Goalball: comparación entre equipos masculinos y femeninos en los juegos paralímpicos 2016 / Goalball: comparison between men's and women's teams in the 2016 paralympic games

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivos conocer y comparar patrones de conducta ofensivo sen goalball, realizados por equipos masculinos y femeninos. Empleando la metodología observacional, se estudiaron las subfases del ataque control, preparación y lanzamiento, durante ocho partidos disputados en los juegos paraolímpicos Rio de Janeiro 2016. Respecto a las subfases control y preparación, el análisis de coordenadas polares indicó que en los partidos femeninos hay más continuidad y se invierte menos tiempo en la elaboración de los ataques. Respecto a los lanzamientos, en la categoría femenina activaron la aparición de gol los realizados sin cambiar de posición, los que utilizaron la técnica tradicional y aquellos con trayectoria del balón plana. En la categoría masculina, los realizados tras cambiar de posición, los que utilizaron la técnica de rotación y aquellos con trayectorias rectas y en bote. Estos hallazgos suponen una valiosa información para la preparación de entrenamientos y partidos. (AU)

The present research aimed to determine and compare behaviour patterns, in goalball, performed by male and female teams. Using the observational methodology, the sub-phases of the attack were studied control, preparation and throw, during eight matches played during the Paralympic games Rio de Janeiro 2016. Regarding the control and preparation sub-phases, the polar coordinate analysis indicated that in female matches there is more continuity and less time is spent in the preparation of attacks. Regarding the throws, in female category activate the goal emergence those that: are carried out without changing position, those that use a traditional technique and those that have a flat ball trajectory. However, throws that activate the goal emergence in male category are those that can be carried out after changing position, those using rotation technique and those that search for straight and bounce ball trajectories. These findings could be precious information in the preparation of training and competition. (AU)

Quality of life after Girdlestone resection arthroplasty. / Calidad de vida tras artroplastia resección de Girdlestone.

MAIN AIM: To know the result of the Girdlestone resection arthroplasty in the treatment of the infected hip arthroplasty. SECONDARY AIMS: To analyze the effectiveness in the control of pain and infection, the functional outcome and to contrast factors correlated with the final result. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case series with a total of 17 patients. The control of the infection was assessed according to the presence or absence of sinus, and the clinical status using EuroQol 5D scale, residual pain and limb length discrepancy. OUTCOMES: The most common infecting germ at the time of removal of the arthroplasty was Staphylococcus CN and one patient presented infection by Candida albicans. In 2 patients the draining sinus persisted. The residual dysmetria was 5.24cm. In the EQ-5D scale, the most affected dimensions were mobility, need for help for self-care and ability to carry out activities of daily life. 8 patients maintained, pain levels worse than 4 in the VAS. The variables of dysmetria were correlated inversely with health index (-0,54) and self-perceived general health status (-0,45). CONCLUSIONS: The Girdlestone resection arthroplasty is an alternative in the treatment of the infected hip arthroplasty. Patient perception is inversely corelated to residual dysmetria. The dysmetria is greater in women and in ages over 65 years.

Chronic fluoxetine treatment induces structural plasticity and selective changes in glutamate receptor subunits in the rat cerebral cortex.

It has been postulated that chronic administration of antidepressant drugs induces delayed structural and molecular adaptations at glutamatergic forebrain synapses that might underlie mood improvement. To gain further insight into these changes in the cerebral cortex, rats were treated with fluoxetine (flx) for 4 weeks. These animals showed decreased anxiety and learned helplessness. N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptor subunit levels (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, GluR1 and GluR2) were analysed in the forebrain by both western blot of homogenates and immunohistochemistry. Both methods demonstrated an upregulation of NR2A, GluR1 and GluR2 that was especially significant in the retrosplenial granular b cortex (RSGb). However, when analysing subunit content in postsynaptic densities and synaptic membranes, we found increases of NR2A and GluR2 but not GluR1. Instead, GluR1 was augmented in a microsomal fraction containing intracellular membranes. NR1 and GluR2 were co-immunoprecipitated from postsynaptic densities and synaptic membranes. In the immunoprecipitates, NR2A was increased while GluR1 was decreased supporting a change in receptor stoichiometry. The changes of subunit levels were associated with an upregulation of dendritic spine density and of large, mushroom-type spines. These molecular and structural adaptations might be involved in neuronal network stabilization following long-term flx treatment.

