Effect of social structure and introduction history on genetic diversity and differentiation.

Invasive species are a global threat to biodiversity, and understanding their history and biology is a major goal of invasion biology. Population-genetic approaches allow insights into these features, as population structure is shaped by factors such as invasion history (number, origin and age of introductions) and life-history traits (e.g., mating system, dispersal capability). We compared the relative importance of these factors by investigating two closely related ants, Tetramorium immigrans and Tetramorium tsushimae, that differ in their social structure and invasion history in North America. We used mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite alleles to estimate the source and number of introduction events of the two species, and compared genetic structure among native and introduced populations. Genetic diversity of both species was strongly reduced in introduced populations, which also differed genetically from native populations. Genetic differentiation between ranges and the reduction in microsatellite diversity were more severe in the more recently introduced and supercolonial T. tsushimae. However, the loss of mitochondrial haplotype diversity was more pronounced in T. immigrans, which has single-queen colonies and was introduced earlier. Tetramorium immigrans was introduced at least twice from Western Europe to North America and once independently to South America. Its monogyny might have limited genetic diversity per introduction, but new mutations and successive introductions over a long time may have added to the gene pool in the introduced range. Polygyny in T. tsushimae probably facilitated the simultaneous introduction of several queens from a Japanese population to St. Louis, USA. In addition to identifying introduction pathways, our results reveal how social structure can influence the population-genetic consequences of founder events.

The role of muscle activation in cruciate disease.

Traditional investigations into the etiopathogenesis of canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease have focused primarily on the biological and mechanical insults to the CCL as a passive stabilizing structure of the stifle. However, with recent collaboration between veterinarians and physical therapists, an increased focus on the role of muscle activity and aberrant motor control mechanisms associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and rehabilitation in people has been transferred and applied to dogs with CCL disease. Motor control mechanisms in both intact and cruciate-deficient human knees may have direct translation to canine patients, because the sensory and motor components are similar, despite moderate anatomic and biomechanical differences. Components of motor control, such as muscle recruitment and the coordination and amplitudes of activation are strongly influenced by afferent proprioceptive signaling from peri- and intra-articular structures, including the cruciate ligaments. In people, alterations in the timing or amplitude of muscle contractions contribute to uncoordinated movement, which can play a critical role in ACL injury, joint instability and the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). A better understanding of motor control mechanisms as they relate to canine CCL disease is vitally important in identifying modifiable risk factors and applying preventative measures, for development of improved surgical and rehabilitative treatment strategies. The purpose of this review article is to analyze the influence of altered motor control, specifically pelvic limb muscle activation, in dogs with CCL disease as evidenced by mechanisms of ACL injury and rehabilitation in people.

Everolimus versus mycophenolate mofetil in heart transplantation: a randomized, multicenter trial.

In an open-label, 24-month trial, 721 de novo heart transplant recipients were randomized to everolimus 1.5 mg or 3.0 mg with reduced-dose cyclosporine, or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 3 g/day with standard-dose cyclosporine (plus corticosteroids ± induction). Primary efficacy endpoint was the 12-month composite incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection, acute rejection associated with hemodynamic compromise, graft loss/retransplant, death or loss to follow-up. Everolimus 1.5 mg was noninferior to MMF for this endpoint at month 12 (35.1% vs. 33.6%; difference 1.5% [97.5% CI: -7.5%, 10.6%]) and month 24. Mortality to month 3 was higher with everolimus 1.5 mg versus MMF in patients receiving rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) induction, mainly due to infection, but 24-month mortality was similar (everolimus 1.5 mg 10.6% [30/282], MMF 9.2% [25/271]). Everolimus 3.0 mg was terminated prematurely due to higher mortality. The mean (SD) 12-month increase in maximal intimal thickness was 0.03 (0.05) mm with everolimus 1.5 mg versus 0.07 (0.11) mm with MMF (p < 0.001). Everolimus 1.5 mg was inferior to MMF for renal function but comparable in patients achieving predefined reduced cyclosporine trough concentrations. Nonfatal serious adverse events were more frequent with everolimus 1.5 mg versus MMF. Everolimus 1.5 mg with reduced-dose cyclosporine offers similar efficacy to MMF with standard-dose cyclosporine and reduces intimal proliferation at 12 months in de novo heart transplant recipients.

Economic policies for tobacco control in developing countries.

Raising tobacco taxes can have an income distributional impact on the population. Since lower socio-economic groups usually smoke more, they also contribute more to total cigarette tax collection. Thus, those who can afford it least contribute the most in terms of tobacco taxes. This means that tobacco taxes are regressive. However, tobacco tax increases are likely to be progressive, decreasing the relative tax incidence on the poor, vis-à-vis the rich. This is based on the premise that the poor are likely to be more sensitive to price changes, and would thus reduce their cigarette consumption by a greater percentage than the rich in response to an excise tax-induced increase in cigarette prices. Recent empirical studies confirm this hypothesis by demonstrating that the price responsiveness of cigarette demand increases with income. Research in China confirmed that reducing cigarette expenditures could release household resources for spending on food, housing, and other goods that improve living standards. Therefore, in the long run, tobacco control measures will reduce social inequality.

