Estudio sobre los factores de riesgo de caries y evaluación de un test indicador del pH y revelado de la placa y la capacidad tampón de la saliva / No disponible

Objetivos: cuantificar los factores de riesgo de caries y determinar la asociación entre losvalores del pH de la placa, la capacidad tampón de la saliva y el revelado de la placa con losíndices de caries.Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal. Selección: muestreo consecutivo. Población:339 niños de 6 años y 258 de 12, (319 varones y 278 hembras). Encuesta a los padres,exploración bucal y realización de tres pruebas incruentas sobre el niño. Variables: nacionalidad,índices de caries, cepillado dental, consumo de azúcares, empleo de colutorios fluorados, pH dela placa, capacidad tampón de la saliva, índice de placa coloreada, lesiones en dientes y superficiesresistentes, caries activas, empastes en mal estado y presencia de aparatología ortodóncica.Resultados: un 5,2% (31/597) son inmigrantes. Índice co(d) (media del número de piezasdentarias temporales careadas y empastadas) 6 años: 1,5. Índice CAO(D) (media del númerode piezas dentarias definitivas con caries, extraídas por caries y empastadas) 12 años: 1,08. Un89,3% (533/597) se cepilla al menos una vez al día; sólo el 4,5% lo hace correctamente. Consumoocasional de azúcares entre comidas: 36,7% (219/597). El pH de la placa es alcalino enun 42,4% (253/597). La saliva tiene una capacidad tampón normal en el 22,3% (133/597).Hay 156 (26,1%) con caries activas. Encontramos asociación significativa estadísticamente (p< 0,05) entre el pH de la placa ácido y valores más altos de caries.Conclusiones: es más fácil cepillarse que mantener hábitos dietéticos saludables. La calidaddel cepillado es muy baja. Tan solo la prueba del pH de la placa tiene utilidad predictiva(AU)

Objectives: quantify the factors of dental caries risk as well as determine the associationamong dental plaque pH values, the buffer capacity of the saliva and the revealed of theplaque with the tooth decay indexes.Material and methods: cross-sectional study. Selection: serial sampling. Population of:339 sample group of 6 years old children and 258 sample group of 12 years old children(319 male and 278 female, 597 in total). Survey to parents, oral examination and realizationof three non-invasive tests on each child. Variables: nationality, dental caries indexes,dental brushing, sugar consumption, use of fluoride mouthwashes, pH of the plaque, buffercapacity of the saliva, index of coloured plaque, injuries in teeth and resistant surfaces, activedecay , fillings in poor condition and orthodontic treatments.Results: regarding the whole sample of 597 people, 5.2% (31/597) are immigrants. Indexco(d) at six years: 1.5. CAO (D) at twelve: 1.08. Eighty-nine and three percent(533/597) brush their teeth at least once a day, even though only 4.5% do it correctly. Onthe other hand, 36.7% (219/597) occasionally consume sugars between meals. The pH ofthe plaque is alkaline in 42.4% (253/597) and the saliva has a normal buffer capacity in22.3% (133/597). There are 156 cases (26.1%) with active decay. An association statisticallysignificative (p<0.05) has been found between the pH of the acid plaque and highervalues of tooth decay.Conclusions: we found that it is easier to brush one’s teeth than maintaining healthydietetic habits. When brushing one’s teeth the quality of brushing is very poor. Testing thepH of the plaque is the only fact that is useful as a prediction(AU)

Genetic and environmental sources on familial transmission in Basque families. II. Stature, weight and body mass index.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The present research analyses a cross-sectional sample of 359 individuals (107 fathers, 107 mothers, 71 sons and 74 daughters) in 107 nuclear families from the Basque Country (Spain). The aim was the estimation of both transmissible and non-transmissible components acting on familial resemblance for stature, weight and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: Standardized data of each generation and sex were adjusted to a BETA model of path analysis independent of sex effects, allowing the possibility of differentiating between transmissible (genetic and cultural) and non-transmissible (environmental) components acting on the observed phenotypic variance in Biscayan offspring. RESULTS: The results supported the full model of familial transmission for the three variables, in addition to other reduced models that gave rise to transmission effects regardless of any influence from the siblings' shared environment on the environmental transmitted component from their parents (b = 0), and without genetic effects on the phenotype (h = z = 0). The most parsimonious model was accepted for weight and rejected for stature and BMI. The correlations existing between children and their mothers were higher than those with their fathers. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed the hypothesis of maternal effects influencing the inheritance of stature.

