Effect of monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum on the treatment of river waters contaminated with landfill leachate/domestic wastewater in partially saturated vertical constructed wetlands.

Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs) are novel wastewater treatment systems that work through aerobic and anaerobic conditions that favor the removal of pollutants found in high concentrations, such as rivers contaminated with domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of PSV-CWs using monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum to treat river waters contaminated with leachates from open dumps and domestic wastewater. Six experimental units of PSV-CWs were used; two were planted with Typha latifolia monoculture, two with Heliconia psittacorum monoculture and two with polycultures of both plants. The results indicated better organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies (p < 0.05) in systems with polycultures (TSS:95%, BOD5:83%, COD:89%, TN:82% and NH4+:99%). In general, the whole system showed high average removal efficiencies (TSS:93%, BOD5:79%, COD:85%, TN:79%, NH4+:98% and TP:85%). Regarding vegetation, both species developed better in units with monocultures, being Typha latifolia the one that reached a more remarkable development. However, both species showed high resistance to the contaminated environment. These results showed higher removals than those reported in the literature with conventional Free Flow Vertical Constructed Wetlands (FFV-CWs), so PSV-CWs could be a suitable option to treat this type of effluent.

The research addresses the contamination of water resources in developing countries by landfill leachate and domestic wastewater discharges. It proposes treatment through Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs), which, despite the limited information available, have been shown to be effective in removing pollutants in effluents with high concentrations. In addition to evaluating PSV-CWs, the study examines the impact of different types of vegetation on pollutant removal efficiency, concluding that PSV-CWs are a promising and viable option for the treatment of these effluents.

Relative Water Content, Chlorophyll Index, and Photosynthetic Pigments on Lotus corniculatus L. in Response to Water Deficit.

This study aimed to evaluate different L. corniculatus L. ecotypes under water-deficit conditions to identify changes in relative water content and photosynthetic pigments as indicators of physiological responses during different years' seasons. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replicates. Ten treatments were performed as a factorial of 2 × 5, where the first variation factor was the soil water content-no water deficit (NDW) with 100% field capacity (FC), and water deficit (DW) corresponding to 85.4% of the FC-and the second variation factor comprised four ecotypes and one variety of L. corniculatus. A significant effect was identified on the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, mainly total chlorophyll, with chlorophyll a in the 255301 ecotype with records of 187.8, 167.5, and 194.6 mg g-1 FW in WD, corresponding to an increase of 86.0%, 172.6%, and 16.6%, respectively, in relation the lower values obtained in the ecotype 202700 under NWD. In carotenoids, higher concentrations were observed in the 255301 and 202700 ecotypes and the Estanzuela Ganador variety under WD in most seasonal periods, except summer; a similar response was found in the 202700 ecotype and the Estanzuela Ganador variety during the winter season, also in WD. The results showed that the first two principal components accounted for 71.8% of the total variation, with PC1 representing chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, and PC2 representing carotenoids, temperature, relative chlorophyll index, and relative water content. The observations were grouped based on soil moisture content, with the optimal moisture group exhibiting higher chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. The findings suggest that soil moisture content significantly affects the performance of L. corniculatus ecotypes, and the plant shows seasonal variations in response to water-deficit conditions. This research contributes to understanding the physiological responses of L. corniculatus and its potential as a water-efficient forage crop for promoting sustainable agriculture and enhancing food security.

Transient inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 after ischemia/reperfusion injury ameliorates chronic kidney disease.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, dapagliflozin (Dapa), exhibited nephroprotective effects in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed the efficacy of short-term Dapa administration following acute kidney injury (AKI) in preventing CKD. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to Sham surgery, bilateral ischemia for 30 minutes (abbreviated as IR), and IR + Dapa groups. Daily treatment with Dapa was initiated just 24 hours after IR and maintained for only 10 days. Initially, rats were euthanized at this point to study early renal repair. After severe AKI, Dapa promptly restored creatinine clearance (CrCl) and significantly reduced renal vascular resistance compared with the IR group. Furthermore, Dapa effectively reversed the mitochondrial abnormalities, including increased fission, altered mitophagy, metabolic dysfunction, and proapoptotic signaling. To study this earlier, another set of rats was studied just 5 days after AKI. Despite persistent renal dysfunction, our data reveal a degree of mitochondrial protection. Remarkably, a 10-day treatment with Dapa demonstrated effectiveness in preventing CKD transition in an independent cohort monitored for 5 months after AKI. This was evidenced by improvements in proteinuria, CrCl, glomerulosclerosis, and fibrosis. Our findings underscore the potential of Dapa in preventing maladaptive repair following AKI, emphasizing the crucial role of early intervention in mitigating AKI long-term consequences.

