Plexus Papilloma in a Dog

Background: Choroid plexus tumors are uncommon neoplasms derived from the neuroepithelium that covers the ventricular cavity and the central canal of the spinal cord that are characterized by papillar aspect and intraventricular growth. It occurs more commonly in dogs, but it has been reported in horses, cows, ferrets and is rare in cats. After the meningiomas and gliomas, choroid plexus tumors are the third encephalic tumors in dogs. In veterinary medicine, there are not many actual reports of this type of neoplasia, therefore, the aim of this paper was to report a case of a choroid plexus papilloma in a poodle dog. Case: A six year old dog, female, poodle, was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the São Paulo State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho with a complaint of seizures for 15 days, blindness and head tilt to the right side. At the neurological examination, it had depression, head tilt to the right, circling and ataxia, postural reactions deficits, absent menace response, absent light pupillary reflex with mydriasis and augmented patellar reflex. The patient was submitted to blood harvest to perform CBC count and biochemical profile (renal and hepatic), which were normal. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis presented a discrete raise of proteins. The animal was treated with phenobarbital and prednisone, under suspicion of inflammatory disease or encephalic neoplasia. The patient developed a progressive paresis of the four limbs and the seizures remained unaltered. After approximately one month of the first consultation, the dog was admitted in status epileticus, without success of control. Necropsy revealed flattening of convolutions due to cerebral edema, dilatation of the lateral ventricles (hydrocephalus) and the presence of a greyish nodule, soft and measuring 0.6 x 0.8 cm in length coming out of the fourth ventricle and extending laterally between the cerebellum and brainstem and cranially to the thalamus. At the cut of the tissue, it presented a dark area at the region of the thalamus. Neoplastic tissue was composed of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells with oval and regular nuclei, supported by richly vascular stroma, arranged in papillae. Discussion: Choroid plexus papillomas are tumors that originate in the choroid plexus epithelium. Affected dogs usually have six or more years, earlier than most brain tumors. However, cases have been observed in younger dogs, and dogs affected by carcinoma are generally older than those affected by the papilloma. In dogs, the tumor occurs most commonly in the fourth ventricle, as in the present report, but can also occur in the third ventricle and the lateral ventricles. The clinical signs in patients with choroid plexus tumors are varied depending on the location of the tumor in the central nervous system, but may include behavioral changes, ataxia, paresis, seizures, circling, cranial nerve and proprioceptive reflexes changes. Macroscopically, the choroid plexus papilloma is a well-defined mass, expansive, granular to papillary, grayishwhite to red color. Microscopically, this tumor resembles the choroid plexus and have arboriform and vascular stroma which is coated by a single layer of cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells. The findings were consistent with choroid plexus papilloma located in the fourth ventricle.

Diagnóstico citopatológico de afecções mamárias em cadelas: revisão / Cytopathologic diagnosis of mammary affections in bitches: Review

As afecções mamárias em cadelas são encontradas rotineiramente na clínica de pequenos animais. O uso do exame citopatológico como meio diagnóstico nas lesões mamárias vem crescendo nas últimas décadas na Medicina Veterinária. As vantagens desse exame estão relacionadas à rapidez, ao baixo custo, eficácia, simplicidade e ao fato de ser pouco invasivo. As amostras mamárias destinadas ao exame citopatológico podem ser obtidas através da secreção glandular ou, mais comumente, por citologia por punção com ou sem aspiração. Para a obtenção de resultados clinicamente relevantes, é fundamental a obtenção de boas amostras e a interpretação básica da morfologia e da disposição detalhada de cada célula. Em virtude disso, ainda que o resultado seja inconclusivo, a citopatologia permite distinguir lesões neoplásicas de inflamatórias, hiperplásicas e degenerativas, além de auxiliar na identificação de agentes infecciosos e direcionar a uma conduta terapêutica e prognóstica mais rápida e adequada, portanto deve ser usada para diagnosticar afecções mamárias. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo incentivar os profissionais médicos veterinários a inserir na lista de auxílios diagnósticos de lesões de mama de cadela o exame citopatológico(AU)

Mammary affection in bitches is a routine finding in small animal clinic. The use cytopathological examination as a means to obtain mammary lesion diagnosis in the last decades in Veterinary Medicine. The advantages of this examination are: it is fast, cheap, effective, simple and little invasive. The mammary samples for cytopathology exam may be obtained from glandular secretion or more commonly via fi ne needle cytology that may be performed with or without aspiration. In order to obtain relevant clinical results, it is important to get good samples and have good knowledge of cell morphology and cell disposition. Despite lowing inconclusive results, the cytopathology allows to distinguish neoplastic lesions from inflammatory, hyperplasic or degenerative. It can also help in the identification of infectant agents and guide a fast and appropriate therapy. Therefore it can be used to diagnose mammary conditions. The objective of this study is to encourage veterinarians to insert the cytopathology examination in the array of auxiliary tests for mammary lesions in bitches(AU)

Diagnóstico citopatológico de afecções mamárias em cadelas: revisão / Cytopathologic diagnosis of mammary affections in bitches: Review

As afecções mamárias em cadelas são encontradas rotineiramente na clínica de pequenos animais. O uso do exame citopatológico como meio diagnóstico nas lesões mamárias vem crescendo nas últimas décadas na Medicina Veterinária. As vantagens desse exame estão relacionadas à rapidez, ao baixo custo, eficácia, simplicidade e ao fato de ser pouco invasivo. As amostras mamárias destinadas ao exame citopatológico podem ser obtidas através da secreção glandular ou, mais comumente, por citologia por punção com ou sem aspiração. Para a obtenção de resultados clinicamente relevantes, é fundamental a obtenção de boas amostras e a interpretação básica da morfologia e da disposição detalhada de cada célula. Em virtude disso, ainda que o resultado seja inconclusivo, a citopatologia permite distinguir lesões neoplásicas de inflamatórias, hiperplásicas e degenerativas, além de auxiliar na identificação de agentes infecciosos e direcionar a uma conduta terapêutica e prognóstica mais rápida e adequada, portanto deve ser usada para diagnosticar afecções mamárias. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo incentivar os profissionais médicos veterinários a inserir na lista de auxílios diagnósticos de lesões de mama de cadela o exame citopatológico

Mammary affection in bitches is a routine finding in small animal clinic. The use cytopathological examination as a means to obtain mammary lesion diagnosis in the last decades in Veterinary Medicine. The advantages of this examination are: it is fast, cheap, effective, simple and little invasive. The mammary samples for cytopathology exam may be obtained from glandular secretion or more commonly via fi ne needle cytology that may be performed with or without aspiration. In order to obtain relevant clinical results, it is important to get good samples and have good knowledge of cell morphology and cell disposition. Despite lowing inconclusive results, the cytopathology allows to distinguish neoplastic lesions from inflammatory, hyperplasic or degenerative. It can also help in the identification of infectant agents and guide a fast and appropriate therapy. Therefore it can be used to diagnose mammary conditions. The objective of this study is to encourage veterinarians to insert the cytopathology examination in the array of auxiliary tests for mammary lesions in bitches