Prevalence and forms of gender discrimination and sexual harassment among medical students and physicians in French-speaking Switzerland: a survey.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and forms of gender discrimination and sexual harassment experienced by medical students and physicians in French-speaking part of Switzerland. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted an online survey using a questionnaire of 9 multiple-choice and 2 open questions between 24 January 2019 and 24 February 2019. Our target population was medical students and physicians working at hospitals and general practitioners from the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The online survey was sent via social media platforms and direct emails. We compared answers between male-determined and female-determined respondents using either χ2 or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: Among 1071 responders, a total of 893 were included (625 females, 264 males, 4 non-binary and 1 non-binary and male). 178 were excluded because they did not mention their working place or were working only outside Switzerland. Because of the small number of non-binary participants, they were not contemplated in further statistical analysis. Of 889 participants left, 199 (31.8%) women and 18 (6.8%) men reported having personally experienced gender discrimination, in terms of sexism, difficulties in career development and psychological pressure. Among women, senior attendings were the most affected (55.2%), followed by residents (44.1%) and junior attendings (41.1%). Sexual harassment was equally observed among women (19.0%) and men (16.7%). Compared with men (47.0%), women (61.4%) expressed the need to promote equality and inclusivity in medicine more frequently (p<0.001), as well as the need for support in their professional development (38.7% women and 23.9% men; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gender discrimination in medicine in French-speaking Switzerland affects one-third of women, in particular, those working in hospital settings and senior positions.

How representative is a point-of-care randomized trial? Clinical outcomes of patients excluded from a point-of-care randomized controlled trial evaluating antibiotic duration for Gram-negative bacteraemia: a multicentre prospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Patients included in randomized controlled trials (RCT) are poorly representative of the general population. We compared outcomes of patients excluded from the PIRATE trial, a point-of-care RCT evaluating antibiotic durations for Gram-negative bacteraemia, with those of enrolled patients. METHODS: A prospective observational cohort study, 'EPCO' (Excluded Patients' Clinical Outcomes) included patients excluded from the PIRATE trial. As in PIRATE, whose patients were randomized to 7-day, 14-day, or C-reactive-protein (CRP)-guided antibiotic durations, EPCO's primary outcome was occurrence of clinical success at 30 days. We also compared baseline characteristics, outcome rates and treatment-effect estimates. RESULTS: In all, 405 patients were included in EPCO and compared with the 503 PIRATE patients. Reasons for exclusion were mainly medical (317/405; 78%), the most frequent being complicated infection. Excluded patients had more co-morbidities (Charlson median 3 versus 1, p < 0.001). Bacteraemia was more often health-care-associated (26% versus 9%, p < 0.001). The 30-day success rate was significantly lower among EPCO patients (299/396; 76% versus 469/493; 95%, p < 0.001), but the success rate was not significantly different for those excluded for non-medical reasons (68/75; 91%, p 0.09). There was no significant difference in failure rates of EPCO patients according to their treatment duration (difference 7 days versus 14 days: p 0.75; 7 days versus CRP-correspondent: p 1.00; 14 days versus CRP-correspondent: p 1.00). CONCLUSION: Although point-of-care-randomized trials are more inclusive and representative than traditional RCTs, they are still likely to select patients with lower failure risk. Shorter antibiotic durations were not associated with failure in either included or excluded patients, supporting the generalizability of the PIRATE trial's findings.

Role of Intermediate Care Unit Admission and Noninvasive Respiratory Support during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to shortage of intensive care unit (ICU) capacity. We developed a triage strategy including noninvasive respiratory support and admission to the intermediate care unit (IMCU). ICU admission was restricted to patients requiring invasive ventilation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients admitted to the IMCU. METHOD: Retrospective cohort including consecutive patients admitted between March 28 and April 27, 2020. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure avoiding ICU admission. Secondary outcomes included the rate of emergency intubation, 28-day mortality, and predictors of ICU admission. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-seven patients with COVID-19-associated pneumonia were admitted to the IMCU. Among the 85 patients admitted for worsening respiratory failure, 52/85 (61%) avoided ICU admission. In multivariate analysis, PaO2/FiO2 (OR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99) and BMI (OR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.98) were significantly associated with ICU admission. No death or emergency intubation occurred in the IMCU. CONCLUSIONS: IMCU admission including standardized triage criteria, self-proning, and noninvasive respiratory support prevents ICU admission for a large proportion of patients with COVID-19 hypoxemic respiratory failure. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, IMCUs may play an important role in preserving ICU capacity by avoiding ICU admission for patients with worsening respiratory failure and allowing early discharge of ICU patients.