Assessment of the effectiveness of an introductory general chemistry course in dentistry students enrolled in a biochemistry course.

As a strategy to carry out a better achievement in the Biochemistry course, undergraduate dentistry education manage a traditional course on the basic concepts of general chemistry necessary in the understanding of Biochemistry. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of learning outcome, we aimed to develop an evaluation tool that was applied to first-year dental students before and after receiving the general chemistry classes. Randomized trial consisted of 50 items distributed in 10 categories. The evaluation was applied to the students who took the Oral Biology course in the periods comprising 2020, 2021, and 2022 to a population of 109 students. Our results showed that after receiving the course the improvement rate was 20.71% with significant differences in each category. In conclusion, the introductory course allows students coming from different school systems to attend Biochemistry with similar knowledge of general chemistry.

High-Intensity Ultrasound Processing Enhances the Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity and Microbiological Quality of Melon (Cucumis melo) Juice.

The bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity and microbiological quality of melon juice processed by high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) were studied. Melon juice was processed at two ultrasound intensities (27 and 52 W/cm2) for two different processing times (10 and 30 min) using two duty cycles (30 and 75%). Unprocessed juice was taken as a control. Total carotenoids and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were the bioactive compounds analyzed while the antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The microbiological quality was tested by counting the aerobic and coliforms count as well as molds and yeasts. Total carotenoids increased by up to 42% while TPC decreased by 33% as a consequence of HIUS processing regarding control juice (carotenoids: 23 µg/g, TPC: 1.1 mg GAE/g), gallic acid and syringic acid being the only phenolic compounds identified. The antioxidant capacity of melon juice was enhanced by HIUS, achieving values of 45% and 20% of DPPH and ABTS inhibition, respectively, while >120 mg TE/100 g was determined by FRAP assay. Further, the microbial load of melon juice was significantly reduced by HIUS processing, coliforms and molds being the most sensitive. Thus, the HIUS could be an excellent alternative supportive the deep-processing of melon products.

The genetic consequences of captive breeding, environmental change and human exploitation in the endangered peninsular pronghorn.

Endangered species with small population sizes are susceptible to genetic erosion, which can be detrimental to long-term persistence. Consequently, monitoring and mitigating the loss of genetic diversity are essential for conservation. The Peninsular pronghorn (Antilocapra americana peninsularis) is an endangered pronghorn subspecies that is almost entirely held in captivity. Captive breeding has increased the number of pronghorns from 25 founders in 1997 to around 700 individuals today, but it is unclear how the genetic diversity of the captive herd may have changed over time. We therefore generated and analysed data for 16 microsatellites spanning 2009-2021. We detected a decline in heterozygosity and an increase in the proportion of inbred individuals over time. However, these trends appear to have been partially mitigated by a genetically informed breeding management attempt that was implemented in 2018. We also reconstructed the recent demographic history of the Peninsular pronghorn, revealing two sequential population declines putatively linked to the desertification of the Baja California peninsula around 6000 years ago, and hunting and habitat loss around 500 years ago, respectively. Our results provide insights into the genetic diversity of an endangered antelope and indicate the potential for genetically informed management to have positive conservation outcomes.

May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Venezuela, Latin America.

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in Venezuela. Raised blood pressure (BP) accompanied by diabetes mellitus, obesity, lipid abnormalities, and tobacco usage are the biggest contributors to mortality. The May Measurement Month (MMM) campaign is a global initiative aimed to raising awareness of hypertension, which has been conducted in Venezuela since 2017. MMM2019 included 24 672 subjects (mean age: 54.7 years, SD 25.2, 63.1% female). The proportion with hypertension was 48.9%; 14.3% were unknown hypertensives, 35.5% of those who receiving treatment had uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg); when considering all hypertensives, 53.3% were controlled. Sixty per cent of those on anti-hypertensive medication were on monotherapy, 27.7% were on two, and 7.7% were on three or more drugs. Body mass index, calculated for the total population, was on average 25.6 (SD: 4.8) kg/m2. 16.2% of participants were classified as obese, 34.0% as overweight, and 4.0% were classified as underweight. Diabetes mellitus was reported by 9.4%, smoking by 7.3%, and 10.5% reported drinking alcohol regularly. Conditions associated with higher BP levels were obesity, diabetes mellitus, and women with a history of hypertension during a previous pregnancy. These results are consistent with the two previous MMM campaigns and indicate that repeated screening can routinely identify hypertension. There is an urgent need for Venezuela to implement programmes of detection, treatment, and control not only for hypertension but also for other common cardiovascular risk factors.