Family resemblance for anthropometric traits. II. Assessment of maternal occupational and age effects.

The present study was based on a cross-sectional sample of 1326 subjects (197 fathers, 466 mothers, 307 sons and 356 daughters) belonging to 488 nuclear families from the province of Biscay (Basque Country, Spain), with the purpose of estimating the degree of familial resemblance, for several anthropometric traits, by analysing the correlation coefficients between parent-offspring pairs. Height, weight, biacromial and bicrystal breadths, humerus and femur biepicondylar breadths, arm, waist and hip circumferences, biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh and calf skinfolds were taken from each individual. BMI, WHR and the sum of the seven skinfolds was computed. The mother's occupation and the age of offspring were taken into account, since the combination of all these factors might have an effect on familial resemblance. The mothers were classified into housewife (HM) and working mothers (WM). The offspring were divided into prepuberal, puberal and postpuberal subgroups. Standardised residuals were used to compute father-offspring (FO) and mother-offspring (MO) relations through correlation coefficients computed by maximum likelihood. The results confirm the influence of age on the correlations, since FO correlations revealed an increasing trend in HM's children for weight and another six variables as they grew older. On the other hand, the weight change tends to decrease with age in FO correlations within the WM group. Depending on mother's occupation and children's age, the global trend in the sample results in higher correlations in the second group (WM) than in the first one (HM) for the whole age range, but specially in FO correlations before puberty, where four variables (weight, bicrystal breadth, triceps and subscapular skinfolds) yield statistically significant differences.

Nutritional status by socioeconomic level in an urban sample from Bilbao (Basque Country).

Anthropometry, records of food intake, and bioelectric impedance were gathered from a sample of 297 adults of both sexes who lived in marginal districts in the town of Bilbao and benefited from a program of social assistance. This survey aimed to determine present nutritional status and to ascertain the relationship between food intake and nutritional conditions. A comparative evaluation of anthropometry and food intake was then carried out using a reference from the Basque Country and a control sample from the same area but from better-off nutritional and socioeconomic conditions. Males from low socioeconomic status (SES) displayed lower heights and weights compared to the local reference and control sample. They showed higher skinfold thickness than males in the local reference but lower thicknesses than those in the control sample. All anthropometric variables, except height, were higher in women of low socioeconomic status compared to the local reference and control sample. Low socioeconomic males had lower estimated percentage of body fat than the control sample, while females showed the opposite pattern. On the other hand, estimates of food intake in males did not reveal great differences among samples from different socioeconomic backgrounds, while low SES females had greater intakes of food than the better-off control sample. Estimated zinc intake showed differences by SES in both sexes.

Familial resemblance for the age at menarche in Basque population.

A cross-sectional sample from Biscay province (Basque Country, Spain) composed of 296 subjects from 143 nuclear families was analysed. The aim of this research was to study familial resemblance for the age at menarche and to investigate the influence that BMI, fatness and several socio-familial variables have on the menarcheal age. The influence of these variables on the degree of similarity of mother-daughter and sister-sister pairs for the age at onset of menstruation will be determined. Mean ages at menarche of mothers estimated by retrospective methodology (12.88 years, SD = 1.57) and daughters assessed by probit analysis (12.34 years. SD= 1.00) showed no statistically significant differences. Mother-daughter and sister-sister correlations increased after controlling for BMI, fatness and several socio-familial variables (0.25 vs 0.36 and 0.28 vs 0.44, respectively). The results revealed the importance of BMI, fatness, socio-economic level and the number of people living together in the household on menarcheal age and on the estimation of correlations. However, no influence from sibship size (possibly because this variable is a part of the people living together in the household) nor from birth order of the subjects was observed.

Analysis of sibling resemblance in anthropometric somatotype components.

