Análisis dinámico de un equipo interprofesional que implementa un programa de atención psicosocial a víctimas de la guerra / Dynamic analysis of an interprofessional team implementing a psychosocial intervention program for war victims

Resumen Este estudio analiza los cambios estructurales experimentados por un equipo interprofesional que implementa un programa de intervención psicosocial dirigido a víctimas de la guerra en Colombia. Los equipos están compuestos por psicólogos, trabajadores sociales y facilitadores comunitarios que proporcionan atención a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario. Se aplicaron métodos de evaluación estructural para identificar cambios en la cohesión de las redes de reconocimiento entre profesionales, así como la preferencia para colaborar y el intercambio de información enviada y recibida. La recogida de información se produjo en dos series temporales -tiempo 1 (T1) y tiempo 2 (T2)- con un intervalo de tres meses. Se utilizó una estadística aplicada al análisis de datos relacionales para determinar los cambios en las redes en T1 y T2. En el período de referencia se incrementó la densidad en las redes de reconocimiento [. = 1.7105, (IC 95 %: -.0123 - .185), . < .0444] y de preferencia para trabajar [. = 2.0942, (IC 95 %: .005 - .1521), . < .0218]. Las redes de intercambio de información no experimentaron cambios significativos. Las regresiones múltiples a nivel diádico indican que la preferencia para trabajar e intercambiar información en T1, predicen el intercambio de información relativo tanto a peticiones de información recibidas como enviadas en T2. Se discuten los resultados para optimizar la implementación de programas de intervención psicosocial desarrolladas por equipos interprofesionales.

Abstract The study analyzes the structural changes experienced by an interprofessional team implementing a psychosocial intervention program for victims of war in Colombia. The program is called "PAPSIVI" (Programa de Atención Psicosocial y Salud Integral a Víctimas), which has been operating in Colombia since 2013, thanks to Law 1448 of 2011 to improve the quality of life and repair the damage of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. It only served people registered in the Single Registry of Victims (RUV), which had 9'165,126 records throughout the country until September 2021. This program follows a comprehensive and restorative approach that defines victims as protagonists of their own process of empowerment and positive change (Laplante and Holguin, 2006; Thompson, 1996). For this purpose, a multilevel intervention is carried out at the individual, family and community levels. The program is implemented by teams of professionals (psychologists, social workers and community facilitators) of varying sizes depending on the number of victims served in the municipalities. Psychologists provide individual psychological care and, to a lesser extent, family therapy is also offered to try to repair psychosocial damage from exposure to situations of violence (Oficina de Promoción Social, 2017). Social workers carry out community interventions to promote the associative fabric and social capital. Community promoters are facilitators and connect professionals with the potential beneficiaries of the intervention. The latter are very important, having themselves the status of victims, which increases the ecological validity of the intervention. Due to the characteristics of the implementation of this initiative, which takes into account the difficulties of the context (with situations of deprivation and vulnerability), as well as the particularities of the participants, it is valid to ask in this research what are the structural changes experienced by the teams of professionals who implement PAPSIVI. For this, structural evaluation methods were applied to identify changes in the cohesion of recognition networks among professionals, the preference to collaborate and the exchange of information sent and received. Data collection took place in two time series (T1 before - T2 after) with an interval of three months. Statistics applied to relational data analysis were used to determine changes in the networks at time T2. In the results it was found that in the baseline period the density in the recognition [t = 1.7105, (95 % CI: -.0123 - .185), p < .0444] and work preference [t = 2.0942, (95 % CI: .005 - .1521), p < .0218] networks increased. Information exchange networks did not experience significant changes. Multiple regressions at the dyadic level indicate that the preference for working and exchanging information at T1 predicts information exchange relative to both information requests received and sent at T2. It is concluded that the results shed light for: (a) optimize the design of psychosocial intervention teams; (b) improve their functioning by introducing horizontal organizational communication tools (among the members of each team), transversal (among the members of the teams implementing the program in different municipalities), and vertical (by promoting communication between professionals and program managers/responsible persons), and (c) achieve that changes in the structure of the teams serve as a diagnostic tool for functional problems of the team associated with the exchange of professional information and the referral of users. Ultimately, better integration of the teams leads to better psychosocial profiles of the users of programs such as PAPSIVI and allows them to better adapt their activities to the needs of the users, which improves the effectiveness of the intervention (Virto, 2021).