Results of May Measurement Month 2018 campaign in Venezuela.

Cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, are the main cause of death in Venezuela; hypertension is the primary risk factor. The May Measurement Month (MMM) study is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of elevated blood pressure (BP). The previous MMM 2017 campaign showed 48.9% of participants had hypertension, higher than previous Venezuelan epidemiological studies. The MMM 2018 campaign included 28 649 participants screened [mean age: 54.2 (SD 15.13) years; female 62.8%] carried out mainly in pharmacies in 61 sites. Physical measurements included height, weight, and BP, taken in sitting position three times. After multiple imputations, 48.4% had hypertension, of which 87.7% were aware of their diagnosis. Of the individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 14.0% had hypertension and 33.7% of those receiving treatment had uncontrolled hypertension. Overall, the percentage of hypertensives with controlled hypertension was 54.8%. Body mass index was calculated for the total population, and it was on average 25.2 (SD: 4.65) kg/m2. Of all, 14.2% was classified as obese and 32.6% as overweight; meanwhile 4.8% as underweight. Diabetes was reported by 9.5%. These results suggest that repeated screening like the MMM campaign can routinely identify hypertension and consequently implement programmes of treatment in Venezuela, also other common risk factors, like obesity or diabetes.

Induction of innate immune response in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) embryos.

The immune response of commercially relevant marine invertebrates has been extensively studied, in search of new disease-control strategies. Immune training is considered a novel approach that could help improve resistance to different pathogens. Here, we stimulated the white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during embryo development by exposure to heat-killed bacteria and evaluated their effect on hatching, larval development, and the expression of immune-related genes. In addition, we evaluated its impact on the response of shrimp nauplii during a challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. We observed that the percentage of hatching and the resistance to bacterial infection increased due to the treatment of embryos with heat-killed cells of Vibrio and Bacillus. Apparently different stimuli could generate a differential pattern of gene expression, e.g., Vibrio induced a strong effector immune response whereas Bacillus elicited a protective immune profile. In addition, each response was triggered by molecular patterns detected in the environment. The results obtained in this study provide new insights for immune training to improve shrimp farming.

Nerve Transfer from the Long Head Triceps Nerve to Posterior Interosseous Nerve for Restoration of Wrist, Finger, and Thumb.

In brachial plexus injuries where the radial nerve is damaged, there is loss of wrist, finger, and thumb extension. Surgical options for treating brachial plexus injuries are case dependent. To restore finger and wrist extension, the median nerve is primarily utilized for nerve transfer. We describe a new technique in a young man who suffered a gunshot wound in the left axilla, injuring the radial, median, and ulnar nerves. To restore wrist, finger, and thumb extension, we designed and performed a new technique consisting of nerve transfer, an interposition sural nerve graft from the motor branch of the long triceps portion to the posterior interosseous nerve. Positive outcomes were seen after 18 months with postoperative recovery of the functionality of finger and wrist extension.

Results of the May Measurement Month 2017: blood pressure campaign in Venezuela-Americas.

Cardiovascular diseases, mainly coronary heart disease and stroke, are the first cause of death in Venezuela; and hypertension is the main risk factor. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of elevated blood pressure (BP) and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of regular screening programmes. Some representative studies indicate prevalence of hypertension in Venezuela between 24 and 39%, and control rate around 20%. Sixty-four sites were included to participate in MMM, mainly in pharmacies. Physical measurements included height, weight, and abdominal circumference. Blood pressure was measured in the sitting position three times after resting for 5 min, 1 min apart, using validated oscillometric devices. 21 644 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, 10 584 individuals [48.9% (50.7% male; 47.7% female)] had hypertension. Of individuals not receiving antihypertensive medication, 1538 (12.2%) were hypertensive. Of individuals receiving antihypertensive medication, 2974 (32.9%) had uncontrolled BP. About 16% had obesity calculated by body mass index; 43.8% of women and 20.7% of men had abdominal obesity. This was the largest BP screening carried out in Venezuela, in which 48.9% of the individuals had elevated BP, untreated hypertension was 12.2%, and one-third of subjects taking treatment were not controlled. About 16% had obesity by body mass index, and abdominal obesity is more common in women. These results suggest that repeated screening like MMM17 can identify hypertension in important numbers and can also evaluate programmes of hypertension treatment and control in Venezuela.