We analysed the Heath-Carter somatotype familial resemblance degree in a sample of 1350 siblings (685 males and 665 females) from 634 nuclear families in the province of Biscay (Basque Country, Spain). Sibling correlations were estimated according to maximum likelihood procedures for endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and somatotypical attitudinal distance (SADi), after having adjusted for age, sex and the two other components (Model I), and after taking into account several environmental variables shared by all members of each sibship (Model II). All sibling correlations of the somatotype components were significant, tending to be higher in the case of mesomorphy than in the case of endomorphy. Same-sex siblings (BB and SS) displayed significant mesomorphic and ectomorphic resemblances, but in the case of endomorphy, sisters (SS) revealed relatively low correlation compared with brothers (BB). The sex of sibs had a significant influence on correlations of mesomorphy, but not on the other two components. Further control of socio-familial variables such as the father's occupation and education, and the sibship size, resulted in lower mesomorphy correlation coefficients, but had no effect whatsoever on the other two components. SADi correlations were very low and not significant, indicating high degrees of dispersion in the individual somatotypes of the sample.

[An epidemic outbreak of mumps. A study of vaccinal efficacy]. / Brote epidémico de parotiditis. Estudio de la efectividad vacunal.

OBJECTIVE: Description of an outbreak of mumps in an urban area. Study of the effectiveness of the mumps component of the triple virus (TV) vaccination. DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive study of the outbreak. The cases were obtained from the Andalusian Register of Infectious Diseases (SVEA in Spanish). The effectiveness of the vaccine was studied through a retrospective cohort design, with the cohorts defined according to their vaccination history. SETTING: Urban area of low social class and income and young population pyramid. The outbreak occurred between March and November 1997. The effectiveness of vaccination at one school was studied. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS, RESIDENTS IN THE AREA: The source of the population was the 1996 municipal census. INTERVENTIONS: The declared cases of mumps were taken from the SVEA. The state of vaccination was documented through a review of the school registration records, vaccination cards and the health centre register of names. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 283 cases of mumps were declared. There were more cases in the 0-10 age group than at older ages. 79% of cases were vaccinated (95% CI, 74.3-73.7). Effectiveness of a dose of the mumps component of the vaccine was low (46%; CI, 0-84), though the effectiveness of a second dose was higher (87%; CI, 27-99). CONCLUSIONS: The low effectiveness of the mumps component of the TV vaccination was confirmed. It is proposed that the age for the second dose should be brought forward to school-starting age (primary, first year). Ensuring school vaccination is recommended.

Brote epidémico de parotiditis. estudio de la efectividad vacunal / Epidemic outbreak of mumps: study of the effectiveness of vaccination

Objetivo. Descripción de un brote de parotiditis en un barrio urbano. Estudio de la efectividad del componente parotídeo de la vacunación triple viral (TV). Diseño. Estudio descriptivo transversal del brote; los casos se obtienen del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológico andaluz (SVEA). La efectividad vacunal se estudia mediante un diseño de cohortes retrospectivo, definiendo las cohortes según los antecedentes de vacunación. Emplazamiento. Barrio urbano de nivel socioeconómico bajo y con una pirámide poblacional joven. El brote se desarrolla entre marzo y noviembre de 1997. La efectividad vacunal se estudia en un centro escolar. Pacientes u otros participantes. Residentes en el barrio. La fuente poblacional ha sido el padrón municipal de 1996. Intervenciones. Los casos de parotiditis declarados se tomaron del registro SVEA. El estado vacunal se ha documentado revisando las fichas de matriculación escolar, las cartillas de vacunación y el registro nominal del centro de salud. Mediciones y resultados principales. Se declaran un total de 283 parotiditis. La incidencia fue mayor en el grupo de edad de 0-10 años que en edades superiores. La proporción de casos vacunados fue del 79 por ciento (IC del 95 por ciento, 74,3-73,7). La efectividad de una dosis del componente parotídeo fue baja (46 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 0-84), siendo superior la encontrada para una segunda dosis (87 por ciento; IC del 95 por ciento, 27-99). Conclusiones. Se confirma la baja efectividad vacunal del componente parotídeo TV y se aconseja asegurar la vacunación escolar. Se propone adelantar la edad de la segunda dosis al ingreso en el centro escolar (1.° de primaria) (AU)

Sibling correlations of skin pigmentation during growth.