Structural Cohesion, Role Equivalence, or Homophily: Which Process Best Explains Social Homogeneity?

Social homogeneity, understood as the similarity of perceptions and attitudes that individuals display toward the environment around them, is explained by the relational context in which they are immersed. However, there is no consensus about which relational mechanism best explains social homogeneity. The purpose of this research is to find out which of the three classical relational processes most studied in network analysis (structural cohesion, role equivalence, or homophily) is more determinant in explaining social homogeneity. To achieve the research objective, 110 professionals (psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators) implementing a psychosocial care program in three regions of Northwest Colombia were interviewed. Different types of relationships among professionals were analyzed using network analysis techniques. To examine the structural cohesion hypothesis, interveners were categorized according to the level of structural cohesion by performing core-periphery analysis in the networks evaluated; to test the role equivalence hypothesis, participants were categorized according to their level of degree centrality in the networks examined; to test the homophily hypothesis, participants were grouped according to the level of homophily in terms of professional profile. The non-parametric tests showed that role equivalence was the most powerful mechanism for explaining social homogeneity in the sample of psychosocial interveners evaluated.

Which factors explain information exchange and user referral among program implementers?

The Program for Psychosocial Care and Comprehensive Health for Victims serves, on a yearly basis, an average of 25,000 users in northern Colombia alone. The program is implemented by multidisciplinary teams comprised of psychologists, social workers, and community facilitators, who step in at the individual, family, and community levels. An attempt has been made to determine the effect generated by the timeframe through which professionals have been engaged with the program-filling positions of centrality and betweenness within the networks of information exchange and user referral, including the potential mediating effect from the structure of the egocentric network of implementers in the two aforementioned networks and the moderating effect of the sense of belonging to a team of professionals. Both centrality and betweenness are positional measures describing the location actors occupied within the network structure. Centrality reflects the nominations made and receipt by an actor in a network and is considered an individual indicator of prominence and power. Betweenness shows the times that an actor act as a bridge among two actors in a network and it is considered an indicator of strategic positioning in social networks. An egocentric network is the local structure of relationships that each implementer maintains with his or her direct contacts. In this study, 112 active implementers were included, mostly women (n = 97, 88.2%), who had been working on the program for 16.9 months on average (SD = 14.7). Through conditional process analysis, it has been shown that the time that the implementers have been working on the program and the sense of belonging to the task team are relevant factors that interact with each other toward explaining the level of centrality and betweenness of professionals in the information exchange and user referral networks.

[Individual and group factors that impact the exchange of information among intervention programs: a structural view]. / Factores individuales y grupales que inciden en el intercambio de información entre implementadores de programas de intervención: una visión estructural.

The exchange of information between appliers of mental health interventions is essential to guarantee effective program implementation. The study aimed to examine how individual and group factors influence the exchange of information among the implementers of a psychosocial intervention program targeted to victims of the war in Colombia. A cross-sectional exploratory design was developed. Interviews were held with 18 psychologists, 22 social workers, 10 community promoters, and a nurse. The study used the E-i index and the visualization of interclass and intraclass links. There is no homophilic tendency in the exchange of information among the three professional categories. Empowerment predicts the nominations received in the request for information network (ß = 0.296, p < 0.006). To be central in the preference network is the principal predictor of receiving requests for information (ß = 0.562, p < 0.0001). Empowered professionals and those who exchange information on the implementation process are considered key informants that can improve the program's effectiveness.