[Current research status in pharmaceutical care]. / Estado actual de la investigación en atención farmacéutica.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review of studies on pharmaceutical care research from June 1999 to June 2004 was carried out. METHOD: Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, IDIS, and Teseo were used as data sources. Works were categorized according to evidence levels and recommendation grades in clinical practice guidelines. The JADAD method was used for quality quantification. RESULTS: In all, 129 references were found; 19.4% (n = 25) were randomized studies; 2.3% (n = 3) had blinded assessors; losses to follow-up were documented in 7.8% (n = 10); 4.7% (n = 6) had a Jadad score= 3; 8.5% (n = 11), 14.7% (n = 19), 5.4% (n = 7), and 20.9% (n = 27) had evidence levels Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb, respectively; 44.2% (n = 57) and 6.2% (n = 8) had levels III and IV, respectively; 23.3% (n = 30) had a recommendation grade A; 26.4% (n = 34) had a grade B; 44% (n = 55) had C and 6.2% (n = 8) had D. Most common study types included: descriptive (39.5%), trials including patients (32.6%), and reviews (17.8%); 59.5% of reviewed clinical trials were controlled, randomized clinical trials (CRCTs). Studies were double-blind in 7.1% of cases. Discontinuations and exclusions were recorded in 23.8% of cases. Randomization was appropriate in 11.9% of cases; 14.3% of clinical trials had 3 points, and 85.7% of studies were of poor quality. CONCLUSIONS: Work methodology should be more rigorous. The use of universally accepted methods is needed to enhance the quality of studies (Jadad system, Consort list). The performance of observational, prospective, multicenter investigations allowing the effectiveness and efficiency of pharmaceutical care to be measured would be most beneficial. Works should measure health-related quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) and patient satisfaction.

Estado actual de la investigación en atención farmacéutica / Current research status in pharmaceutical care

Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de los estudios sobre investigación en atención farmacéutica entre junio de 1999 y junio de 2004. Método: Se utilizaron como fuentes de datos Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, IDIS y Teseo. Se categorizaron los trabajos según los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación de las guías de práctica clínica. Para cuantificar la calidad de los estudios se empleó el método Jadad. Resultados: Se encontraron 129 referencias. El 19,4% (n=25) fueron estudios randomizados; el 2,3% (n=3) tuvieron evaluadores ciegos; en el 7,8% (n=10) se documentaron las pérdidas de seguimiento. El 4,7% (n=6) tuvo una puntuación de Jadad=3. El 8,5% (n=11), el 14,7% (n=19), el 5,4% (n=7) y el 20,9% (n=27) tuvieron niveles de evidencia Ia, Ib, IIa y IIb, respectivamente. El 44,2% (n=57) y el 6,2% (n=8) fueron III y IV, respectivamente. El 23,3% (n=30) tuvieron grado de recomendación A; el 26,4% (n=34) B; el 44% (n=55) C y el 6,2% (n=8) D. Los tipos de estudio más frecuentes fueron: descriptivo (39,5%), ensayos con pacientes (32,6%) y las revisiones (17,8%). El 59,5% de los ensayos clínicos revisados fueron controlados y aleatorizados (ECCA). El estudio fue doble ciego en el 7,1% de los casos. Se registraron los abandonos y exclusiones en el 23,8%. La aleatorización fue adecuada en el 11,9%. El 14,3% de los ensayos clínicos tuvo 3 puntos y el 85,7% de los estudios fueron de baja calidad. Conclusiones: La metodología de los trabajos debería ser más rigurosa. Es necesario utilizar métodos universalmente aceptados para aumentar la calidad de los estudios (sistema Jadad, lista Consort). Sería conveniente realizar trabajos observacionales, prospectivos multicéntricos, que permitan medir la efectividad y la eficiencia de la atención farmacéutica. Los trabajos deberían medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los pacientes (cuestionario SF-36) y el grado de satisfacción de los mismos