Efectos de un programa de competencias emocionales en la prevención de cyberbullying en bachillerato / Effects of an Emotional Competence Program on Cyberbullying Prevention in High School / Efeitos de um programa de competências emocionais na prevenção de cyberbullying no ensino médio

Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de un programa de competencias emocionales sobre las puntuaciones de cyberbullying en una muestra de bachilleres. Método. Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, con pretest-postest y grupo control, en 82 alumnos mexicanos de bachillerato. En el pretest y el postest se aplicó el Cyberbullying Questionnaire y para la intervención se diseñó un programa de competencias emocionales. Resultados. El pretest confirmó igualdad estadística intergrupal; el postest detectó diferencias y un tamaño del efecto mediano en las puntuaciones de victimización (p = 0.003, r = 0.33 [d de Cohen = 0.7]) y justificación (p = 0.002, r = 0.35 [d de Cohen = 0.7]). La comparación entre grupos indicó diferencias y un tamaño del efecto mediano: en el grupo control aumentó la victimización (p = 0.014, r = 0.27 [d de Cohen = 0.6]) y en el experimental disminuyó (p = 0.046, r = 0.22 [d de Cohen = 0.5]). Conclusión. El programa produjo un impacto positivo, significativo y un tamaño del efecto mediano sobre los puntajes de cyberbullying en alumnos de bachillerato y mostró eficacia en la prevención e intervención.

Objective. To assess the impact of an emotional competence program on cyberbullying scores in high school students. Method. The study conducted was quasi-experimental, with a pretest-posttest and a control group and was applied to 82 Mexican high school students; the CBQ was applied in pretest and posttest, a Likert scale with factors of victimization, perpetration and justification about the realization of cyberbullying; the intervention was an emotional competence program. The data analysis was performed with SPSS using non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U) and calculating the effect size with r of Rosenthal. Results. The pretest confirmed initial statistical equality; the posttest detected significant differences (p < 0.05) and medium effect size on victimization (p = 0.003, r = 0.33 [Cohen's d = 0.7]), and justification (p = 0.002, r = 0.35 [Cohen's d = 0.7]); the intragroup comparison indicated differences (p < 0.05) between both groups and a medium effect size; the control showed increase in victimization, (p = 0.014, r = 0.27 [Cohen's d = 0.6]), and the experimental showed decreased victimization (p = 0.046, r = 0.22 [Cohen's d = 0.5]). Conclusion. The emotional competence program produced a significant, positive impact and a medium effect size on the cyberbullying scores in high school students and showed efficacy in the prevention.

Escopo. Avaliar o impacto de um programa de competências emocionais sobre as pontuações de cyberbullying em uma amostra de estudantes do ensino médio. Metodologia. Foi feito um estudo experimental, com pre e post-teste e com grupo controle, em 82 alunos mexicanos de ensino médio. No pre e post- teste foi aplicado o Cyberbullying Qustionnaire, para a intervenção foi desenhado um programa de competências emocionais. Resultados. O pre- teste confirmou igualdade estatística intergrupal; o pos- teste detectou diferencias e um tamanho do efeito mediano nas pontuações de vitimização (p = 0.003, r = 0.33 [d de Cohen = 0.7]) e justificação (p = 0.002, r = 0.35 [d de Cohen = 0.7]); a comparação entre grupos indicou diferencias e um tamanho do efeito mediano, aumentando assim a vitimização no controle (p = 0.014, r = 0.27 [d de Cohen = 0.6]) e diminuindo no experimental (p = 0.046, r = 0.22 [d de Cohen = 0.5]). Conclusão. O programa produziu um impacto positivo, significativo e um tamanho do efeito mediano sobre as pontuações de cyberbullying em alunos do ensino médio e mostrou eficácia na prevenção e intervenção.

Molecular genetic analysis of two native desert palm genera, Washingtonia and Brahea, from the Baja California Peninsula and Guadalupe Island.