El intercambio de información entre los aplicadores de intervenciones en salud mental es esencial para garantizar la efectividad de la implementación de programas. El objetivo fue examinar cómo influyen factores individuales y grupales en el intercambio de información entre los implementadores de un programa de intervención psicosocial dirigido a víctimas de la guerra en Colombia. Se desarrolló un diseño exploratorio transversal. Fueron entrevistados 18 psicólogos, 22 trabajadores sociales, 10 promotores comunitarios y una enfermera. Se empleó el índice E-i y la visualización de vínculos interclase e intraclase. No existe tendencia homofílica en el intercambio de información entre las tres categorías profesionales. El empoderamiento predice las nominaciones recibidas en la red de solicitud de información (ß = 0,296, p < 0,006). Ser central en la red de preferencia es el principal predictor de la recepción de peticiones de información (ß = 0,562, p < 0,0001). Los profesionales empoderados y aquellos que intercambian información sobre el proceso de implementación son considerados informantes clave que pueden mejorar la efectividad del programa.

A troca de informações entre os profissionais envolvidos nas intervenções de saúde mental é fundamental para garantir a efetividade da implementação de programas. O objetivo aqui era analisar a maneira como fatores individuais e de grupo influenciam a troca de informações entre os implementadores de um programa de intervenção psicossocial, dirigido a vítimas da guerra na Colômbia. Foi desenvolvido um desenho de estudo exploratório transversal. Foram entrevistados 18 psicólogos, 22 trabalhadores sociais, 10 agentes comunitários e uma enfermeira. Foram utilizados o índice E-i e a visualização de vínculos interclasse e intraclasse. Não existe tendência homofílica na troca de informações entre as três categorias profissionais. O empoderamento prevê as denominações recebidas na rede de solicitação de informação (ß = 0,296, p < 0,006). Ser central na rede de preferência é o principal preditor da recepção de pedidos de informação (ß = 0,562, p < 0,0001). Os profissionais empoderados e aqueles que trocam informações sobre o processo de implementação são considerados informantes chaves que podem melhorar a efetividade do programa.

Factores individuales y grupales que inciden en el intercambio de información entre implementadores de programas de intervención: una visión estructural / Individual and group factors that impact the exchange of information among intervention programs: a structural view / Fatores individuais e de grupo que incidem na troca de informações entre implementadores de programas de intervenção: uma visão estrutural

Resumen: El intercambio de información entre los aplicadores de intervenciones en salud mental es esencial para garantizar la efectividad de la implementación de programas. El objetivo fue examinar cómo influyen factores individuales y grupales en el intercambio de información entre los implementadores de un programa de intervención psicosocial dirigido a víctimas de la guerra en Colombia. Se desarrolló un diseño exploratorio transversal. Fueron entrevistados 18 psicólogos, 22 trabajadores sociales, 10 promotores comunitarios y una enfermera. Se empleó el índice E-i y la visualización de vínculos interclase e intraclase. No existe tendencia homofílica en el intercambio de información entre las tres categorías profesionales. El empoderamiento predice las nominaciones recibidas en la red de solicitud de información (β = 0,296, p < 0,006). Ser central en la red de preferencia es el principal predictor de la recepción de peticiones de información (β = 0,562, p < 0,0001). Los profesionales empoderados y aquellos que intercambian información sobre el proceso de implementación son considerados informantes clave que pueden mejorar la efectividad del programa.

Abstract: The exchange of information between appliers of mental health interventions is essential to guarantee effective program implementation. The study aimed to examine how individual and group factors influence the exchange of information among the implementers of a psychosocial intervention program targeted to victims of the war in Colombia. A cross-sectional exploratory design was developed. Interviews were held with 18 psychologists, 22 social workers, 10 community promoters, and a nurse. The study used the E-i index and the visualization of interclass and intraclass links. There is no homophilic tendency in the exchange of information among the three professional categories. Empowerment predicts the nominations received in the request for information network (β = 0.296, p < 0.006). To be central in the preference network is the principal predictor of receiving requests for information (β = 0.562, p < 0.0001). Empowered professionals and those who exchange information on the implementation process are considered key informants that can improve the program's effectiveness.