Objective: A systematic review of studies on pharmaceutical care research from June 1999 to June 2004 was carried out. Method: Medline, Current Contents, Cochrane Library, IDIS, and Teseo were used as data sources. Works were categorized according to evidence levels and recommendation grades in clinical practice guidelines. The JADAD method was used for quality quantification. Results: In all, 129 references were found; 19.4% (n=25) were randomized studies; 2.3% (n=3) had blinded assessors; losses to follow-up were documented in 7.8% (n=10); 4.7% (n=6) had a Jadad score=3; 8.5% (n=11), 14.7% (n=19), 5.4% (n=7), and 20.9% (n=27) had evidence levels Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb, respectively; 44.2% (n=57) and 6.2% (n=8) had levels III and IV, respectively; 23.3% (n=30) had a recommendation grade A; 26.4% (n=34) had a grade B; 44% (n=55) had C and 6.2% (n=8) had D. Most common study types included: descriptive (39.5%), trials including patients (32.6%), and reviews (17.8%); 59.5% of reviewed clinical trials were controlled, randomized clinical trials (CRCTs). Studies were double-blind in 7.1% of cases. Discontinuations and exclusions were recorded in 23.8% of cases. Randomization was appropriate in 11.9% of cases; 14.3% of clinical trials had 3 points, and 85.7% of studies were of poor quality. Conclusions: Work methodology should be more rigorous. The use of universally accepted methods is needed to enhance the quality of studies (Jadad system, Consort list). The performance of observational, prospective, multicenter investigations allowing the effectiveness and efficiency of pharmaceutical care to be measured would be most beneficial. Works should measure health-related quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire) and patient satisfaction

[A review on Hansen's disease]. / Revisión de la enfermedad de Hansen.

Hansens disease or leprosy is considered a pre-eradicated condition in Spain, with a prevalence rate of 0.1 cases per 10,000 inhabitants (below 1 case per 10,000 inhabitants, which was the World Health Organizations health goal worldwide for year 2000). The purpose of this review was to study this disease with a particular focus on its clinical aspects (diagnosis, forms, complications, etc.) and drug therapy. Main sources used for this review included Micromedex Healthcare System, PudMed, Cochrane Library, and World Health Organization recommendations. Leprosy is characterized by the existence of various clinical forms, among which tuberculoid leprosy and lepromatous leprosy stand out, even though a wide variety of intermediate forms may appear between these two extremes. The high complexity and variability of forms and clinical pictures, together with epidemiology and drug accessibility- since the disease shows a high prevalence in a number of developing countries-results in various treatment regimens being currently used. This makes eradication difficult and contributes to the existence of many different treatments following different recommendations on leprosy, as is the case with WHO-delivered guidelines. However, current treatments share a common base made up of several combined drugs, particularly rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimin. Active principles most recently added to the multitherapy of leprosy include fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides. The most significant conclusion on this disease is that leprosy is currently considered a scarcely transmitted (natural resistance in 95% of the population), easily diagnosed, and good prognosis condition when early diagnosis and adequate treatment occur. Patient contagiousness disappears within a few weeks after treatment onset, and a normal community life may be led.