Economic policies for tobacco control in developing countries

Elevar impuestos al tabaco también puede provocar en la población un impacto de división. La recaudación de impuestos al tabaco se ha elevado desde que las personas de bajo nivel socio-económico fuman cada vez más y, de hecho, son los que más contribuyen al total de la recaudación. Esto significa que los impuestos son regresivos. Sin embargo, el impuesto al tabaco es probable que vaya en aumento, y con ello disminuiría la incidencia relativa de impuestos a la pobreza en relación con la riqueza. Esto se basa en la premisa de que la población de escasos recursos es más sensible a los cambios del precio del tabaco y, por tanto, reduciría su consumo, en comparación con lo que sucede en el porcentaje de la población de altos recursos respecto a un aumento del impuesto-inducido en el tabaco. Los estudios empíricos recientes confirman esta hipótesis y demuestran que el precio del cigarrillo experimenta un aumento con las ganancias. La investigación en China ratifica que reduciendo el consumo de cigarros se podrían ingresar mayores recursos para alimentación y sustento a las familias, así como otros productos que ayuden a incrementar su nivel de vida. Por lo tanto, a largo plazo, las medidas para el control de tabaco reducirían la inequidad social.

Transverse craniofacial features and their genetic predisposition in families with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transverse craniofacial form in families with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP). It was hypothesized that affected as well as noncleft NSCLP family members are characterized by a common array of craniofacial features that differ from the general population. DESIGN: This was a prospective cross-sectional investigation that included affected children with NSCLP and their noncleft parents and siblings. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: A total of 114 subjects (14 affected girls, 17 affected girls, 15 unaffected male siblings, 10 unaffected female siblings, 29 unaffected biological mothers, and 29 unaffected biological fathers) were included. Subject records comprised of posteroanterior cephalometric radiographs obtained from all 114 subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The width of midfacial structures, including the orbit and nose, was increased in NSCLP families, compared with published norms. Interestingly, the face was disproportionally wider in relation to total facial height. The transverse craniofacial form of children with or without clefts significantly correlated with that of their parents. Mothers displayed strong correlation with their affected and unaffected sons, whereas fathers correlated to their daughters, suggesting a possible sex-linked developmental influence. CONCLUSION: Better understanding of the genetic inheritance of craniofacial features associated with cleft lip and palate may ultimately contribute to the development of cleft risk assessment methods.

Análise cefalométrica lateral de voluntários assintomáticos e pacientes sintomáticos com e sem deslocamento de disco da ATM bilateral / Lateral cephalometric analysis of asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic patients with and without bilateral TMJ disc displacement

Poucos estudos têm sido realizados sobre a relação ortodôntica e as estruturas dentofaciais relativas à disfunção temporomandibular. Realizamos esta investigação para tentar determinar qualquer correlação de características ortodônticas e dentofaciais com deslocamento de disco da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) bilateral. Os pacientes sintomáticos e os voluntários assintomáticos (grupo de controle) foram examinados e padronizados em uma clínica especializada no tratamento de problemas ATM. Diferenças das características estruturais esqueletais foram determinadas entre três grupos de estudo: 1) voluntários assintomáticos sem deslocamento de disco da ATM, 2) pacientes sintomáticos sem deslocamento de disco da ATM e 3) pacientes sintomáticos com deslocamento de disco da ATM bilateral. Trinta e dois voluntários assintomáticos sem deslocamento de disco da ATM (25 mulheres, 7 homens) foram comparados com o mesmo número de pacientes sintomáticos sem deslocamento anterior de disco e pacientes sintomáticos com deslocamento de disco da ATM bilateral. Todos os participantes do estudo submeteram-se a um exame clínico padronizado, exame de ressonância magnética bilateral da ATM e análise de radiografia cefalométrica lateral. Os grupos foram formados de acordo com sexo, condição intracapsular da ATM, idade e classificação das maloclusões de Angle. Dezessete variáveis de radiografias cefalométricas laterais (dimensões maxilomandibulares, verticais e de base de crânio) foram avaliadas e comparadas entre os grupos de estudo. O ângulo SNB médio (interseção do plano sella-nasion e a linha nasion-ponto B - indicando retrognatismo mandibular relativo à base do crânio) do grupo de pacientes sintomáticos com deslocamento de disco foi significativamente menor do que o dos grupos dos voluntários assintomáticos e pacientes sintomáticos sem deslocamento de disco articular bilateral (p<0,05). As mulheres apresentaram medidas lineares de comprimento mandibular, altura facial inferior e altura facial anterior total menores do que os homens em todos os três grupos (p<0,05). O ângulo ANB médio (interseção dos planos ponto A-nasion e nasion-ponto B - indicando retrognatismo da mandíbula relativo à maxila) foi significativamente maior em mulheres do que em homens, em todos os grupos (p<0,05). Pacientes sintomáticos com deslocamento de disco bilateral apresentaram uma mandíbula retroposicionada, indicado por um ângulo SNB médio menor do que quando comparado com os voluntários...

Three-dimensional computerized tomographic scanning of craniofacial anomalies / Tomografia computadorizada tridimensional em anomalias craniofacial

Three-dimensional images were reconstructed from conventional CT scans with the use of special software. These reconstructed images did not exhibit magnification nor superimpositioning of structures. Quantitative measurements of three-dimensional craniofacial structures were very precise, and their form and continuity could be evaluated. The application of this technique will be demonstrated in three cases involved with craniofacial anomalies