Environmental and bioclimatic factors influencing yeasts and molds distribution along European shores.

The present study employed data collected during the Mycosands survey to investigate the environmental factors influencing yeasts and molds distribution along European shores applying a species distribution modelling approach. Occurrence data were compared to climatic datasets (temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation), soil datasets (chemical and physical properties), and water datasets (temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a concentration) downloaded from web databases. Analyses were performed by MaxEnt software. Results suggested a different probability of distribution of yeasts and molds along European shores. Yeasts seem to tolerate low temperatures better during winter than molds and this reflects a higher suitability for the Northern European coasts. This difference is more evident considering suitability in waters. Both distributions of molds and yeasts are influenced by basic soil pH, probably because acidic soils are more favorable to bacterial growth. Soils with high nitrogen concentrations are not suitable for fungal growth, which, in contrast, are optimal for plant growth, favored by this environment. Finally, molds show affinity with soil rich in nickel and yeasts with soils rich in cadmium resulting in a distribution mainly at the mouths of European rivers or lagoons, where these metals accumulate in river sediments.

Stress induced by pre-slaughter farm conditions in pigs / [Estresse induzido pelas condições da fazenda pré-abate em suínos]

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, one of the glucocorticoids, made in the cortex of the adrenal glands and then released into the blood, which transports it in the entire body. Almost every cell contains receptors for cortisol and so cortisol can have lots of different actions depending on which sort of cells it is acting upon. These effects include controlling the body's blood sugar levels and thus regulating metabolism, acting as an anti-inflammatory product, controlling salt and water balance and influencing blood pressure. The study was conducted over a period of 3 months, between March-August 2020, in 2 swine farms in Iasi county, Romania, on a total of 46 pigs, 3 to 4 months old, both males and females, in order to investigate stress levels in finishing facilities. The study revealed higher levels of cortisol while eosinophil counts severely decreased, changes which are associated with a strong reaction to stress for individuals that were housed in finishing facilities.(AU)

O cortisol é um hormônio esteroide, um dos glicocorticoides, produzido no córtex das glândulas suprarrenais e, em seguida, liberado no sangue, que o transporta por todo o corpo. Quase todas as células contêm receptores para o cortisol e, portanto, ele pode ter muitas ações diferentes, dependendo do tipo de célula sobre a qual atua. Esses efeitos incluem controlar os níveis de açúcar no sangue do corpo e, assim, regular o metabolismo, atuando como um produto anti-inflamatório, controlando o equilíbrio de sal e água e influenciando a pressão arterial. O presente estudo foi realizado durante um período de três meses, entre março-agosto de 2020, em duas granjas de suínos no condado de Iasi, Romênia, em um número total de 46 porcos, de três a quatro meses de idade, machos e fêmeas, a fim de investigar níveis de estresse nas instalações de acabamento. O estudo revelou níveis mais elevados de cortisol, enquanto a contagem de eosinófilos diminuiu severamente, mudanças que são consideradas associadas a uma forte reação ao estresse para indivíduos que foram alojados em instalações de acabamento.(AU)

Mycosands: Fungal diversity and abundance in beach sand and recreational waters - Relevance to human health.

The goal of most studies published on sand contaminants is to gather and discuss knowledge to avoid faecal contamination of water by run-offs and tide-retractions. Other life forms in the sand, however, are seldom studied but always pointed out as relevant. The Mycosands initiative was created to generate data on fungi in beach sands and waters, of both coastal and freshwater inland bathing sites. A team of medical mycologists and water quality specialists explored the sand culturable mycobiota of 91 bathing sites, and water of 67 of these, spanning from the Atlantic to the Eastern Mediterranean coasts, including the Italian lakes and the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas. Sydney (Australia) was also included in the study. Thirteen countries took part in the initiative. The present study considered several fungal parameters (all fungi, several species of the genus Aspergillus and Candida and the genera themselves, plus other yeasts, allergenic fungi, dematiaceous fungi and dermatophytes). The study considered four variables that the team expected would influence the results of the analytical parameters, such as coast or inland location, urban and non-urban sites, period of the year, geographical proximity and type of sediment. The genera most frequently found were Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Fusarium spp. and Cryptococcus spp. both in sand and in water. A site-blind median was found to be 89 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of fungi per gram of sand in coastal and inland freshwaters, with variability between 0 and 6400 CFU/g. For freshwater sites, that number was 201.7 CFU/g (0, 6400 CFU/g (p = 0.01)) and for coastal sites was 76.7 CFU/g (0, 3497.5 CFU/g). For coastal waters and all waters, the median was 0 CFU/ml (0, 1592 CFU/ml) and for freshwaters 6.7 (0, 310.0) CFU/ml (p < 0.001). The results advocate that beaches should be monitored for fungi for safer use and better management.