Revisión de la enfermedad de Hansen / A review on Hansen's disease

La enfermedad de Hansen o lepra es una enfermedad que se considera pre-erradicada en España, con una tasa de prevalencia de 0,1 casos por cada 10.000 habitantes (por debajo de 1 caso por 10.000 habitantes que era el objetivo de salud para todos en el año 2000 establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud).El objetivo de la presente revisión fue realizar un estudio de la enfermedad prestando un especial interés sobre su clínica (diagnóstico, formas, complicaciones, etc.) y su tratamiento farmacológico. Las principales fuentes que se utilizaron para la revisión fueron Micromedex® Healthcare System, PudMed, Cochrane Library y las recomendaciones proporcionadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La enfermedad se caracteriza por la presencia de diversas formas clínicas, destacando la lepra tuberculoide y la lepromatosa, aunque dentro de estos dos polos existe una gran variedad de formas intermedias. La elevada complejidad y variabilidad de las formas y cuadros clínicos, junto con la epidemiología de la enfermedad y el acceso a los medicamentos, dado que existe una amplia prevalencia en ciertos países subdesarrollados, ocasiona que se utilicen varias pautas de tratamiento diferentes. Esto dificulta su erradicación y contribuye a que exista una gran diversidad de tratamientos que se ajustan a las diferentes recomendaciones existentes sobre la lepra, como las que elabora la OMS. Sin embargo, los tratamientos actuales tienen una base común que se fundamenta en la combinación de diversos fármacos, siendo los principales la rifampicina, dapsona y clofazimina. Los últimos principios activos incorporados a la multiterapia de la lepra son las fluoroquinolonas, tetraciclinas y macrólidos. La principal conclusión obtenida sobre la enfermedad es que la lepra, en la actualidad, es considerada como una enfermedad poco transmisible (resistencia natural en el 95 por ciento de la población), fácilmente diagnosticable, curable y de buen pronóstico si se realiza un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento adecuado. La capacidad de contagio de los enfermos desaparece a las pocas semanas de iniciado el tratamiento permitiéndoles realizar una vida normal dentro de la comunidad (AU)

Human neural stem cells in vitro. A focus on their isolation and perpetuation.

Because of their ability to generate all the cell types in the nervous system, neural stem cells are promising candidates for the development of cellular and genetic therapies for nervous system disorders and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, researchers have discovered ways of expanding and perpetuating these cells in culture, as well as different sources for these tissue-specific stem cells, ranging from embryonic to adult tissue, and also from human pluripotent stem cells. Current efforts are oriented to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling their fate decisions, their genetic engineering, and how to harness their potential to make them useful from a therapeutic point of view.

The role of hydroxyl radicals for the decomposition of p-hydroxy phenylacetic acid in aqueous solutions.

The chemical decomposition of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a priority phenolic pollutant present in wastewaters from some agro-industrial plants, is studied by means of a single photochemical process produced by a polychromatic UV radiation and by hydroxyl radicals generated by the combination of UV radiation plus hydrogen peroxide and by the Fenton's reagent (hydrogen peroxide plus ferrous salts). Batch experiments were conducted to establish the degradation levels obtained and the quantum yields in the single photodecomposition process. An improvement in the decomposition of the phenolic acid in the combined UV/H2O2 oxidation is observed, due to the generation of OH radicals, and the contribution of the radical reaction to the global process is determined. In the Fenton's reagent oxidation, the effects of the operating variables (H2O2 and Fe2+ initial concentrations, pH, type of buffer used) are established and the rate constant for the reaction of p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid with OH radicals is evaluated from a kinetic model, its value being 7.02 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 at 20 degrees C.

Human neural stem and progenitor cells: in vitro and in vivo properties, and potential for gene therapy and cell replacement in the CNS.

The generation of unlimited quantities of neural stem and/or progenitor cells derived from the human brain holds great interest for basic and applied neuroscience. In this article we critically review the origins and recent developments of procedures developed for the expansion, perpetuation, identification, and isolation of human neural precursors, as well as their attributes. Factors influencing their in vitro properties, both under division and after differentiation conditions, are evaluated, with the aim of identifying properties common to the different culture systems reported. This analysis suggests that different culture procedures result in cells with different properties, or even in different cells being isolated. With respect to in vivo performance, present evidence obtained in rodents indicate that cultured human neural precursors, in general, are endowed with excellent integrative properties. Differentiation of the implanted cells, in particular in the case of adult recipients, seems not to be complete, and functionality still needs to be demonstrated. In relation to gene transfer and therapy, aspects currently underexplored, initial data support the view that human neural stem and progenitor cells may serve a role as a platform cell for the delivery of bioactive substances to the diseased CNS. Although a large deal of basic research remains to be done, available data illustrate the enormous potential that human neural precursors isolated, expanded, and characterized in vitro hold for therapeutic applications. In spite of this potential, maintaining a critical view on many unresolved questions will surely help to drive this research field to a good end, that is, the development of real therapies for diseases of the human nervous system.

