RESUMEN
Although antipsychotics are established drugs in schizophrenia treatment, they are admittedly known to induce side effects favoring the onset of obesity and worsening its complications. Despite potential involvement of histamine receptor antagonism, or of other neurotransmitter systems, the mechanism by which antipsychotic drugs increase body weight is not elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether chronic antipsychotic treatments can directly alter the regulation of two main functions of white adipose tissue: lipolysis and glucose utilization. The influence of a classical antipsychotic (haloperidol) was compared to that of two atypical antipsychotics, one known to favor weight gain (olanzapine), the other not (ziprasidone). Cell size, lipolytic capacity and glucose transport activity were determined in white adipocytes of rats subjected to 5-week oral treatment with these antipsychotics. Gene expression of adipocyte proteins involved in glucose transport or fat storage and mobilization, such as glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4), leptin, matrix metallo-proteinase-9 (MMP9), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) was also evaluated. Adipocytes from chronic olanzapine-treated rats exhibited decreased lipolytic activity, lowered HSL expression and increased FAS expression. These changes were concomitant to enlarged fat deposition and adipocyte size. Alterations were observed in adipocytes from olanzapine-treated rats whereas the other antipsychotics did not induce any notable disorder. Our results therefore show evidence of an effect of chronic antipsychotic treatment on rat adipocyte metabolism. Thus, impairment of fat cell lipolysis should be considered as a side effect of certain antipsychotics, leading, along with the already documented hyperphagia, to the excessive weight gain observed in patients under prolonged treatment..
Asunto(s)
Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Antipsicóticos/farmacología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos , Adipocitos/citología , Adipocitos/metabolismo , Animales , Benzodiazepinas/farmacología , Tamaño de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Esquema de Medicación , Ácido Graso Sintasas/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Graso Sintasas/genética , Ácido Graso Sintasas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/genética , Proteínas Facilitadoras del Transporte de la Glucosa/metabolismo , Haloperidol/farmacología , Masculino , Obesidad/inducido químicamente , Obesidad/metabolismo , Olanzapina , Piperazinas/farmacología , ARN/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Esterol Esterasa/efectos de los fármacos , Esterol Esterasa/genética , Esterol Esterasa/metabolismo , Tiazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Sleep depends on the quantity and quality of the diet. Several studies have shown that food deprivation results in a reduction in sleep duration. It has also been demonstrated that in the newborn, the supply of certain essential amino acids improves sleep through their action on the synthesis of specific neurotransmitters. The aim of the present study was to test if the quantity and/or quality of dietary protein could improve the recovery of sleep during re-feeding after caloric deprivation. Sleep parameters were compared in rats fed ad libitum, food restricted during 4 days, or reefed isocalorically after food restriction with three dietary regimens varying in terms of the amount (14% versus 30%) or quality (milk protein or alpha-lactalbumin) of protein. The results showed that sleep recovery, in particular slow-wave sleep, was improved in rats re-fed with alpha-lactalbumin. This result confirms the close relationship between feeding and sleep and suggest that alpha-lactabumin could be used to improve sleep in adult submitted to nutritional disturbances such as food restriction, shift work, Ramadan.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Privación de Alimentos/fisiología , Fases del Sueño/fisiología , Triptófano/fisiología , Animales , Peso Corporal/fisiología , Electroencefalografía/métodos , Masculino , Proteínas de la Leche/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Fases del Sueño/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Vigilia/fisiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among injection and noninjection drug users in Quebec City and to identify associated risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 738 drug users attending a sexually transmitted disease/HIV prevention and needle-exchange program in Quebec City, Canada. RESULTS: The prevalences of N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were, respectively, 0.4% (95% CI: 0.08%-1.2%) and 3.4% (95% Cl: 2.2%-5.0%). Through multivariate analysis, risk factors associated with sexually transmitted diseases were: among women, being aged between 20 and 24 years and having unprotected sex with commercial partners; in noninjection drug users; cocaine use and first intercourse before 13 years of age; in male noninjection drug users, having regular sexual partners in the previous 6 months. No case of HIV was found in participants who have never injected drugs, but the prevalence was 5.5% (6/110) among the exinjectors and 10.1% (35/347) in current injectors. CONCLUSION: Moderate sexually transmitted disease and HIV prevalences were found, although a high proportion of drug users reported risky behaviors. Needle-exchange program sites may offer a good opportunity to provide sexually transmitted disease/HIV prevention and medical services to drug users.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Chlamydia/epidemiología , Gonorrea/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Programas de Intercambio de Agujas , Abuso de Sustancias por Vía Intravenosa/complicaciones , Adulto , Infecciones por Chlamydia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Chlamydia/microbiología , Infecciones por Chlamydia/prevención & control , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Gonorrea/complicaciones , Gonorrea/microbiología , Gonorrea/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/prevención & control , Infecciones por VIH/virología , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Neisseria gonorrhoeae/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Orina/microbiología , Orina/virologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chlamydial infection in adolescents entering public juvenile facilities in the province of Quebec and the frequency of their risk behaviours for STDs and HIV infection. Adolescents were asked to complete an anonymous self-administered questionnaire and to be screened for Chlamydia trachomatis. Of 731 sexually active adolescents, 62% agreed to be tested. The overall prevalence rate was 7.7% (95% confidence interval: 5.1%-10.3%). The prevalence was significantly higher in female than in male teenagers: 12% vs 3% (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). These results suggest that screening for chlamydial infection should be offered to all sexually active female teenagers admitted into juvenile facilities. For males, selective screening taking into account sexual history would be a more realistic approach. The frequency of high risk activities for STDs and HIV infection points to the importance of specific prevention programs for this population.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente , Infecciones por Chlamydia/etiología , Chlamydia trachomatis , Delincuencia Juvenil , Prisioneros , Asunción de Riesgos , Conducta Sexual , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo , Prevalencia , Quebec , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
For a random sample of 1029 visits occurring over a 1-year period in a family medicine service 1067 diagnostic tests were done within 1 week (or within 3 weeks in the case of nuclear medicine) following the visit; this represents a mean of 1.04 tests, costing $ 8.30, per visit. There was no test ordered in most (62.5%) of the visits. The results of 909 tests were recorded; 36.6% were abnormal. The pattern of use of diagnostic tests varied considerably among the physicians; however, no association was observed between this pattern and the status of the physician, the site of the encounter, or the age or sex of the patient. There was a weak and not statistically significant correlation between the number of problems identified and the number of tests with abnormal results per visit. These results suggest that the problem of overuse of diagnostic tests may not be as acute in a family medicine service as it has been observed to be in other settings.