Analysis and structural characterization of pigments and materials used in Nicolae Grigorescu heritage paintings.

The combination of various mobile, non-invasive techniques (IR reflectography technique, optical microscopy, XRF, Raman and NIR spectroscopies) and lab-based devices (FTIR and XPS spectroscopies, SEM-EDX microscopy) lead to the first exhaustive investigation of pigments and materials used by the famous Romanian painter Nicolae Grigorescu in three cultural heritage paintings. The study of a large number of spots and samples allowed a rigorous analysis and a far-reaching insight into his work.

Atrial fibrillation in elderly: particularities of management.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), a common and serious cardiac rhythm disturbance, is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the population. Currently about 2.3 million people in the US are diagnosed with AF and, based of the US census, this number is expected to rise to 5.6 million by 2050. It doubles in prevalence with each decade of age, reaching almost 9% at age 80-89 years. It has increased in prevalence over the calendar decades, reaching 'epidemic' proportions. The risk of stroke increases from 1.5% in patients with atrial fibrillation from 50-59 years of age to up to 23.5% for such patients aged 80-89 years. Although the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation is usually straightforward, effective treatment is not. We aimed to discuss how rhythm control of atrial fibrillation can best be achieved in elderly patients, the controversy over the rhythm versus rate control, and prevention of thromboembolism.

[Hyperhomocysteinemia, risk factor in deep venous thrombosis: a case-control study]. / Hiperhomocisteinemia--factor de risc în trombozele venoase profunde. Un studiu de tip case-control.

UNLABELLED: Hyperhomocysteinemia, an established cardiovascular risk factor, has been recently associated with deep venous thrombosis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A matched case-control study was designed to assess homocysteinemia as well as the acquired risk factors in deep venous thrombosis (DVT). We enrolled 227 subjects, 127 with DVT confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography and 100 controls. Homocysteinemia was measured using reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS: We found a significant association between hyperhomocysteinemia and DVT; the associated risk was weak (p = 0.025, OR: 1.7). Other risk factors significantly associated with DVT were: obesity (p = 0.04, OR for DVT: 2.9), varicose veins (p = 0.023, OR: 3.13), prolonged immobility (p = 0.015, OR: 3.1), history of DVT (p = 0.01, OR: 5.59). All these factors were found to be independent risk factors using multivariate logistic regression. CONCLUSION: hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for DVT; the risk is not associated with the severity of hyperhomocysteinemia.

[Neuropsychiatric manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus]. / Manifestari neuropsihice în lupusul eritematos sistemic.

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) has become a popular term designing all neurological and psychiatric complications in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It occurs in up to two thirds of all SLE patients and it covers a vast array of disorders ranging from peripheral neuropathy to stroke, psychosis, and dementia. Mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of NPSLE include anti-neuronal antibodies, antiphospholipid antibody associated thrombosis, emboli from cardiac source and, rarely, vasculitis by immune complex depositions. Although the most common manifestations is cognitive dysfunction (50%), NPSLE may also present itself as peripheral neuropathy (15%), psychosis (10%), or other central nervous system abnormalities (stroke, organic brain syndrome, seizures). In lupus patients, one should always look for secondary causes of the neuropsychiatric manifestation, including infection, toxic metabolic abnormalities, and hypertension. We present two cases of SLE, which developed neuropsychiatric manifestations.

Antisperm antibodies and microorganisms in genital secretions--a clinically significant relationship?

In asymptomatic infertility patients, no significant relationship was found between the presence of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in serum and in semen samples (IgG and/or IgA ASA), differentiated with the mixed antiglobulin reaction (MAR), and the microbial colonization of ejaculates covering a broad spectrum of microorganisms. Likewise, there was no significant association of ASA with microbial findings in patients' female partners, who also presented without symptoms of genital tract infection and were screened at the same time. Furthermore, ASA in semen (IgG and IgA) were not significantly related to several potential markers of subclinical male sexual gland infection or inflammation (leukocytes, PMN elastase, albumin, C3c) evaluated in aliquots of the same ejaculates used for immunological testing.

Chlamydial serology in 1303 asymptomatic subfertile couples.

