Development of an ombrotrophic peat bog (low ash) reference material for the determination of elemental concentrations.

Given the increasing interest in using peat bogs as archives of atmospheric metal deposition, the lack of validated sample preparation methods and suitable certified reference materials has hindered not only the quality assurance of the generated analytical data but also the interpretation and comparison of peat core metal profiles from different laboratories in the international community. Reference materials play an important role in the evaluation of the accuracy of analytical results and are essential parts of good laboratory practice. An ombrotrophic peat bog reference material has been developed by 14 laboratories from nine countries in an inter-laboratory comparison between February and October 2002. The material has been characterised for both acid-extractable and total concentrations of a range of elements, including Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The steps involved in the production of the reference material (i.e. collection and preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and certification) are described in detail.

Stable lead isotopes and lake sediments--a useful combination for the study of atmospheric lead pollution history.

Analysis of stable lead isotopes and lead concentrations in lake-sediment deposits, not least in varved (annually-laminated) sediments, is a useful method to study lead pollution history. This paper presents details from a study of 31 lakes in Sweden. Using a strong acid digestion of sediment samples and ICP-MS analyses, we have found that Swedish lake sediments have a high natural (pre-pollution) 206[Pb]207[Pb] ratio (mean 1.52+/-0.18, range 1.28-2.01, n=31 lakes). In contrast, atmospheric lead pollution derived from metal smelting processes, coal burning and from alkyl-lead added to petrol has a lower ratio (< 1.2). Consequently, when pollution lead deposition began approximately 3500 years ago, the lead isotope ratio of the sediments started to decline, and in modern sediments it is typically < 1.2. Using the isotope and concentration values and a mixing model, the relative contribution of pollution and natural lead in sediment samples can be calculated. The pollution lead records of the Swedish lake sediments show a consistent picture of the atmospheric lead pollution history. Some noticeable features are the Roman peak (approx. 0 AD), the large and permanent Medieval increase (approx. 1000 AD), peaks at approximately 1200 and 1530 AD, the rapid increase after World War II, the peak in the 1970s, and the large modern decline.

Mercury accumulation rates and spatial patterns in lake sediments from west Greenland: a coast to ice margin transect.

The Arctic is recognized as an important focus for long-range transport of contaminants, such as mercury (Hg), from industrial regions at lower latitudes. In addition to large geographic gaps, there are few long-term retrospective time trends in arctic research, besides the Greenland ice record, to assess the onset of atmospheric pollution as well as to establish the rates of change in the terrestrial environment. In a study of sediments from 21 lakes along a 150 km transect from the coast to the ice sheet margin in the Søndre Strømfjord (Kangerlussuaq) region, we present stratigraphic evidence for elevated Hg inputs to this ice-free region on Greenland's west coast. Nineteen study lakes showed Hg concentration enrichments (HgEFconc) in surface compared to deeper sediments, with a mean HgEFconc of 3. Higher HgEFconc are found in lakes closest to the ice margin. The existence of this Hg gradient is supported by pollution Hg inventories in three 210Pb-dated cores. While 210Pb inventories and Pb pollution are higher at the coast, pollution Hg inventories are nearly 3-fold higher at the ice margin (570 micrograms m-2) than at the coast (210 micrograms m-2). These dated cores also indicate an onset of Hg pollution in the region beginning at least by the late 19th century but possibly as early as the 17th century.

Sediment evidence of early eutrophication and heavy metal pollution of Lake Mälaren, central Sweden.

Lake Mälaren is the water supply and recreation area for more than 1 million people in central Sweden and subject to considerable environmental concern. To establish background data for assessments of contemporary levels of trophy and heavy metal pollution, sediment cores from the lake were analyzed. Diatom-inferred lake-water phosphorus concentrations suggest that pre-20th century nutrient levels in Södra Björkfjärden, a basin in the eastern part of Mälaren, were higher (c. 10-20 micrograms TP L-1) than previously assumed (c. 6 micrograms TP L-1). Stable lead isotope and lead concentration analyses from 3 basins (S. Björkfjärden, Gisselfjärden and Asköfjärden) show that the lake was polluted in the 19th century and earlier from extensive metal production and processing in the catchment, particularly in the Bergslagen region. The lake has experienced a substantial improvement of the lead pollution situation in the 20th century following closure of the mining and metal industry. The lead pollution from the old mining industry was large compared to late-20th century pollution from car emissions, burning of fossil fuels and modern industries.

A palaeolimnological assessment of diatom production responses to lake acidification.

To quantify diatom palaeoproduction responses to lake acidification, a whole-basin diatom accumulation rate was calculated for the small acidified lake Gaffeln, in the Gårdsjön catchment in south-west Sweden. Changes in the relative frequency of diatom assemblages to acidification were typical of other lakes in the area, notably a decline in planktonic diatoms after approximately 1900 and increase in acid-tolerant benthic species (e.g. Eunotia spp. and Tabellaria binalis). Single deep-water cores could be used to infer past changes in diatom production because of changed sediment-microfossil deposition patterns, probably due to the development of a benthic algal mat in the littoral zone. The basin mean total diatom accumulation rate (based on eight cores) was approximately constant over the last 150 years, while planktonic diatoms decreased from 0.3 x 10(6) frustules cm(-2) year(-1) prior to 1900 to trace levels in the 1970s. There was, however, a corresponding increase in the accumulation of benthic diatoms over the same period, from 0.5 to 1 x 10(6) frustules cm(-2) year(-1) between 1950 and the present, together with changed community structure. The increase in benthic species probably reflects an expansion of the littoral zone as light transparency increased.

Viable endospores of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in lake sediments as indicators of agricultural history.

Bacteria of the genus Thermoactinomyces form endospores with an extreme longevity in natural habitats. We isolated Thermoactinomyces sacchari from 9,000-year-old varved (annually laminated) sediment; thus, T. sacchari is probably one of the oldest known living organisms. More importantly, we tested and verified the hypothesis that there is a relationship between concentrations of dormant, viable endospores of T. vulgaris in lake sediments and the extent of agriculture in the catchments of the lakes. In surface sediments, low concentrations were recorded in forest lakes and the concentrations increased with increasing areas of cultivated land around the lakes. In varved sediment cores from three lakes, we found a temporal relationship between records of T. vulgaris endospores and the pollen of plants indicating agriculture. Endospores were very rare in sediments deposited before agriculture, ca. 1100 A.D. From then to between 1300 and 1700 A.D., a period with restricted cultivation, low but more regular rates of accumulation of endospores were recorded. High endospore accumulation rates were found with the subsequent agricultural expansion. This investigation confirms suggestions that this bacterium could be used as a paleoindicator for agricultural activity and be complementary to pollen analyses. Viable bacteria in continuous records of lake sediments are also potential material for evolutionary studies.