The complex geological and ecological processes that have generated high levels of biodiversity and endemism in the Baja California Peninsula have been the subject of intensive study. However, relatively little is known about phylogeography of the iconic endemic palm species of this region. We therefore analyzed a total of 2,294 bp of chloroplast and 738 bp of nuclear sequence data in 169 samples of five native palm species from Baja California, Sonora and Guadalupe Island. We found that Washingtonia and Brahea palms had low levels of genetic diversity and were highly structured, with the majority of species and major geographic regions being characterized by distinct haplotypes. We also found strong support for currently recognized species in Washingtonia, but our results were less clear cut for Brahea due to haplotype sharing. Furthermore, patterns of population structure were broadly consistent with historical vicariant events such as the inundation of the Isthmus of La Paz, the formation of the Sea of Cortez, and the more recent colonization and isolation of Guadalupe Island's palms. Our findings contribute toward a growing appreciation of the complexity of plant responses to past geological changes and also provide valuable baseline genetic data on relict American palm species.

Síndrome metabólico y otros factores asociados a gonartrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether an association exists between gonarthrosis and metabolic syndrome X (MS) as well as other potential risk factors. METHOD: Comparative cross-sectional study of 310 patients evaluated by pathology of knee grouped in patients with gonarthrosis and without it. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and laboratory data was obtained. Gonarthrosis was defined as a ≥ 2 score in Kellgren-Lawrence radiological scale, and MS was assessed using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Odds ratio and logistic regression were used for bivariate and multivariate analysis respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS in patients who had gonarthrosis was 79.9%, statistically higher than in patients without gonarthrosis (p = 0.001). Other factors that had a statistically higher frequency in this group included diabetes mellitus (p = 0.02) and hypertension (p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis revealed MS had an association with a higher prevalence of gonarthrosis (p = 0.003), while high density lipoproteins (p = 0.02) was associated with a lower prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: MS and its related alterations are associated to gonarthrosis; their adequate control could prevent patients from developing the disease.

Café e hipertensión arterial en la población de los andes de venezuela: resultados preliminares del estudio EVESCAM / Coffee and hypertension in the andean population of venezuela: the EVESCAM study preliminary results

La asociación entre el consumo de café y la presencia de hipertensión arterial (HTA) es contradictoria y no ha sido estudiada en Venezuela. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación del consumo de café con la presión arterial y la prevalencia de HTA en una población adulta de la región de los Andes de Venezuela. Métodos: Durante los años 2015 ­ 2016, 418 sujetos de 20 o más años de edad fueron seleccionados por un muestreo aleatorio estratificado polietápico de 5 poblaciones de la región de los Andes. En cada participante se aplicó un cuestionario estándar, un cuestionario de frecuencia de ingesta de alimentos, incluyendo consumo de café, se tomaron medidas antropométricas y se midió la presión arterial. Resultados: La edad media fue 51,1 ± 0,80 años y un 66,1% fueron mujeres. El 93,2% reportó consumir café, de los cuales, el 90% lo ingería diariamente. Los hombres tenían mayor edad, presión sistólica, diastólica, y mayor prevalencia de HTA que las mujeres (53,6 ± 1,43 y 49,8 ± 0,96 años; 135,7 ± 1,99 y 125,0 ± 1,36 mmHg; 77,2 ± 1,08 y 74,0 ± 0,71 mmHg; 50,0 y 35,9%, respectivamente, p<0,05). No se encontró una asociación significativa entre la presión arterial y la prevalencia de HTA, con la frecuencia de consumo de café o la cantidad de tazas de café consumidas diariamente. Conclusión: El consumo de café y la hipertensión arterial son altamente prevalentes en los Andes de Venezuela, pero no se encontró una asociación entre ambas variables(AU)

The association between coffee consumption and the presence of hypertension is contradictory and has not been studied in Venezuela. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between coffee consumption, blood pressure, and the prevalence of hypertension in an adult population of the Andes region of Venezuela. Methods: During the years 2015-2016, 418 subjects aged 20 years and older were selected by a multistage stratified random sampling from 5 populations of the Andes region. In each participant, a standard questionnaire, a food frequency questionnaire including coffee consumption, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure, were obtained. Results: The mean age was 51.1 ± 0.80 years and 66.1% were women. Ninety-three percent reported consuming coffee, of which 90% consumed daily. Men had older age, and higher systolic, diastolic, and hypertension prevalence than women (53.6 ± 1.43 and 49.8 ± 0.96 years; 135.7 ± 1.99 and 125.0 ± 1.36 mmHg; 77.2 ± 1.08 and 74.0 ± 0.71 mmHg; 50.0 and 35.9%, respectively, p<0.05). There was no significant association between blood pressure, the prevalence of hypertension, and the frequency of coffee consumption or the number of coffee cups daily. Conclusion: Coffee consumption and hypertension are highly prevalent in the Andes of Venezuela, but no association was found between them(AU)