The clinical significance of antichlamydial antibodies (Chlam Ab) was determined in a total of 1303 subfertile couples consulting for infertility investigation and treatment. Median age of the women was 30 (range 22-44) years and of the men 33 (range 21-53) years. The median duration of infertility was 4 (range 1-21) years. All patients were asymptomatic for genital tract infection. A comprehensive infertility investigation included examination of the endocrine, cervical, and tubal factor, and semen analysis, antisperm antibody (ASA) testing, sperm-mucus interaction testing in vitro using a standardized protocol, and post-coital testing (PCT). Screening for Chlam IgG Ab was performed in serum of both partners, obtained at the same time. Simultaneous microbial cultures in genital secretions of both partners included a broad spectrum of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Elevated titres of Chlam IgG Ab as seromarker for previous infection were found in 20.8% of all women, and in 12.6% of men. Chlam Ab were significantly more frequent in partners of seropositive patients (in 51.8% of women with a Chlam Ab positive partner, compared to 15.8% of the other women). Microbial screening outcome was not significantly related to results of chlamydial serology in both partners. In women, elevated titres of Chlam Ab were significantly associated with a tubal factor, but were not related to reduced quality of the endocervical mucus (CM), including the in-vitro penetrability of the CM (using partners' or donors' spermatozoa). In males, Chlam Ab were not significantly related to the outcome of semen analysis, including screening for ASA (IgG and/or IgA) in semen, and several parameters of sperm functional capacity. After exclusion of couples with tubal disease, subsequent male fertility did not significantly differ in males with or without Chlam Ab. The results suggest that during basic infertility investigation, positive chlamydial serology as an easy screening procedure indicates a higher risk for a tubal infertility factor. However, in asymptomatic patients, Chlam IgG Ab in serum are not associated with a cervical factor or with the male factor, using several determinants for evaluation of semen quality including subsequent fertilizing capacity.

Clinical manifestations in the West Nile virus outbreak.

During the summer of 1996 an unusual clustering of meningoencephalitis cases was recorded in the Capital City, Bucharest, and in some areas from South-East Romania. After an initial suspicion of an enteroviral etiology was discarded, the West Nile etiology was confirmed by specific antibodies demonstration through hemagglutination-inhibition and ELISA tests. This study included 251 patients with the diagnoses of West Nile acute encephalitis (166 cases), acute meningitis (57 cases) and acute febrile disease (33 cases). The patients' age ranged from 1 to 89 years (mean 51.1 years). The most frequent clinical manifestations were: fever (95.7% of cases), cephalalgia (92.6%), stiffness of the neck (89.1%), vomiting (62.5%), marked asthenia (46.5%), myalgia (28.9%). In addition, patients with encephalitis exhibited: alteration of consciousness (89.2% of cases), tremor of extremities (40.4%), ataxia (44%), paralysis (15.1%). The fatality rate was 15.1% in acute encephalitis, 1.8% in acute meningitis and 0% in the acute febrile disease.

Mycobacterium xenopi, a potential human pathogen.

Mycobacterium xenopi is infrequently recognized as a cause of pulmonary disease. During a 12-year survey (1978-89),. 108 strains of this Mycobacterium were isolated from 90 persons and 6 hot water samples. From 87 patients 89 occasional strains of M. xenopi were isolated, and 3 patients were diagnosed as having pulmonary mycobacteriosis caused by it. The treatment and the response in these three cases were variable, depending on clinical conditions and sensitivity to drugs. Most of the strains isolated came from patients hospitalized at the Barzilai Hospital, Ashkelon, therefore a local environmental contamination was suspected. The suspicion was confirmed by the isolation of this thermophile organism from the hot water samples of the above hospital.

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in clinical specimens: etiological factor or contaminant?

The Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) group comprised 10.5% of all nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated in the Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Tel Aviv, in an 11-year study period. From the Buirej Chest Hospital in Gaza, alone, 273 strains were isolated, representing 12.1% of the specimens from that hospital, while 149 strains (0.24% of all specimens) were isolated from all other institutions. Pulmonary disease was attributed to this organism in 22 patients, 17 of whom were hospitalized (initially for tuberculosis or another lung disease) in Buirej Hospital. The water was thought to be the source of contamination, since MAI strains, similar to those found in sputum, were isolated from it. In 1985, the water system was renovated and the MAI incidence in sputum from this hospital consequently declined.

[Circumstances concerning the diagnosis of tuberculosis in a pneumology department]. / Circumstante privind diagnosticul tuberculozu ntr-o sectie de pneumologie

The analysis of a group of 67 patients hospitalized for various bronchopneumopathies, in whom evidencing of the tuberculosis bacilli led to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis allows to emphasize the increased efficiency of bacteriological detection by repeated bacilloscopy and successive cultures. They also stress the necessity of increased attention for pneumopathies that develop over the age of 50 years. The frequency of errors, predominantly stemming from the base network (territorial polyclinics), most of the confusion being made with suppurative broncho-pneumopathies, makes necessary the dispensarization of this category of patients in antituberculous units. The 56 new cases and the 11 cases in whom re-positivation was detected illustrate the possibilities of the bacteriological diagnosis and the contribution of a section of pneumology in the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis.