Plyometric Long Jump Training With Progressive Loading Improves Kinetic and Kinematic Swimming Start Parameters.

Rebutini, VZ, Pereira, G, Bohrer, RCD, Ugrinowitsch, C, and Rodacki, ALF. Plyometric long jump training with progressive loading improves kinetic and kinematic swimming start parameters. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2392-2398, 2016-This study was aimed to determine the effects of a plyometric long jump training program on torque around the lower limb joints and kinetic and kinematics parameters during the swimming jump start. Ten swimmers performed 3 identical assessment sessions, measuring hip and knee muscle extensors during maximal voluntary isometric contraction and kinetic and kinematics parameters during the swimming jump start, at 3 instants: INI (2 weeks before the training program, control period), PRE (2 weeks after INI measurements), and POST (24-48 hours after 9 weeks of training). There were no significant changes from INI to PRE measurements. However, the peak torque and rate of torque development increased significantly from PRE to POST measurements for both hip (47 and 108%) and knee (24 and 41%) joints. There were significant improvements to the horizontal force (7%), impulse (9%), and angle of resultant force (19%). In addition, there were significant improvements to the center of mass displacement (5%), horizontal takeoff velocity (16%), horizontal velocity at water entrance (22%), and peak angle velocity for the knee (15%) and hip joints (16%). Therefore, the plyometric long jump training protocol was effective to enhance torque around the lower limb joints and to control the resultant vector direction, to increase the swimming jump start performance. These findings suggest that coaches should use long jump training instead of vertical jump training to improve swimming start performance.

Aquatic gait modulation by resistance and its effects on motor behavior

O meio aquático determina diversas modificações nos gestos motores, estas mudanças estão diretamente ligadas às características e princípios físicos que regem este meio. A marcha é um ato motor funcional adquirido na infância, repetido e automatizado. O objetivo é identificar como a resistência da água interfere no comportamento motor na marcha aquática. MÉTODO: realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica na base de dados da Bireme (LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO). Os artigos estudados apresentam que a marcha pode ser definida e influenciada pelo seu histórico evolutivo, pelas variáveis do ambiente aquático (profundidade, densidade, fluxo), pelas caracteríticas do corpo em deslocamento (forma, composição, peso, etc). Os achados apontam para uma resposta somatosensorial, que se efetiva pela ação em função da composição, da forma, do peso, etc.

The aquatic environment causes many modifications in motor gestures, changes directly linked to the characteristics and physical principles that govern this medium. Gait is a functional motor act acquired in childhood, repeated and automated. The objective of this study was to identify how the resistance of the water interferes with the motor behavior in aquatic gait. METHODS: a review was carried out using the Bireme database (LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, SciELO). The articles studied showed that gait could be defined and influenced by its historical evolution, the variables of the water environment (depth, density, flow) and the characteristics of the body being displaced (shape, composition, weight, etc). The findings point to a somatosensory response that is enabled by the action as a function of the composition, shape, weight, etc.

Aquatic gait modulation by resistance and its effects on motor behavior

O meio aquático determina diversas modificações nos gestos motores, estas mudanças estão diretamente ligadas às características e princípios físicos que regem este meio. A marcha é um ato motor funcional adquirido na infância, repetido e automatizado. O objetivo é identificar como a resistência da água interfere no comportamento motor na marcha aquática. MÉTODO: realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica na base de dados da Bireme (LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Biblioteca Cochrane, SciELO). Os artigos estudados apresentam que a marcha pode ser definida e influenciada pelo seu histórico evolutivo, pelas variáveis do ambiente aquático (profundidade, densidade, fluxo), pelas caracteríticas do corpo em deslocamento (forma, composição, peso, etc). Os achados apontam para uma resposta somatosensorial, que se efetiva pela ação em função da composição, da forma, do peso, etc.(AU)

The aquatic environment causes many modifications in motor gestures, changes directly linked to the characteristics and physical principles that govern this medium. Gait is a functional motor act acquired in childhood, repeated and automated. The objective of this study was to identify how the resistance of the water interferes with the motor behavior in aquatic gait. METHODS: a review was carried out using the Bireme database (LILACS, IBECS, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, SciELO). The articles studied showed that gait could be defined and influenced by its historical evolution, the variables of the water environment (depth, density, flow) and the characteristics of the body being displaced (shape, composition, weight, etc). The findings point to a somatosensory response that is enabled by the action as a function of the composition, shape, weight, etc.(AU)