Effect of C-Reactive Protein-Guided Antibiotic Treatment Duration, 7-Day Treatment, or 14-Day Treatment on 30-Day Clinical Failure Rate in Patients With Uncomplicated Gram-Negative Bacteremia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Antibiotic overuse drives antibiotic resistance. Gram-negative bacteremia is a common infection that results in substantial antibiotic use. Objective: To compare the clinical effectiveness of C-reactive protein (CRP)-guided, 7-day, and 14-day antibiotic durations 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment initiation. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter, noninferiority, point-of-care randomized clinical trial including adults hospitalized with gram-negative bacteremia conducted in 3 Swiss tertiary care hospitals between April 2017 and May 2019, with follow-up until August 2019. Patients and physicians were blinded between randomization and antibiotic discontinuation. Adults (aged ≥18 years) were eligible for randomization on day 5 (±1 d) of microbiologically efficacious therapy for fermenting, gram-negative bacteria in blood culture(s) if they were afebrile for 24 hours without evidence for complicated infection (eg, abscess) or severe immunosuppression. Intervention: Randomization in a 1:1:1 ratio to an individualized CRP-guided antibiotic treatment duration (discontinuation once CRP declined by 75% from peak; n = 170), fixed 7-day treatment duration (n = 169), or fixed 14-day treatment duration (n = 165). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the clinical failure rate at day 30, defined as the presence of at least 1 of the following, with a non-inferiority margin of 10%: recurrent bacteremia, local suppurative complication, distant complication (growth of the same organism causing the initial bacteremia), restarting gram-negative-directed antibiotic therapy due to clinical worsening suspected to be due to the initial organism, or death due to any cause. Secondary outcomes included the clinical failure rate on day 90 of follow-up. Results: Among 504 patients randomized (median [interquartile range] age, 79 [68-86] years; 306 of 503 [61%] were women), 493 (98%) completed 30-day follow-up and 448 (89%) completed 90-day follow-up. Median antibiotic duration in the CRP group was 7 (interquartile range, 6-10; range, 5-28) days; 34 of the 164 patients (21%) who completed the 30-day follow-up had protocol violations related to treatment assignment. The primary outcome occurred in 4 of 164 (2.4%) patients in the CRP group, 11 of 166 (6.6%) in the 7-day group, and 9 of 163 (5.5%) in the 14-day group (difference in CRP vs 14-day group, -3.1% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -∞ to 1.1]; P < .001; difference in 7-day vs 14-day group, 1.1% [1-sided 97.5% CI, -∞ to 6.3]; P < .001). By day 90, clinical failure occurred in 10 of 143 patients (7.0%) in the CRP group, 16 of 151 (10.6%) in the 7-day group, and 16 of 153 (10.5%) in the 14-day group. Conclusions and Relevance: Among adults with uncomplicated gram-negative bacteremia, 30-day rates of clinical failure for CRP-guided antibiotic treatment duration and fixed 7-day treatment were noninferior to fixed 14-day treatment. However, interpretation is limited by the large noninferiority margin compared with the low observed event rate, as well as low adherence and wide range of treatment durations in the CRP-guided group. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03101072.

Preventing Venous Thromboembolism in Ambulatory Patients with Cancer: A Narrative Review.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is frequent among patients with cancer. Ambulatory cancer patients starting chemotherapy have a 5% to 10% risk of cancer associated thrombosis (CAT) within the first year after cancer diagnosis. This risk may vary according to patient characteristics, cancer location, cancer stage, or the type of chemotherapeutic regimen. Landmark studies evaluating thrombophrophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for ambulatory cancer patients have shown a relative reduction in the rate of symptomatic VTE of about one half. However, the absolute risk reduction is modest among unselected patients given a rather low risk of events resulting in a number needed to treat (NNT) of 40 to 50. Moreover, this modest benefit is mitigated by a trend towards an increased risk of bleeding, and the economic and patient burden due to daily injections of LMWH. For these reasons, routine thromboprophylaxis is not recommended by expert societies. Advances in VTE risk stratification among cancer patients, and growing evidence regarding efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the treatment and prevention of CAT have led to reconsider the paradigms of this risk-benefit assessment. This narrative review aims to summarize the recent evidence provided by randomized trials comparing DOACs to placebo in ambulatory cancer patients and its impact on expert recommendations and clinical practice.

[Direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis]. / Anticoagulants oraux directs dans le traitement des événements thrombo­emboliques veineux liés au cancer.

The use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has been largely -implemented in the management of venous thromboembolic disease in non-cancer patients. In cancer-associated thrombosis, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) and especially dalteparin have long been the reference standard therapy. Following the publication of two randomised trials comparing edoxaban and rivaroxaban to -dalteparin, DOACs now represent an alternative with an interesting efficacy and safety profile. Moreover, they offer the comfort of an oral administration and a lower cost. In patients with gastrointestinal or genitourinary cancers however, a higher bleeding risk has been shown with DOACs. LMWHs thus remain the treatment of choice in this group of patients.

L'utilisation des anticoagulants oraux directs (ACOD) pour le traitement de la maladie thromboembolique veineuse (MTEV) chez les patients sans cancer est déjà largement implémentée. En cas de MTEV liée au cancer, les héparines de bas poids moléculaire (HBPM) et en particulier la daltéparine, ont longtemps ­représenté le traitement de référence. Suite à la publication de deux études randomisées récentes comparant l'édoxaban et le rivaroxaban à la daltéparine, les ACOD se sont révélés être une alternative efficace, avec un profil de sécurité satisfaisant, ­offrant par ailleurs le confort d'une administration orale et un coût moindre. Toutefois, en raison d'un risque hémorragique ­accru sous ACOD chez les patients avec un cancer de localisation digestive ou urogénitale, les HBPM restent le traitement de choix dans ce groupe de patients.

Stopping antibiotics after surgical amputation in diabetic foot and ankle infections-A daily practice cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The appropriate duration of antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot infections (DFI) after surgical amputations in toto is debated. There are discrepancies worldwide. METHODS: Using a clinical pathway for adult DFI patients (retrospective cohort analysis), we conducted a cluster-controlled Cox regression analysis. Minimum follow-up was 2 months. RESULTS: We followed 482 amputated DFI episodes for a median of 2.1 years after the index episode. The DFIs predominately affected the forefoot (n = 433; 90%). We diagnosed osteomyelitis in 239 cases (239/482; 50%). In total, 47 cases (10%) were complicated by bacteremia, 86 (18%) by abscesses and 139 (29%) presented with cellulitis. Surgical amputation involved the toes (n = 155), midfoot (280) and hindfoot (47). Overall, 178 cases (37%) required revascularization. After amputation, the median duration of antibiotic administration was 7 days (interquartile range, 1-16 days). In 109 cases (25%), antibiotics were discontinued immediately after surgery. Overall, clinical failure occurred in 90 DFIs (17%), due to the same pathogens in only 38 cases. In multivariate analysis, neither duration of total postsurgical antibiotic administration (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.99-1.01) nor immediate postoperative discontinuation altered failure rate (HR 0.9, 0.5-1.5). CONCLUSION: According to our clinical pathway, we found no benefit in continuing postsurgical antibiotic administration in routine amputation for DFI. In the absence of residual infection (ie, resection at clear margins), antibiotics should be discontinued.