Shelf life, physicochemical, microbiological and antioxidant properties of purple cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) juice after thermoultrasound treatment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in color, betalain content, browning index, viscosity, physical stability, microbiological growth, antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of purple cactus pear juice during storage after thermoultrasonication at 80% amplitude level for 15 and 25 min in comparison with pasteurized juice. Thermoultrasound treatment for 25 min increased color stability and viscosity compared to treatment for 15 min (6.83 and 6.72 MPa, respectively), but this last parameter was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to the control and pasteurized juices (22.47 and 26.32 MPa, respectively). Experimental treatment reduced significantly (p<0.05) sediment solids in juices. Total plate counts decreased from the first day of storage exhibiting values of 1.38 and 1.43 logCFU/mL, for 15 and 25 min treatment, respectively. Compared to the control, both treatments reduced enterobacteria counts (1.54 logCFU/mL), and compared to pasteurized juice decreased pectinmethylesterase activity (3.76 and 3.82 UPE/mL), maintained high values of ascorbic acid (252.05 and 257.18 mg AA/L) and antioxidant activity (by ABTS: 124.8 and 115.6 mg VCEAC/100 mL; and DPPH: 3114.2 and 2757.1 µmol TE/L). During storage thermoultrasonicated juices had a minimum increase in pectinmethylesterase activity (from day 14), and exhibited similar total plate counts to pasteurized juice. An increase of phenolic content was observed after 14 days of storage, particularly for treatment at 80%, 25 min, and an increase in antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH) by the end of storage.

Incidencia de parálisis neuromuscular residual post anestesia general en pacientes de la Unidad de Recuperación de Cirugías programadas del Hospital Nacional Sergio E. Bernales, Abril - Junio 2013 / Incidence of residual neuromuscular paralysis post anesthesia general in patients of Surgical Recovery Unit scheduled at the National Hospital Sergio E. Bernales, April - June 2013

Introducción: El bloqueo neuromuscular residual (BNR) es una de las principales complicaciones relacionadas con el uso de agentes bloqueantes neuromusculares despolarizantes (BNM) durante la anestesia general. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar cuál es la incidencia de pacientes con relajación muscular residual en la unidad de recuperación de cirugías programadas y a que factores se encuentra asociado. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal. Se determinara la presencia de relajación muscular residual mediante un monitor de relajación (TOF) en la Unidad de Recuperación (URPA). El análisis de los datos será descriptivo y analítico, los datos se presentaran en tablas y gráficos de dispersión. Resultados: Fueron reclutados 62 pacientes, 22 (35.5 por ciento) presentaron BNR. Resultados con asociación significativa, Neostigmina * BNR: X2=2.93, a=0.08. Horas de exposición * TOF<90 por ciento: R2=0.15, F=3.48, a<0.05. SatO2 * BNR (llegada URPA): Z=-6.50, a<0.05. Presión arterial media * BNR (salida URPA): t=2.28, a<0.05. Ventilación Espontanea * BNR: X2=8.21, a<0.05. Signos y síntomas * BNR: Rho=0.26, a<0.05. Conclusiones: El BNR se presentó en el 35.5 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados, hay una tendencia hacia el uso de neostigmina como factor protector. Las horas de exposición al relajante muscular en pacientes con TOF <90 por ciento se asocia con menores valores de TOF. El BNR influye en la presencia de hipoxia a la llegada a URPA, y de menor presión arterial media a la salida URPA. La ventilación espontánea es de menor calidad en pacientes con BNR. La ausencia de signos y síntomas se correlaciono con pacientes sin BNR, pero los mismos se presentaron en ambos grupos.

Introduction: Residual neuromuscular blockade (BNR) is a major complication associated with the use of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMB) during general anesthesia. The objective of this study is to determine the incidence of patients with residual muscle relaxation recovery unit as elective surgery is associated with factors. Methodology: Observational, transversal. To be determined the presence of residual muscle relaxation using a relaxation monitor (TOF) in the Recovery Unit (URPA). The data analysis will be descriptive and analytical data are presented in tables and scatter plots. Results: 62 patients were recruited, 22 (35.5 per cent) had BNR. Results with significant association, Neostigmine * BNR: X2=2.93, a=0.08. Hours of exposure * TOF<90 per cent: R2=0.15, F=3.48, a<0.05. Sat02 * BNR (URPA arrival): Z=-6.50, a<0.05. Mean arterial pressure * BNR (output URPA): t=2.28, a<0.05. Spontaneous Ventilation * BNR: X2=8.21, a<0.05. Signs and symptoms * BNR: Rho=O.26, a<0.05. Conclusions: The BNR presented in 35.5 per cent of patients studied, there is a trend towards the use of neostigmine as a protective factor. The hours of exposure in patients with muscle relaxant TOF<90 per cent were associated with lower values TOF. The BNR influence the presence of hypoxia on arrival to URPA, and lower mean arterial pressure at the exit URPA. Spontaneous ventilation is of lower quality in patients with BNR. The absence of signs and symptoms was correlated with patients without BNR, but these occurred in both groups.

Intubación traqueal retrógrada en paciente con anquilosis de la articulación temporomaxilar / Retrograde tracheal intubation in a patient with temporomaxillary joint ankylosis

La vía aérea difícil es uno de los mayores retos para el anestesiólogo y la técnica de intubación traqueal retrógrada es considerada una opción válida pero poco utilizada cuando se presenta una intubación difícil. Se comunica el caso de un paciente de 59 años, programado para amputación supracondílea de pierna, con antecedente de anquilosis de la articulación temporomaxilar secundaria a fractura de la rama ascendente del maxilar inferior. Al examen físico presentaba limitación marcada de la apertura bucal. La cirugía se programó bajo anestesia general y ante la imposibilidad de una intubación convencional, se decidió realizar una intubación traqueal retrógrada. El procedimiento se llevó a cabo con éxito e hizo posible la intervención quirúrgica.

Difficult airway is one of the biggest challenges for the anesthesiologist and the technique of retrograde tracheal intubation is considered an option but subutilized when there is difficult in intubation. We report the case of a 59 year-old patient scheduled for supracondylar amputation of his leg, with a history of temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to fracture of the mandibular ramus. Physical examination showed marked limitation of mouth opening. Surgery was scheduled under general anesthesia and because the impossibility of conventional intubation retrograde tracheal intubation was performed. The procedure was carried out successfully and surgery was possible.

II norma venezolana para el monitoreo ambulatorio de presión arterialy automedición de presión arterial / II venezuelan norms for ambulatory monitoring of arterial pressure and self measurement

Durante los últimos 30 años el monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial ha pasado de ser un método selectivo de investigación farmacológica a ser un método invaluable en el diagnóstico y valoración terapéutica del paciente hipertenso. Sin embargo, ha habido una variedad de criterios en la evaluación e interpretación de los resultados; de ahí la necesidad de presentar el estado del arte en cuanto al uso de esta metodología en la práctica clínica. Los valores de normalidad de la presión arterial medida a través del monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial se diferencian de aquellos tomados en la consulta y en el hogar; así como, si se hacen durante el período de vigilia o sueño. La II Norma Venezolana para el Monitoreo Ambulatorio de la Presión Arterial y Monitoreo de Presión en el Hogar reportalos valores considerados normales; las indicaciones de su uso; la interpretación de los resultados; los equipos validados y recomendados en los ámbitos mundiales y nacionales; así los datos mínimos que debe poseer el reporte del monitoreo ambulatorio de la presión arterial.

During the past 30 years ambulatory blood pressure monitoring has gone from being a selective method of pharmacological research to a valuable method for the diagnosis and therapeutic assessment of patients with hypertension. However, there area variety of criteria for the evaluation and interpretation of results; hence the need for a state of the art approach to the use of this methodology in clinical practice. Normal blood pressure values measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring are different from those obtained in the clinic and in the home; as well as, during periods of wakefulness and sleep. The II Venezuelan Standards for Ambulatory Monitoringof Arterial Pressure and Monitoring of Pressure in the Home provide normal values; indications for use; interpretation of results; validated equipment as well as global and national recommendations; and the minimum data that a report should contain.