Cheese whey as substrate of batch hydrogen production: effect of temperature and addition of buffer.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of buffer addition and process temperature (ambient and 35°C) on H2 production in batch fermentation of cheese whey (CW). When the H2 production reached a plateau, the headspace of the reactors were flushed with N2 and reactors were re-incubated. Afterwards, only the reactors with phosphate buffer showed a second cycle of H2 production and 48% more H2 was obtained. The absence of a second cycle in non-buffered reactors could be related to a lower final pH than in the buffered reactors; the low pH could drive the fermentation to solvents production. Indeed a high solvent production was observed in non-buffered bioreactors as given by low ρ ratios (defined as the ratio between sum of organic acid production and sum of solvents production). Regarding the process temperatures, no significant difference between the H2 production of reactors incubated at ambient temperature and at 35°C was described. After flushing the headspace of bioreactors with N2 at the end of the second cycle, the H2 production did not resume (in all reactors).

Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated saline-alkaline soils of the former Lake Texcoco.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenanthrene, anthracene and Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are toxic for the environment. Removing these components from soil is difficult as they are resistant to degradation and more so in soils with high pH and large salt concentrations as in soil of the former lake Texcoco, but stimulating soil micro-organisms growth by adding nutrients might accelerate soil restoration. Soil of Texcoco and an agricultural Acolman soil, which served as a control, were spiked with phenanthrene, anthracene and BaP, added with or without biosolid or inorganic fertilizer (N, P), and dynamics of PAHs, N and P were monitored in a 112-day incubation. Concentrations of phenanthrene did not change significantly in sterilized Acolman soil, but decreased 2-times in unsterilized soil and >25-times in soil amended with biosolid and NP. The concentration of phenanthrene in unsterilized soil of Texcoco was 1.3-times lower compared to the sterilized soil, 1.7-times in soil amended with NP and 2.9-times in soil amended with biosolid. In unsterilized Acolman soil, degradation of BaP was faster in soil amended with biosolid than in unamended soil and soil amended with NP. In unsterilized soil of Texcoco, degradation of BaP was similar in soil amended with biosolid and NP but faster than in the unamended soil. It was found that application of biosolid and NP increased degradation of phenanthrene, anthracene and BaP, but to a different degree in alkaline-saline soil of Texcoco compared to an agricultural Acolman soil.

Changes in the concentration of trigonelline in a semi-arid leguminous plant (Prosopis laevigata) induced by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus during the presymbiotic phase.

An in vitro presymbiotic system between mesquite [Prosopis laevigata(Willd.) M.C. Johnst], a semi-arid leguminous plant, and pregerminated spores of Gigaspora rosea Nicol. & Schenck was established. After characteristic hyphal branching, high performance liquid chromatographic analyses of methanol extracts from P. laevigata roots revealed a concentration change in one ultraviolet-detectable product. This product was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry as trigonelline, a pyridine alkaloid. The concentration of trigonelline was constant in the aerial parts of the plant with or without G. rosea, but its concentration in the roots increased 1.8-fold when G. roseawas present. Trigonelline may be a regulatory factor during early signal events in the establishment of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in P. laevigata.

Biotransformation of n-hexadecane by cell suspension cultures of Cinchona robusta and Dioscorea composita.

This manuscript evaluates the phytotoxicity and biotransformation of n-hexadecane as well as peroxidase activity and cytochrome P450 concentration in microsomes for cell suspension cultures of Cinchona robusta and Dioscorea composita. Phytotoxicity was evaluated based on viability and growth. Cell cultures were exposed to a 2 and 4% (v/v) dose of n-hexadecane. The biotransformation of n-hexadecane was determined based on labeled recovery in polar, nonpolar, and cell residue fractions after cell culture extraction during exponential cell growth phase and stationary phase. Differences were observed in accumulation of label during cell growth phase and stationary phase for the cells of the two plants. Differences also were observed between phases for label in polar and nonpolar fractions. Thin-layer chromatography determined labeled intermediates and some were identified. The activity of peroxidase and concentration of cytochrome P450 was lower in C. robusta than in controls and greater in D. composita than in controls. In vitro biotransformation was not successful.

Purification and characterization of two isoforms of isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase from elicitor-treated Cinchona robusta cells.

In Cinchona robusta (Rubiaceae) cell suspension cultures, the activity of the enzyme isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase (isopentenyl-POP isomerase) is transiently induced after addition of a homogenate of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi. The enzyme catalyses the interconversion of isopentenyl-POP and dimethylallyl diphosphate (dimethylallyl-POP) and may be involved in the biosynthesis of anthraquinone phytoalexins that accumulate rapidly after elicitation of Cinchona cells. From elicitor-treated C. robusta cells, two isoforms of isopentenyl-POP isomerase have been purified to apparent homogeneity in four chromatographic steps. The purified forms are monomeric enzymes of 34 kDa (isoform I) and 29 kDa (isoform II), with Km values for isopentenyl-POP of 5.1 microM and 1.0 microM, respectively. Both isoforms require Mn2+ or Mg2+ as cofactor, isoform II showing a preference for Mn2+ with maximum activity at 1.5-2 mM. Isoform I was most active in the presence of 0.5-1.5 mM Mg2+ or in the presence of 0.5 mM Mn2+. A pH optimum of 7-7.8 was found for both forms and both were competitively inhibited by geranyl diphosphate (Ki 96 microM for isoform I) and the transition state analogue 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl diphosphate. Rechromatography of purified isoforms did not indicate any interconversion of both forms. Western blot analysis, using antibodies raised against isopentenyl-POP isomerase purified from Capsicum annuum, showed the presence of both isoforms in the crude protein extracts from C. robusta cells. Isoform II was specifically induced by elicitation, non-treated cells contained low activity of this isoform. The possible role of isopentenyl-POP isomerase in the biosynthesis of anthraquinones is discussed.