Anticoagulant therapy for acute venous thrombo-embolism in cancer patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is usually recommended for the treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) but this treatment requires burdensome daily injections. We did a systematic review to compare the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and LMWH in patients with CAT. METHODS: We searched Pubmed, Embase and CENTRAL for randomised controlled trials comparing DOAC, VKA and LMWH in patients with CAT. Pairwise and network meta-analyses were computed for venous thromboembolism (VTE) recurrence and bleeding complications. RESULTS: We identified 14 studies, including 4,661 patients. In pairwise comparison, DOAC were superior to LMWH to prevent VTE recurrence (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.42-0.96) and LMWH was superior to VKA (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.40-0.70). The rate of major bleeding was higher with DOAC compared to LMWH (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.11-2.87). In the network meta-analysis, DOAC had a lower, but non-significant, rate of VTE recurrence compared to LMWH (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.54-1.01). Both DOAC (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.29-0.61) and LMWH (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.44-0.75) were associated with lower rates of recurrence compared to VKA. No significant difference in major bleeding rate was observed in the network meta-analysis. Inconsistency was observed between pairwise and network meta-analysis comparisons for major bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: DOAC are effective to prevent VTE recurrence in patients with CAT but are associated with an increased risk of bleeding compared to LMWH. The choice of anticoagulant should be personalised, taking into account the patient's bleeding risk, including cancer site, and patient's values and preferences.

[Recent developments in internal medicine]. / Développements en médecine interne hospitalière.

Whilst the practice of hospital based internal medicine is often carried out in tight collaboration with clinical specialities, in particular for deciding on the indication of interventional and diagnostic procedures, it is important to remain objective with respect to the indications and benefits of these acts. This is the case in areas such as cardiovascular medicine and nephrology. Recent studies also have the potential to modify current guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. This article discusses some of these selected subjects.

Si la pratique de la médecine interne hospitalière est souvent menée en étroite collaboration avec certaines spécialités cliniques, en particulier pour décider de certains gestes interventionnels et procédures diagnostiques, il est important de rester objectif quant aux indications et avantages de ces actes. C'est le cas dans des domaines tels que la médecine cardiovasculaire et la néphrologie. Des études récentes ont également le potentiel de modifier les lignes directrices actuelles pour la prise en charge de l'hypertension artérielle et de l'hypercholestérolémie. Cet article traite de certains de ces sujets sélectionnés.

PIRATE project: point-of-care, informatics-based randomised controlled trial for decreasing overuse of antibiotic therapy in Gram-negative bacteraemia.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotic overuse drives antibiotic resistance. The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for Gram-negative bacteraemia (GNB), a common community and hospital-associated infection, remains unknown and unstudied via randomised controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This investigator-initiated, multicentre, non-inferiority, informatics-based point-of-care RCT will randomly assign adult hospitalised patients receiving microbiologically efficacious antibiotic(s) for GNB to (1) 14 days of antibiotic therapy, (2) 7 days of therapy or (3) an individualised duration determined by clinical response and 75% reduction in peak C reactive protein (CRP) values. The randomisation will occur in equal proportions (1:1:1) on day 5 (±1) of efficacious antibiotic therapy as determined by antibiogram; patients, their physicians and study investigators will be blind to treatment duration allocation until the day of antibiotic discontinuation. Immunosuppressed patients and those with GNB due to complicated infections (endocarditis, osteomyelitis, etc) and/or non-fermenting bacilli (Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, Pseudomonas spp) Brucella spp, Fusobacterium spp or polymicrobial growth with Gram-positive organisms will be ineligible. The primary outcome is incidence of clinical failure at day 30; secondary outcomes include clinical failure, all-cause mortality and incidence of Clostridiumdifficile infection in the 90-day study period. An interim safety analysis will be performed after the first 150 patients have been followed for ≤30 days. Given a chosen margin of 10%, the required sample size to determine non-inferiority is roughly 500 patients. Analyses will be performed on both intention-to-treat and per-protocol populations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was obtained from the cantonal ethics committees of all three participating sites. Results of the main trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03101072; pre-results).

[Clostridia: toxin masters. Botulism: from botox to sausages?]. / Clostridia: maîtres en toxines. Le botulisme: du botox au saucisson?

Clostridia are ubiquitous Gram-positive bacteria whose toxins are responsible for serious diseases. In this article we report a case of foodborne botulism we have recently managed. Moreover, we briefly describe the major clinical syndromes caused by different species of Clostridium (except for C. difficile infections, as this subject has been previously extensively reviewed in this journal). Botulism causes a flaccid paralysis starting with cranial nerves. Administration of botulism anti-toxin should be rapidly considered as soon as botulism is suspected, as prognosis is largely dependent on timely treatment; alerting the public health authorities is equally important. In Switzerland botulinum antitoxin can be obtained from the pharmacy of the Swiss Army.