Rate constants for the reactions of ozone with chlorophenols in aqueous solutions.

The oxidation by ozone of several chlorophenols (CPs): 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4, 6-tetrachlorophenol, tetracholorocatechol (3,4,5, 6-tetrachloro-2-hydroxy phenol) and 4-chloroguaiacol (4-chloro-2-methoxy phenol), is studied in order to provide values of the overall rate constant for the reaction between ozone and these chlorophenols. Single ozonation experiments of 4-chlorophenol were conducted in an homogeneous system, and ozonation reactions of CP mixtures were performed in a heterogeneous system, leading to the evaluation of the overall ozonation rate constants in acidic aqueous solutions. These second order rate constants increase several order of magnitude with the pH as does the degree of deprotonation of the dissolved compounds (i.e. from 10(3) to 10(9)l/(mols) for different CPs). The specific rate constants for the ozonation of the non-dissociated and dissociated forms of the studied CPs are also determined and reported. The values obtained allow calculation of the overall rate constants and prediction of the reactivities of the several CPs at different operating conditions in the whole range of pH.

Contribution of free radicals to chlorophenols decomposition by several advanced oxidation processes.

The chemical decomposition of aqueous solutions of various chlorophenols (4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP)), which are environmental priority pollutants, is studied by means of single oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, UV radiation, Fenton's reagent and ozone at pH 2 and 9), and by the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) constituted by combinations of these oxidants (UV/H2O2 UV/Fenton's reagent and O3/UV). For all these reactions the degradation rates are evaluated by determining their first-order rate constants and the half-life times. Ozone is more reactive with higher substituted CPs while OH* radicals react faster with those chlorophenols having lower number of chlorine atoms. The improvement in the decomposition levels reached by the combined processes, due to the generation of the very reactive hydroxyl radicals. in relation to the single oxidants is clearly demonstrated and evaluated by kinetic modeling.

Genetically perpetuated human neural stem cells engraft and differentiate into the adult mammalian brain.

Human neural stem cells (HNSCs) may serve as a cellular vehicle for molecular therapies as well as for cell replacement in the human CNS. The survival, integration, and differentiation of HNSC.100, a multipotent cell line of HNSCs (A. Villa et al. (2000), Exp. Neurol. 161, 67-84), conditionally perpetuated by genetic and epigenetic means, was investigated after transplantation to the striatum and substantia nigra of the adult, intact rat brain. These are two key regions in the mammalian brain involved in the control of voluntary movement and motor coordination, among other functions. Soon after transplantation (1 week), the cells had already integrated in a nondisruptive manner into the surrounding tissue and migrated out of the implantation site to different distances depending on graft location (in the range of 0.5-2.5 mm). Cell migration was markedly more extensive in the striatum, where the cells colonized the whole extent of the caudate-putamen, than in the substantia nigra region. The engrafted cells completely downregulated the stem cell marker nestin and, due to their multipotential nature, differentiated and expressed mature neural markers. As expected from cells grafted into nonneurogenic regions of the intact brain, the majority of differentiated cells expressed GFAP (astroglia), but expression of other markers, like GalC (oligodendroglia) and MAP2, beta-tubulin III, NeuN, and NSE (for mature neurons) could also be detected. These results demonstrate that genetically perpetuated HNSCs, once transplanted, find residence in the host brain, where they differentiate, generating mature neural cells in the host, chimeric, adult mammalian brain. HNSCs cell lines may be a highly useful model for the development of humanized systems for cell replacement and/or gene transfer to the CNS, which will likely be strong candidates for future therapeutic application in human neurodegenerative conditions.