Resumo: A troca de informações entre os profissionais envolvidos nas intervenções de saúde mental é fundamental para garantir a efetividade da implementação de programas. O objetivo aqui era analisar a maneira como fatores individuais e de grupo influenciam a troca de informações entre os implementadores de um programa de intervenção psicossocial, dirigido a vítimas da guerra na Colômbia. Foi desenvolvido um desenho de estudo exploratório transversal. Foram entrevistados 18 psicólogos, 22 trabalhadores sociais, 10 agentes comunitários e uma enfermeira. Foram utilizados o índice E-i e a visualização de vínculos interclasse e intraclasse. Não existe tendência homofílica na troca de informações entre as três categorias profissionais. O empoderamento prevê as denominações recebidas na rede de solicitação de informação (β = 0,296, p < 0,006). Ser central na rede de preferência é o principal preditor da recepção de pedidos de informação (β = 0,562, p < 0,0001). Os profissionais empoderados e aqueles que trocam informações sobre o processo de implementação são considerados informantes chaves que podem melhorar a efetividade do programa.

Community Participation and Empowerment in a Post-disaster Environment: Differences Tied to Age and Personal Networks of Social Support.

In this article, an attempt was made to identify the level of community social participation according to age, gender, and the structural characteristics of the personal support networks in a population displaced by floods in the Colombian Caribbean. The research was based on a non-experimental methodology with an associative-relational strategy. An intentional non-probabilistic sample of 151 people affected by the winter wave in the south of the Department of Atlántico (Colombia) was selected. In total, the study included 42 males (27.8%) and 109 females (72.2%) participants, with an average age of 37.48 (±14, ranging from 18 to 80) and average relocation time of 21.79 months (±8.22, ranging from 5 to 36). The Arizona Social Support Interview Schedule (ASSIS) and Community Empowerment instruments were responded to with an instrument adapted from the leadership competence factor. The results show lower rates of intermediation in the older population, and the relationship between social participation and gender shows equally cohesive social support networks in men and women. This evidence is discussed to promote psychosocial interventions aimed to increase community engagement and empowerment of people that have experienced non-voluntary mobility processes.

Sense of community, psychological empowerment, and relational structure at the individual and organizational levels: Evidence from a multicase study.

The aim of this study was to determine the associations among psychological sense of community (PSoC), psychological empowerment (PE), and relational structure with indicators of centrality and cohesion in egocentric and sociocentric networks when analyzed at different levels. A multicase analysis was used (four developed in Colombia and one in Spain) in which 458 people participated in five studies conducted in organizational and community contexts of vulnerable urban and rural areas. The results suggest that PSoC and PE are intertwined processes whose association is accentuated in organizational contexts. However, the relationships between relational context and PSoC and PE vary notably depending on (a) the type of relationship evaluated, (b) the focus of the study (individual/egocentric vs. group/sociocentric) and the type of indicator used to assess the relational context (centrality vs. structural cohesion). Findings are discussed to understand the role that social bonds play in the development of PSoC and in the ability of subjects to empower themselves in different contexts.

El análisis de redes sociales en la investigación en salud pública: una revisión sistemática / Social network analysis in public health research: a systematic review

RESUMEN Objetivo Llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática para conocer las aplicaciones del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) en la investigación en salud pública (ISP). Materiales y Métodos Las bases de datos utilizadas son PubMed, MEDLINE y Academic Search Complete. Se procesaron 1,151 artículos, de los cuales 361 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y constituyen la muestra final. Resultados El perfil genérico de los estudios evaluados es de carácter cuantitativo (84,5%), transversal (64,5%) y emplean procedimientos de la estadística convencional para testar hipótesis (68,9%). Destacan los estudios que examinan el papel de las redes como factor de riesgo o protección de la salud (38%), las investigaciones epidemiológicas (34,6%) y los trabajos que analizan sistemas que proporcionan atención socio-sanitaria (24,4%). Conclusiones Se identifican notables diferencias entre las investigaciones a nivel egocéntrico y sociocéntrico. Discutimos los resultados en orden a que la ISP extraiga el máximo potencial de los métodos de ARS.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective A systematic review was conducted to know the contributions of social network analysis (SNA) to public health research (PHR). Materials and Methods The databases analyzed were Academic Search Complete, PubMed and MEDLINE. A total of 1 151 articles were processed, of which 361 met the inclusion criteria and make up the final sample. Results The generic profiles of assessed papers are quantitative (84.5%) and cross-sectional (64.5%), and use conventional statistical procedures to test hypotheses (68.9%). Studies examining the role of networks as a risk factor or health protection (38%), epidemiological research (34.6%), and work analyzing systems that provide social and health care (24.4%) are noteworthy. Conclusions Remarkable differences among research were identified at the egocentric and sociocentric levels of analysis. Results are discussed in order to increase the effectiveness of PHR through SNA methods.(AU)