The present study is focused on the analysis of skin color correlations in a sample of 1039 siblings aged 4 to 20 years from the province of Biscay (Basque Country, Spain). Measurements were taken at the upper inner arm and forehead by means of an EEL DS29 Digital Unigalvo reflectance spectrophotometer fitted with filters 601, 605, and 609. The reflectance data were internally standardized according to sex and age of the individuals, and the analysis of the degree of similarity between siblings was based on the calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients. All 3 filters gave fairly high and statistically significant correlations regarding forehead skin color (between 0.28 and 0.45) for all types of siblings under consideration. However, with respect to filter 609 the arm reflectance values did not reveal correlation either between brothers (0.01) or between siblings (0.02), even though it did reveal correlation between sisters (0.29). When other filters or type of sibling were considered (also for arm), all coefficients happened to be statistically significant and relatively high (0.35-0.43). This study confirms that the degree of sibling resemblance with regard to skin pigmentation is influenced by growth factors and that the upper inner arm and the forehead skin patterns change with age in the sense that, during and especially after puberty, the coefficients of correlation are higher for arm reflectance than for forehead reflectance; the forehead is a site that is more influenced by environment.

Age variations in sibling correlations for height, sitting height and weight.

Familial correlations for height, sitting height and weight have been studied in a sample of 1278 siblings for the Biscay province (Basque Country), aged 4+ to 24+ years. The data have been internally standardized according to sex and age of individuals. The degree of resemblance among sibling has been expressed by intraclass correlation coefficients. The total sample has been divided into three age categories: < 12 years, 12-15 years, and > or = 15 years, in order to examine the effect of age on sibling correlations. In general, changes with age have been observed: sibling correlations for height show a clear upward trend through the considered growth period, reaching a value of 0.48 from 15 years of age. Intra-correlations for weight show a slight downward trend with age. Sitting height shows a rather low correlation before 12 years of age, but equally high values in the other two ranges of age (0.48 and 0.47, respectively). This study confirms that the sibling resemblance for the analysed trait fluctuated through the growth period--height and sitting height showing similar patterns of variation with age--and that, after puberty, the degree of genetic determination is higher for bone measurements than for weight.

Somatotypes of 14 to 19 years old urban boys and girls from Bilbao (Basque Country).

Following the anthropometric method of Heath-Carter (1967) individual somatotypes of a sample of 1260 school children (605 boys and 655 girls) living in Bilbao and aged between 14-19 years have been investigated. Age differences of the somatotype components and sexual dimorphism of the physique were also analyzed. In both sexes, somatotype varies with age. The main factor for these variations of the somatotype is in the boys the endomorphy, and in the girls the mesomorphy. The mean somatotypes of the total sample are in boys central (3.9-3.9-2.7) and in girls mesomorphic-endomorphic (5.3-3.1-2.3).

Menarcheal age in a sample of Basque schoolgirls: a comparative study with other Spanish populations.

Reported data on age at menarche in a sample of Biscayan schoolgirls are compared with data from several Spanish populations. Though the mean age falls in the range of variation of the Spanish means, the analysis of variance shows significant differences among the series. With regard to the possible secular trend of this event in the Biscay province, both a stability of menarcheal age and a diminution of the process of variability are observed.

Skin colour variability in Basque boys aged 8-19 years.

Skin colour variation with increasing age was analysed using a cross-sectional sample of 796 Basque boys aged from 8 to 19 years. Measurements were taken at the upper inner arm and forehead by means of an EEL DS29 Digital Unigalvo reflectance spectrophotometer with a nine-filter head. Ontogenic changes of skin pigmentation were found to be statistically significant. The influence of the month in which measurements were taken on reflectance values has been studied. Comparisons with another similar study (Pembrokeshire, Wales population) were carried out.

Age at menarche from a Biscayan coastal population (Basque Country).

Data on menarcheal age were collected by the status quo method on a sample of 894 schoolgirls (9-19 years of age), from the Biscay province coast (Basque Country, Spain). Logit analysis provided a mean age at menarche of 12.75 +/- 0.04 years with a standard deviation of 0.93. The result was compared with data from another previous Basque study.

A somatotypical study of the geographic variations between two Spanish populations.

Morphological differences between university students from Bilbao (Basque Country) and Madrid (Spanish Meseta) have been studied. The sample sizes are 99 and 119, respectively, and the age ranges from 18 to 22 years. The main differences between the two groups under study were observed concerning the skinfold thicknesses. Body weight, stature and limb girths do not show remarkable differences. The physiques, as judged from anthropometric somatotypes, differ in the first component (endomorphy): Basques have higher values.

Multiple sclerosis is associated with HLA-DR2 antigen in Spain.

One hundred and twenty-one Spanish multiple sclerosis patients were typed for HLA antigens. We found a significant increase of HLA-DR2 (p less than 0.004) compared with local normal controls. We confirm similar findings in other Caucasian populations.