Underlying Dimensions of Social Cohesion in a Rural Community Affected by Wartime Violence in Colombia.

War deteriorates the quality of life of the population and profoundly alters social dynamics. We discuss a rural community in northern Colombia whose population was the victim of a massacre and examine the main components that model social cohesion: (a) positive attitudes towards the community, (b) prosocial behaviours and (c) interpersonal relationships. This investigation is a cross-sectional empirical study that includes an analysis of social support networks. The research involved 106 residents, (81.1%, women), with an average age of 42.5 years (standard deviation (SD) = 16.4), who have lived in the community an average 28.8 years (SD = 18.75). Cluster analysis shows that there are two types of personal networks based on homophily and the duration of the ego-alter relationship. The networks that provide the most types of social support shows a moderate level of homophily according to the type of relationship and place of origin and in which the duration of the ego-alter relationship is shorter, compared to networks characterized by high homophily and in which the duration of the ego-alter relationship is longer (χ² = 5.609, p < 0.018). Homophily based on place of residence actively affects the sense of community and social cohesion. Moreover, the sense of community is the variable that most affects social cohesion (ß = 0.650; p < 0.001) and is, in turn, determined by prosocial behaviour (ß = 0.267; p < 0.006). However, prosocial behaviours do not significantly affect interpersonal relationships or community cohesion. The results are discussed to promote social development strategies aimed at building individual, organizational and community capacity to foster psychosocial well-being in post-war contexts.

[Social network analysis in public health research: a systematic review]. / El análisis de redes sociales en la investigación en salud pública: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was conducted to know the contributions of social network analysis (SNA) to public health research (PHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The databases analyzed were Academic Search Complete, PubMed and MEDLINE. A total of 1 151 articles were processed, of which 361 met the inclusion criteria and make up the final sample. RESULTS: The generic profiles of assessed papers are quantitative (84.5%) and cross-sectional (64.5%), and use conventional statistical procedures to test hypotheses (68.9%). Studies examining the role of networks as a risk factor or health protection (38%), epidemiological research (34.6%), and work analyzing systems that provide social and health care (24.4%) are noteworthy. CONCLUSIONS: Remarkable differences among research were identified at the egocentric and sociocentric levels of analysis. Results are discussed in order to increase the effectiveness of PHR through SNA methods.

OBJETIVO: Llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática para conocer las aplicaciones del análisis de redes sociales (ARS) en la investigación en salud pública (ISP). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Las bases de datos utilizadas son PubMed, MEDLINE y Academic Search Complete. Se procesaron 1,151 artículos, de los cuales 361 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y constituyen la muestra final. RESULTADOS: El perfil genérico de los estudios evaluados es de carácter cuantitativo (84,5%), transversal (64,5%) y emplean procedimientos de la estadística convencional para testar hipótesis (68,9%). Destacan los estudios que examinan el papel de las redes como factor de riesgo o protección de la salud (38%), las investigaciones epidemiológicas (34,6%) y los trabajos que analizan sistemas que proporcionan atención socio-sanitaria (24,4%). CONCLUSIONES: Se identifican notables diferencias entre las investigaciones a nivel egocéntrico y sociocéntrico. Discutimos los resultados en orden a que la ISP extraiga el máximo potencial de los métodos de ARS.

La importancia de las estrategias de afrontamiento en el bienestar psicológico en una muestra escolarizada de adolescentes / The importance of coping strategies on psychological wellbeing in a school-based sample of adolescent population

Resumen Objetivo: Esta investigación tuvo como propósito identificar la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y el bienestar psicológico. Método: Se empleó un diseño transversal correlacional en una muestra de 104 adolescentes que estudian en colegios públicos de la ciudad de Montería (Córdoba, Colombia). Se aplicó la Escala de Afrontamiento para Adolescentes y el cuestionario de Bienestar Psicológico. Resultados: Se identificó una asociación significativa entre las variables de afrontamiento y bienestar psicológico. Conclusión: Los adolescentes que utilizan de forma recurrente estrategias de afrontamiento dirigidas a la resolución de problemas y a la búsqueda de apoyo social presentan mayores niveles de bienestar psicológico.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to identify the relationship between coping strategies and psychological well-being. Method: A cross-correlation design was used in a sample of 104 adolescents studying in public schools in the city of Montería (Córdoba, Colombia). The Teen Coping Scale and the Psychological Wellbeing Questionnaire were applied. Results: A significant association between the variables of coping and psychological well-being was identified. Conclusion: Adolescents who use recurrent coping strategies aimed at solving problems and seeking social support present higher levels of psychological well-being.

Análisis de redes sociales: una herramienta efectiva para evaluar coaliciones comunitarias / Social network analysis: an effective tool for evaluating community coalitions

Objetivos Los objetivos de este artículo son presentar: a. Las aplicaciones del Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) en el estudio de coaliciones comunitarias y redes inter-organizativas; b. Los indicadores estructurales de la red completa relacionados con su funcionamiento, y; c. Los métodos para identificar subgrupos dentro de las redes. Método Para ilustrar los procedimientos utilizaremos la visualización de grafos y datos de una investigación propia. Resultados Proponemos orientaciones metodológicas para evaluar y fortalecer coaliciones comunitarias a través de ARS. Conclusiones El análisis estructural es una potente herramienta para evaluar y optimizar el funcionamiento de coaliciones que prestan servicios socio-sanitarios, al mismo tiempo es necesario conocer el contexto específico y emplear herramientas de investigación cualitativas para contrastar la información obtenida mediante ARS.(AU)

Objectives The aim of this paper is to report: a. The main applications of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the study of community coalitions and inter-organizational networks; b. The structural indicators of the whole network related to coalition functions, and; c. The methods to identify subgroups within networks. Method We will use graph visualization and data from our own research to illustrate the procedures under study. Results A set of methodological guidelines to evaluate and improve community coalitions through SNA are proposed. Conclusions Structural analysis is a powerful instrument to evaluate and optimize the functioning of coalitions that provides social and health services, and at the same time, it is necessary to understand the specific context of interaction and use qualitative tools to contrast the results obtained through SNA.(AU)

[Social network analysis: an effective tool for evaluating community coalitions]. / Análisis de redes sociales: una herramienta efectiva para evaluar coaliciones comunitarias.

Objectives The aim of this paper is to report: a. The main applications of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the study of community coalitions and inter-organizational networks; b. The structural indicators of the whole network related to coalition functions, and; c. The methods to identify subgroups within networks. Method We will use graph visualization and data from our own research to illustrate the procedures under study. Results A set of methodological guidelines to evaluate and improve community coalitions through SNA are proposed. Conclusions Structural analysis is a powerful instrument to evaluate and optimize the functioning of coalitions that provides social and health services, and at the same time, it is necessary to understand the specific context of interaction and use qualitative tools to contrast the results obtained through SNA.

El papel de los facilitadores en la implementación de los "Espacios para Crecer": evaluación formativa del programa con menores trabajadores "Edúcame Primero, Colombia / The Role of Facilitators in Implementation of "Espacios para Crecer": Formative Evaluation of the Program with Young Workers "Edúcame Primero, Colombia

Se describe la evaluación formativa de un programa de intervención educativa con menores trabajadores en Barranquilla (Colombia). Un equipo internacional de evaluadores realizó entrevistas cualitativas a una selección de facilitadores (n = 8), familias de los participantes (n = 38) y profesores de los centros educativos, en los que se implementó el programa (n= 40). Las entrevistas se centraron en el proceso de implementación y analizaron el papel de los facilitadores que aplicaban el programa y desarrollaron estrategias de mediación comunitaria. Los resultados muestran la conexión entre los procesos de implicación comunitaria y la efectividad de la intervención. Los facilitadores hicieron de puente entre el programa y los contextos organizativo y comunitario. En el proceso de implementación, el papel de los facilitadores consistió en (a) ajustar el programa a las particularidades y dificultades del contexto, (b) el intercambio de buenas prácticas y (c) la mediación con el profesorado y las familias implicadas. Mientras que el papel de mediación y ajuste comunitario de los facilitadores estaba previsto en el diseño, la formación de un grupo informal entre los aplicadores más activos terminó afectando a los componentes centrales del programa. Paradójicamente, dicha dinámica mejoró la implementación y los resultados. En ese contexto, se discuten las lecciones aprendidas en la prevención del trabajo infantil.

The article describes the formative evaluation of an educational intervention program with working children in Barranquilla (Colombia). An international team of evaluators conducted qualitative interviews with a sample of facilitators (n = 8), families of participants (n = 38) and teachers of schools where the program was implemented (n = 40). The interviews focused on the implementation process and discussed the role of facilitators, which administered the program and develop strategies for community mediation. The results show the connection between the processes of community involvement and the effectiveness of the intervention. The facilitators connect the program with the organizational and community contexts. In the implementation process, the role of facilitators consisted on (a) to adjust the program to the peculiarities and difficulties of the context, (b) to exchange good practices, and (c) to mediate with teachers and families involved. While the role of mediation and community adjustment of the facilitators were planned in the design, the formation of an informal group among the most active applicators affects to the central components of the program. Paradoxically, this dynamic improved the implementation and outcomes. In this context we discuss the lessons learned in the prevention of child labor.

Influencia de la estructura de las redes personales sobre el desarrollo de procesos comunitarios en población desplazada / Influence of personal networks structure on the development of community processes in displaced population

El desplazamiento forzado afecta a más de 5 millones de personas en Colombia. El proceso de movilidad que experimentan los desplazados implica el debilitamiento de los vínculos con su entorno relacional y supone la privación del derecho de incidir a nivel sociopolítico. El sentido de comunidad, la participación y el empoderamiento sirven para comprender tanto el proceso de adaptación en la comunidad de destino, como el incremento de la participación comunitaria. Desde un enfoque estructural, el Análisis de Redes Sociales hace posible evaluar las redes de apoyo social de la población desplazada. Los objetivos de la investigación son (a) evaluar los tres procesos mencionados, (b) analizar las redes personales de los participantes y (c) examinar los posibles efectos que la estructura de las redes personales pueda ejercer sobre el desarrollo de los procesos comunitarios analizados. Los resultados indican que las propiedades estructurales de las redes inciden en el nivel de participación en actividades de desarrollo comunitario. Sin embargo, no se han detectado relaciones significativas entre los indicadores estructurales y los otros dos procesos comunitarios evaluados. Existen evidencias que indican que la densidad contribuye positivamente sobre la participación mientras que los parámetros de centralización afectan de forma negativa. Concluimos discutiendo el alcance de nuestros resultados para diseñar estrategias de intervención que promuevan la integración plena de los desplazados en la comunidad receptora.

Forced displacement affects over 5 million people in Colombia. The process of mobility experienced by displaced implies the weakening of the linkages with their relational environment and may involve the deprivation of the right to decide at socio-political level. The sense of community, the community engagement and the psychological empowerment display a strong potential to understand both the adaptation process in destination community, and the increase in community involvement. From a structural viewpoint, Social Network Analysis allows to evaluate the social support networks of the displaced population. The aims of this study are: (a) assess the three community processes; (b) analyze the personal networks structure of the displaced population; and (c) identify the potential effects that personal networks may exert on the development of community processes. Results suggest that structural properties of networks impact on the level of participation in community development activities. However, no significant relationships were identified between the structural measures and the other two community processes evaluated. Density contributes positively on community participation while centralization parameters affect in a negative way. We conclude discussing the applications of our results to design effective intervention strategies to promote the full integration of displaced population in the host community.

Programa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska:: un caso de planificación estratégica y colaboración comunitaria / A program for health promotion in Alaska Native Community:: a case os strategic planning and community collaboration

En este trabajo se describe una iniciativa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska. La etnia Yupik vive en condiciones de aislamiento en la zona occidental de Alaska y tiene dificultades de acceso a servicios públicos, además de problemas de salud relacionados con los hábitos de vida. El proyecto "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" se basó en la planificación estratégica de servicios de salud y en la implementación de iniciativas de promoción de la salud en un asentamiento de esta etnia. Para ello se organizó un comité compuesto por miembros de la comunidad, profesionales de los servicios y personal investigador de la universidad. Además se contó con dos mediadores comunitarios de salud para facilitar el acceso de las familias a los servicios públicos. El programa puso el acento en la adaptación cultural de sus contenidos, en la colaboración entre los investigadores y los participantes y en la implicación de la comunidad en el diseño, implementación y evaluación del programa.

In this paper, we describe a health promotion initiative in a native community in Alaska. The Yupik ethnic group lives in isolation in Western Alaska and has poor access to public services, as well as health problems related to lifestyle. The "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" project was based on the strategic planning of health services and on the implementation of health promotion initiatives in a settlement of this ethnic group. For this, it was organized a committee of community members, service professionals and University researchers. It included also two community health mediators to facilitate families' access to public services. The program emphasizes cultural adaptation of contents, collaboration between researchers and participants and community involvement in the design, implementation and evaluation of the program.

El análisis de incidentes críticos como método de estudio de los conflictos interculturales / Critical Incident Analysis As a Method for Studying Intercultural Conflicts

En la actualidad, la globalización económica y el consecuente aumento de la desigual en la distribución de recursos entre el hemisferio norte y sur inciden en el incremento y transformación de los flujos migratorios que modelan las sociedades modernas. El estudio que presentamos pone de relieve la validez del análisis de incidentes críticos -AIC- (Flanagan, 1954; cohen-Emerique, 1999; Arthur, 2001) como herramienta de estudio de los elementos estructurales de los conflictos interculturales. Esta técnica permite profundizar en las culturas que interactúan, facilitando la adquisición de competencia cultural (Maya-Jariego, 2002). Fueron analizados 95 incidentes críticos tomados en dos contextos de formación diferenciados. Los resultados apuntan a la importancia de determinadas áreas de fricción cultural como detonantes del conflicto. Entre las más destacadas se señalan: a. los procesos de comunicación intercultural (Gudykunst & Nishida, 2001; Gudykunst, Nishida & chua, 1986), b. los roles de género (Best, 2001; Best & Williams, 2001), c. el cumplimiento de preceptos mágico-religiosos en el ámbito público y d. la influencia de los prejuicios y estereotipos (Leyens, Yzerbit & Schandron, 1994) en la génesis y desenlace del conflicto. Finalmente, se indican algunas lecciones aprendidas sobre el abordaje del estudio de los conflictos interculturales.

At this moment economic globalization and the increase of inequal distribution of resources in the society, provoke the speed up of the evolution and change of the migration flows that shape modern society. The study presented stands out the validity of the Critical Incident Method -CIM (Flanagan, 1954, Cohen-Emerique, 1999; Arthur, 2001) as a study tool of structural elements of intercultural conflicts. This method allows in depth knowledge of cultures that interact to facilitate the acquisition of cultural competence (Maya-Jariego, 2002). A total of 95 critical incidents collected in two different formation contexts were analized. The results point to the importance of certain areas of cultural friction as triggers of conflict. The most important areas of cultural friction have been: a) the intercultural communication barriers (Gudykunst & Nishida, 2001; Gudykunst, Nishida & Chua, 1986), b) gender roles (Best, 2001; Best & Williams, 2001), c) the expression of magical-religious precepts in public and d) the influence of prejudice and stereotypes (Leyens, Yzerbit & Schandron, 1994) in the genesis and outcome of the conflict. Finally, some learnt lessons about study of intercultural conflicts are exposed.